...Literature Review Pressure to be Perfect Media has become an increasingly important aspect of today’s society. People interact with many different forms of media on a daily basis. Because of the frequent usage of media, it is reasonable to assume that it has its effects on people. The topic discussed in this paper is the impact social media has truly had on society. Focusing on the main factors that cause an influence to the general well being of people in modern society, this paper will discuss how the effects of media are determined and explore what is believed to be the two main categories in which media affects today’s society: mental illness and body dissatisfaction. In reviewing the literature on the different effects that media has on society as a whole, ten pieces of literature that discuss the effects that media has on the psychological well being of society will be shown, and that ultimately what is at stake in this conversation is the health of our society. In reviewing the literature regarding the health impacts of social media on society, the authors used in this paper discuss either mental illness or body dissatisfaction. Authors such as Dohyun Ahn, Sheri Bauman, and Sandee LaMotte discuss the mental illnesses in their articles (“Is the Social Use of Media…”, “Associations Among Bullying…”, and “The Health Risks of Cyberbullying…” respectively. The remaining seven authors who focus on body image and how it is influenced by the media can be separated by three...
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...problem. The problem that is chosen must be the problem that motivates the researcher to address it and support in many perspectives. The good problem statement also can be developing by choosing the topic research which is researchable. This is to make sure that the researcher will not find in the midst of investigating a complex research project. The researcher also should choose a right research topic to make sure that research problems can be the supported by the resources available. 2. Problem statement Body dissatisfaction is the top ranked issue of concern for young people (Mission Australia, 2011). Over the last 30 years, body image issues have rose worldwide and this matters did not only pertain young people but affect people of all ages. This spreading problem is concerning because this issue assign too high value to body image in defining ones self-worth. People who experiencing body dissatisfaction can become obsessively on trying to change their body shape. These practices which don’t usually achieve the desired outcome physically or emotionally, can develop the extreme feelings of disappointment, shame and guilt and, ultimately, increase the...
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...Abstract: This project was based on body image and social media. There are several articles which state that social media plays a huge role in the influence of young adults and the way they see themselves. The reason i did this is to show the impact either being negative or positive on the understandings of body image on young adults and that social media plays a role. The research methods used were primary and secondary as i need existing data as well as gathering new data, both were qualitative research. In this project there was an interview on a school teacher that was taken in consideration. In this report i displayed a survey and interview that was used to gather results on this subject. The survey was given online which was easier for people...
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...ARTICLE REVIEW Source Yoo B, Donthu N, Lee S. (2000), ‘An Examination of Selected Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28;195 viewed 2 January 2016, http://jam.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/2/195 Introduction This review critically examines the article ‘An Examination of Selected Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. The review will first summarize the article. Secondly, it analyzes the effectiveness of the article structure, investigating how the information is set out and whether the reader can access it efficiently. Thirdly, the review will critique the article, evaluating its authority,...
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...Linking Factors to Childhood Obesity and Interventions: A Literature Review Dontonio Earls Colin University Abstract The prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide has created an immense concern in how to combat the chronic disease; however, researchers have found that there are fundamental risk factors that contribute to childhood obesity. Because of this immense concern, researchers have examined several risk factors that may be linked to the rising number of obesity among children. The literature reviewed has revealed that the contributions of the built environment have played negative role in providing support to children who are obese or overweight. The objective of this research was to examine the negative risk factors that may be correlated with childhood obesity. The results revealed that the effects of childhood obesity have emerged from different phases of life: (a) familial stress, (b) emotional-behavioral stress (c) self-esteem, (d) peer victimization, (e) eating-habits and influences, and (f) physical activities. In addition to examining the fundamental risk factors, interventions have been suggested and discussed in this paper. Keywords: childhood, obesity, parents, schools, physical activity, food, intervention Linking Factors to Childhood Obesity and Intervention: A Literature Review Overview. Today, childhood obesity has become a primary issue for public health worldwide. It has been well documented that over 23 million children in the United...
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...00234 808 608 6816 totubanjo@lbs.edu.ng Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2197664 Abstract Purpose: This paper seeks to create an epistemologically grounded understanding of the causes and process of corporate rebranding via the lens of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Approach: A review of the factors that trigger corporate rebranding, as reported in academic literature, is made. Following the review, a case is made for the absence of an epistemologically grounded understanding of why firms rebrand. Consequently, the theory of evolution by natural selection is brought forward as a platform for the development of a new model that explicates the causes and process of corporate rebranding. Findings: A new model anchored on the theory of evolution by natural selection, and a new definition of corporate rebranding is advanced. Essentially, the model offers epistemologically grounded reasons for ascendancy of corporate rebranding in the environment. Limitations: This is a conceptual paper – meaning that the model suggested in this study is yet to be subjected to a serious empirical exercise Originality: The review of literature indicates the absence of an epistemologically grounded understanding of the causes and process of corporate rebranding in the business environment. The pursuit of this exercise therefore makes this work original, unique and valuable. Keywords: corporate rebranding, brand equity, evolution by...
