...is a pivotal molecule associated with the external surfaces of aggregated platelets and is involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of blood clotting. A) PGI2 B) PF3 C) Thrombin D) Thromboplastin (prothrombin activator) Answer: B 2. 2) What is the average normal pH of blood? A) 8.4 B) 7.8 C) 7.4 D) 4.7 Answer: C 3. 3) The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________. A) hemoglobin A B) hemoglobin B C) hemoglobin F D) hemoglobin S Answer: C 4. 4) Together, leukocytes and platelets comprise approximately ________ percent of total blood volume. A) 1 B) 75 C) 45 D) 10 Answer: A 5. 5) Which blood type is called the universal donor? A) A B) B C) AB D) O Answer: D 6. 6) Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood? A) delivery of oxygen to body cells B) transport of metabolic wastes from cells C) prevention of blood loss D) maintenance of normal pH in body tissues Answer: D 7. 7) Which of the following is a protective function of blood? A) prevention of blood loss B) maintenance of adequate fluid volume C) maintenance of normal pH in body tissue D) maintenance of body temperature Answer: A 8. 8) Which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis? A) production of ribosomes B) synthesis of hemoglobin C) ejection of the erythrocyte nucleus D) production of vacuoles Answer: D reference page 639 9. 9) Which of the following might...
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...Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity of blood is a result of H+ concentration within...
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...nausea. Vital signs (RR) 32, and oxygen saturation (SAO2) 95%. He is alert & orientated (A&O) A&O x 1 (oriented only to person), and his mouth and mucous membranes are very dry. Doctor’s Orders: After seeing Mr. C. the doctor orders: CBC, Chem Panel, Electrolytes, UA with ketones, ABG, 12 lead EKG, and sliding scale insulin to be given IVP, oxygen at 2L/min per nasal cannula, and IV bolus of 500 cc/NS. After initiating a peripheral IV catheter, blood samples are drawn for labs and the nurse administers the 500 cc/NS and rechecked VS: Temperature (T) 100.3, P-106, BP-92/56, and RR-28. Labs The labs return with blood glucose of 625, K+5.3, bicarb (HCO3) 8 mEq/l, large amounts of ketones in urine and serum. ABG of pH-7.19, PO2-89, CO2-25, and HCO3-15. EKG The EKG is noted for tented T waves. Based off above initial findings, R. has hallmark signs and symptoms (s/s) of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) which include polyuria, gastrointestinal (GI) upset/abdominal pain, dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, bradypnea with deep respirations, also known as “Kusssmaul breathing.” Also, patient’s breath is acetone which is commonly interpreted as “fruity” and can be...
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...How the human body handles salt Salt provides two elements that are essential for life and for good health - sodium and chloride ions. They are both elements that the body cannot manufacture itself so it must be supplied by food. Although salt is the most common dietary source for these essential elements, sodium also available from various foods that contain sodium naturally. Sodium is a mineral element that plays a critical role in body physiology. It controls the volume of fluid in the body and helps maintain the acid-base level. About 40% of the body's sodium is contained in bone, some is found within other organs and cells and the remaining 55% is in blood plasma and extracellular fluids. Sodium is important in proper nerve conduction, in aiding the passage of various nutrients into cells, and in the maintenance of blood pressure. Chloride ions also help maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of body fluids. Chloride is the major extracellular anion and contributes too many body functions including the maintenance of blood pressure, acid-base balance, muscular activity, and the movement of water between fluid compartments. Chloride ions are secreted in the gastric juice as hydrochloric acid, which is the naturally-produced acid that is essential for the digestion of food. Blood pressure One of salt's major functions is to regulate blood volume and pressure including the flexibility of the blood vessels. When the heart contracts, it forces blood through...
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...Matching Questions Figure 17.1 Using Figure 17.1, match the following: 1) Monocyte. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659; Tbl. 17.2 2) Lymphocyte. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659; Tbl. 17.2 3) Eosinophil. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 658; Tbl. 17.2 4) Neutrophil. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 657; Tbl. 17.2 5) Most common white blood cell found in whole blood. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 657; Tbl. 17.2 6) Mounts an immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659; Tbl. 17.2 7) Kills parasitic worms. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 658; Tbl. 17.2 8) Becomes a macrophage. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659; Tbl. 17.2 9) Phagocytizes bacteria. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 657; Tbl. 17.2 Match the following: 10) Nucleus has two lobes; contains granules of lysosomal enzymes; functions in phagocytosis of antigen‐antibody complex. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 658 11) Nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 657 A) Erythrocyte B) Eosinophil C) Basophil D) Monocyte E) Neutrophil 12) Transports CO2 and oxygen. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 650 13) Contains a U‐ or an S‐shaped nucleus; granules stain very dark; releases histamine and heparin. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659 ...