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...relevant literature in nation branding and competitiveness contexts. Most Western European countries have accepted and practiced nation brand. The theory of nation brand has been accepted and practiced, but not developed and criticized whether it is possible to brand a nation. In the academy, nation branding study has four different sources; country of origin (COO), place or destination branding, public diplomacy and national identity. At the first level, the simplest approach to developing a nation brand is through visual symbol or slogan. Therefore, the nation can be easily branded and communicated in this level. At the second level, a nation brand is viewed as an umbrella brand that encompasses many sub-sectors such as tourism or export destinations. At the third level, a nation brand concerns the country’s image, reputation, and positioning which is similar to the role of corporate branding (Roth & Diamantopoulos 2009). Finally, at the fourth level, nation branding can be used as an important tool in developing and maintaining a nation’s political power, as successful nation branding campaign will help create a more favorable image among the international audience and thus enhance the country’s...
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...A Review of Literature of MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE and its AFFECTS Introduction Body image is a central part of mental and physical well-being, and because the mass media are pervasive communicators of social standards, they greatly influence people’s perception by setting unrealistic standards for what is “normal” for body weight and appearance. Thus, reinforcing people to emulate and believe what they see and hear. There is an extensive amount of studies on the effects of media exposure on body dissatisfaction and the experience of negative thoughts and esteem about one’s body, which is linked to a range of physical and mental health problems, including eating disorders and low self-esteem. Body Image: Self-Esteem and Identity Several individual variables predict or influence the relationship between media exposure and body disturbances. Most of the research has been done with women and girls, for whom the “body perfect” ideal is ultra-thin, and whose media models are typically underweight (Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). To determine whether viewing images of thin models influences how women feel about their bodies, there were many studies done using the social comparison framework, finding that women engage in “upward social comparisons,” comparing themselves to the thin models depicted in the media. When women believe that they do not measure up to the models, they feel more negatively about their own weight and body. For example, Lin and...
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...INTRODUCTION This study is conducted to determine the physical image of women portrayed by Filipino beauty commercials. A feministic view of these commercials is applied in trying to show the ideal image they present which influences the decisions and perceptions of women. Specifically, the researchers are defining how it has shaped the outlook of women towards beauty with regards to the physical aspects. The methods used to achieve results were documentary analysis and interviews. Through interviews, the researchers were able to generate information based on perceptions of selected individuals with expertise on feminism and visual communication. The documentary analysis deals with the examination of sample commercials which are part of the research scope. CHAPTER I THE RESEARCH AND ITS BACKGROUND This chapter contains the background of the study with a short introduction of the whole research and the reasons why the researchers chose the topic. It also contains the specific problems of the study as well as the theoretical and conceptual frameworks which were the foundation of the research. The limitations and scope are also provided in this chapter. It also contains the significance of the study to different people affected by the research and the definition of terms as to how they were used in the study. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As people tend to watch television, we also tend to encounter the commercials that come along with watching. According to a study conducted...
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... 3 3 Literature Review 4 3.1 Sales of Sportswear 4 3.2 Reasons for Clothing Choices 5 3.3 Why Sportswear? 5 3.4 Perception of Sport in Schools 7 3.5 General Perception of Sport/Reasons for Participation 8 3.6 Barriers to Participation 8 3.7 Conclusion 9 4 Research 10 4.1 Research Methodology 10 4.2 Research Design 10 4.3 Research Strategy 10 4.4 Methods 11 4.5 Sample 11 4.6 Procedure 12 4.7 Analysis 12 4.8 Reliability and Validity 13 4.9 Ethical Considerations 13 5 Results/Discussion 13 6 Conclusions/Recommendations 16 7 References 17 8 Appendices 21 1 Abstract The aim of the research was to try and find out the reasons why teenagers who don’t regularly participate in sport wear sports clothing. Sport is always changing. Nowadays participation rates aren’t hitting the governments recommended targets but sales of sportswear are increasing all the time, due to the illogical nature of this relationship, this research project attempts to find out why this is the case. Wearing sports clothes gives someone the image of being sporty, so why wouldn’t someone participate if they portray this image? This could be explained by introducing the idea of barriers to participation. This poses the question, what are the barriers? And if people do face barriers why still portray a sporting image? The literature...
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...Should CSR be used as a Marketing Tool by Producers in the Cosmetics Industry? ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to prove that CSR can be used as a positive approach in the area of marketing and promotion, particularly in the cosmetic industry. The paper substantiates this hypothesis by drawing on theory from scholarly articles and literature and analysing data from annual reports. A portion of the research is dedicated to the Body Shop, based on analysis of their annual reports, as well as the reaction of different stakeholder groups based on several literatures. The paper finds that there are positives and negatives in using CSR and promoting it using marketing depending on the consumers’ perceptions. It also finds that there exists an information asymmetry between producers and consumers in terms of CSR for their products. The paper supports previous ideas that CSR is useful in benefitting the company brand and value and that it can also be used to influence a consumer’s purchase decision of the cosmetics. INTRODUCTION In conceptual theory, CSR is how a company incorporates “social, environmental and economic issues into their values and business operations in a transparent and accountable manner” (FAITC, 2012). In simple terms, CSR is the actions that a company undertakes or doesn’t undertake during their business functions to benefit society and their stakeholders. There are many arguments for and against CSR and also differing views on whether it actually “pays”...
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...surgeries due to the greater influence of mass media on people. Cosmetic surgery is a kind of plastic surgery which is mostly done to improve and reconstruct the normal appearance of an individual (Zuckerman, & Abraham, 2008). According to American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), approximately 13.1 million surgeries were performed in United States in 2010 (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2010). In this modern world, cosmetic surgery has become a trend, but it should not be encouraged as it is very expensive with unpredictable outcomes, induces various adverse effects on person’s physical health and affects the psychological health as well. Firstly, cosmetic surgery is costly and its outcomes are unpredictable. According to literature, cosmetic procedures are “extremely expensive and often are not covered by insurance” (Abraham, & Zuckerman, 2011, p. 453). The procedure itself is very expensive but what makes it more expensive is that it may need multiple surgeries to get the required results as according to a study conducted by Abraham and Zukerman (2011), if performed surgery does not satisfy the client or he needs further perfection then there are high chances that more than one surgery has to be performed. It is also not necessary that individuals, who undergo cosmetic surgeries, will have an improved appearance. One of the reasons for this could be the unqualified doctors who offer discounted prices which attract people for cosmetic surgeries. Moreover, they are...
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...…………..Pages 13 - 17 Chapter Six – Theme Three…………………………………………….….Pages 17 - 20 Chapter Seven – Conclusion and Recommendation…..………….……..Pages 20 - 25 Reference List and ……………………………………………………………Pages 26-32 Tables Table One – Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria…………………………..….Page 7 Table Two – Search Strategy…………………………………………….….Page 8 Appendices Appendix One – Kurt Lewin (1951) Force Field Analysis………………....Page 33 Appendix Two – Change Management Driving and Restraining Forces…Page 34 Appendix Three – Change Management Timeline………………………....Page 35 Appendix Four- Kurt Lewin (1951) Theory Model Change…………………Page 36 Appendix Five – Research Articles……………………………………………Page 37-39 Chapter One: Abstract Aims of the literature review An extensive literature review has been explored to discuss the topic of what is the impact a colostomy or ileostomy has on a patient’s quality of live. The findings will be concluded and an appropriate change will be suggested in regards to future practice. Rationale Ileostomy and colostomy procedures are known to be common within the UK according to NHS Choice (2013). It is suggested that over 9,000 ileostomy procedures are conceded each year and approximately 6,400 colostomy procedures. The Colostomy Association (2012) state that there are specialist nurses in ostomies to educate and support patients although NHS Choices (2013) suggest that living with a colostomy or ileostomy and adjusting to life after can be extremely challenging for patients...
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...Literature Review: Vaccines vs Autism Emily Willingham and Laura Helft/posted 09.05.2014/NOVA www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/autism-vaccine-myth.html In the late 90’s the vaccine Measles, Mumps, and Rubella know as (MMR) was said to have a link to Autism in children. In my literature review I compared two articles both from the relation to Vaccines and Autism from the late 90’s until the present time. The assertion that vaccines could be linked to Autism burst onto the international stage with the 1998 publication of a paper in the British journal “The Lancet”. (Willingham, E.; Helft, L.et.al.) The other article I reviewed has somewhat of a different outlook. The 1998 publication of a study suggesting an association between (MMR) vaccine and Autism, 13 studies in five countries showed no such link, no data supported any causal connection between the (MMR) vaccine and Autism. (Thompson, J.et.al). I will describe the problem, if the vaccine MMR is the cause of Autism in infant children. Is this vaccine the cause of infant babies developing Autism? Here is what the problem was thought to be in the vaccine MMR. According to the article “The Autism/Vaccine Myth” the vaccine MMR is not responsible for Autism. The myth behind this assumption is first the ingredients used in the vaccine MMR and then the febrile seizures that the parents were concerned about. According to the U.S. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, most febrile seizure happen when a child is sick rather than...
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...anxiety and depression, with long-term implications on the patient’s recovery and quality of life. Accordingly, it has been suggested that burn patients should undergo both long and short term systematic mental health care, in order to minimize and avert these psychopathological responses. Moreover, psychological interventions helps burn patients and staff to reduce burdensome as well as decline depressive symptoms. Notably, dissatisfaction tendencies with post-burn body image and appearance, have been pinpointed as a leading cause of psychological impacts, resulting to protracted recovery and impaired social life. According to Thombs et al. (2007) burn scars following a deep dermal injury are often cosmetically disfiguring and impel the scarred individual to deal with an alteration both in body image and appearance. The patient is also forced to adjust to significant impairments in motion and limitations of activities. However, according to Henry (2011), it is the disfigurement or change in appearance and body image that has a profound impact on the patient. Lau & Van Niekerk (2011) note that the alteration in appearance from ordinary to a conspicuous one is often abrupt and adjustment becomes complex as the patient is forced to confront personally, the alterations as well as, deal with the reaction of others to the disfiguring conditions. Further, disfiguring burns in many cases, elicit psychosocial problems especially in the area of social functioning which impairs the quality...
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