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...that is eaten to nourish our bodies. These substances are usually taken from the mouth and they can be in liquid or solid form. For those who are unable to eat with their mouth then these substances can be passed through a tube. We need to eat food in order to survive through life. Diet: Diet is the kinds of food that a person eats regularly. The word diet doesn’t refer to weight loss diet, it means all the meals and snacks a person eat. Diet can also be used to refer to a person who chooses a selection of food to control their body weight and nutrient intake. Meals and snacks: A person should consume three meals a day. This is seen as the tradition in some household. However, this is not always the cause as a large number of people gain a lot of their food from snacks in between meals if they are hungry. They could possibly eat snacks not because they feel hungry but because it is available for them to eat whenever they can. Snacks are not always considered to be unhealthy because they can also be referred to foods such as fruit and nuts. Nutrients: Nutrients is the substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance or life and for growth. The main source of nutrients is food and humans need this in order to survive. Some nutrients provide energy while others are essential for growth and maintenance of the body. Our body needs carbohydrates, proteins, and fat are macronutrients that we need to eat a lot as they provide our body with energy and helps us grow...
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...here are basically three categories of chemicals normally functioning in the body—elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds: {draw:frame} Elements are components of all chemical compounds. Of the 92 naturally occurring elements, only 20 are normally found in the body. Seven of these, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur make up approximately 99% of the human body weight. In most cases, the elements are components of inorganic or organic compounds. In a few cases, however, elements themselves may enter into chemical reactions in the body, e.g., oxygen during cell respiration, sodium in neurotransmission, and arsenic and lead in impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Inorganic compounds are important in the body and responsible for many simple functions. The major inorganic compounds are water (H2O), bimolecular oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and some acids, bases, and salts. The body is composed of 60-75% water. Oxygen is required by all cells for cellular metabolism and circulating blood must be well oxygenated for maintenance of life. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cells and must be eliminated or a serious change in pH can occur, known as acidosis. A balance in acids, bases, and salts must be maintained to assure homeostasis of blood pH and electrolyte balance. Organic compounds are involved in nearly all biochemical activities involved in normal cellular metabolism and function. The mechanisms by which xenobiotics cause...
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...Urinalysis Introduction Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant conditions within the internal environment of the body in order to sustain health and functioning, despite changes in the external environment. The kidney, a principal regulator of the internal environment of the body, establishes homeostasis by regulating the concentration of ions, water and blood volume, pH balance of plasma, and through the elimination of the waste products of metabolism (Tilley, 2003). The functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, is composed of two key structures: the glomerulus and the renal tubule. The afferent and efferent arterioles supply blood to the glomerulus. As a network of capillaries, the glomerulus acts as a filtering unit by keeping normal proteins and cells in the blood while allowing the filtrate, which contains particles such as ions, sugars, and ammonia, to pass through to the glomerular capsule and exits into the renal tubule (Tilley, 2003). Glomerular filtration is regulated by blood pressure and osmosis. A decrease in blood pressure results in the release of renin by renal juxtaglomerular cells, which is transformed into angiotensin, ultimately causing vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction results in the increase of blood pressure, thus powering filtration (Ira, 2009). There are four distinct regions of the renal tubule through which the filtrate is modified prior to becoming urine: the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted...
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...yellow-green sputum. He seems anxious and irritable during subjective data collection. He states, he has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He complains of (c/o) insomnia and tiredness. His vital signs (VS) are 162/84, 124, 36, 102° F, SaO2 88%. Admitting diagnosis is chronic emphysema with acute exacerbation. Admitting orders includes: diet as tolerated; out of bed with assistance; oxygen (O2) to maintain SaO2 of 90%; maintenance IV of D5W at 50 ml/hr.; intake and output (I&O); arterial blood gases (ABGs) in AM; CBC with differential, basic metabolic panel (BMP), and theophylline (Theo-Dur) level on admission; chest x-ray (CXR) q24h; prednisone 60 mg/day PO; doxycycline 100 mg PO q12h x10 days, azithromycin 500 mg IV piggyback (IVPB) q24h x2 days then 500 mg PO x 7 days; theophylline 300 mg PO bid; heparin 5000 units SC q12h; albuterol 2.5 mg (0.5 ml) in 3 ml normal saline (NS) and ipratropium 500 mg by nebulizer q4-6h; enalapril 10 mg PO q AM. In this case, I will discuss the definition of COPD/emphysema, causes, S/S, risk factors, contributing factors, normal lab values, current lab values, diagnostic tests, prevention, treatment, patient care, education, and discharge instructions. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); Emphysema Patient D.Z.is a 65-year-old male admitted to medical floor for...
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...chemotherapy and radiation therapy, genetic abnormalities, exposure for certain chemicals, smoking and having a history of leukemia in the family. There are four primary types of leukemia: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) - occurs when bone marrow begins to produce not mature blasts, cells which do not develop into WBC’s that gets rid of infections. Also in AML the bone marrow may produce cells that crowd out normal cells. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) – occurs because of the Ph chromosomes that cause BRC and ABL...
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...clot formation to: Dehydration would cause the hematocrit to: A decline in plasma albumin levels would cause plasma osmotic pressure to: An increase in plasma levels of EPO would cause RBC count to: Aspirin causes the likelihood of platelet activation to: A reduced ability to produce thrombin would cause the time required for blood clot formation to: A decrease in white blood cell count would cause the likelihood of an infection to: 10. A large decrease in RBC count would cause blood viscosity to: 11. During the body’s response to an acute bacterial infection, you would expect the neutrophil count to: 12. During the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis, the diameter of the affected blood vessel will: 13. If the liver was unable to produce normal quantities of plasma proteins, plasma osmotic pressure would: 14. A blocked bile duct would cause plasma levels of bilirubin to: 15. In response to a significant increase in altitude, the body’s production of erythropoietin will: 16. In response to a decrease in blood oxygen content, plasma levels of erythropoietin would: 17. As plasma osmotic pressure decreases, interstitial fluid formation will: 18. As the percentage of blood occupied by plasma increases, blood viscosity will: 19. During an acute bacterial infection, blood neutrophil count will: 20. Prostacyclin causes the likelihood of platelet plug formation to: 21. Plasmin causes plasma fibrin levels to: 22. An inability of the liver to secrete bile could cause plasma bilirubin levels...
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...http://www.seu.ac.bd/ 1 Project Description Company Name: Status: Type: Managing Director: Product Mix: 100% cotton, 100% polyester a) Spun b) Filament Nylon Chief Value Cotton (CVC) Polyester Cotton blend Gray mélange (15% Viscose 85% cotton 10% Viscose 90% cotton 30% Viscose 70% cotton) Ash mélange (1% Viscose 99% cotton) Year of establishment: Project Cost: Turnover: Production capacity: 1993 About 1500 core TAKA About 100 crore TAKA/year - Knitting: 22 tons/day (Average) - Dyeing: 20 ton/day (Average) - Garments: 60000 pcs/day Main Production: Basic T-Shirt, Tank top, Long Sleeve, T-Shirt, Polo Shirt, Shorts, Hoody, Ladies & Kids Knitwear all kinds of knit Garments & Knit fabrics. Epyllion Group Private Company 100% Export oriented knit composite Industry. Riaz uddin al Mamun Major buyers : Mark & Spencer (M&S), G-Star, Celio, C&A http://www.seu.ac.bd/ 2 Address: Factory: Epyllio n Knit t ex & Epyllio n St yle Lt d. Jangaliapara, Banglabazar, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh Plot # I/1, Road # 06, Section # 07, Mirpur I/A, Dhaka-1216. Bangladesh Tel: +880-2-9006028, 9006747, 9013897, Fax # 880-2-9007978, 9016994, Corporate office: Website: www.epylliongroup.com http://www.seu.ac.bd/ 3 http://www.seu.ac.bd/ 4 http://www.seu.ac.bd/ 5 History through time In the whole animal kingdom, only human being needs garment. Bengal Cotton Fabrics used to be exported to the Roman and Chinese empires as mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography and the Periplus of the Erythraean...
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...hypernatremia. Restrict water and sodium. Give hypotonic fluids. Cerebral Hemorrhage. Dehydration -SIADH- keeping sodium and water. Concentrated urine (high urine osmilatity), low serum osm. High specific gravity, hyponatremia. NS/hypertonic. Cerebral Edema. Fluid overload. -Ventriculostomy is the only one that can drain -Right and left internal carotids and right and left vertebral arteries feed ipsilateral side of the brain. If vessel is damaged (aneurysm, bleeds), contrlater nerro deficits if vessel damage is in the cerebrum, ipsilater if vessel damage is in cerebellum; circle of Willis- anastamosis of vessels at base of brain provides collateral circulation, common site of aneurysms. - Increase cerebral blood flow- high PaCO2/low pH, low Pa02/sats, low blood pressure. Hyperventilation to lower PAC02 to vasoconstict the erebral blood vessels and to decrease blood flow to the brain. -Monroe-Kellie hypothesis: Brain, blood flow, and CSF. We alter the blood flow and CSF. Not the brain. We can dilate and constrict blood flow. We can also remove CSF. -BBB: helps to filter out toxic chemicals to the brain. Lipids, water, ammonia, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen. The BBB does not let all medications pass that may be helpful to the brain. - 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, and 5 sacral vertebrae. -Cranial Nerves: vagus nerve (X) Swallowing movements and saliva secretion. Gag and swallow reflexes. Sensation in the pharynx and larynx, as well...
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...function properly. 2. List and define the characteristics of life and provide an example in your life that demonstrates the characteristic. -There are 7 characteristics of life and they are as follows: Organization is when single cell organisms have a specific make up to be self sufficient. It starts with an organism which is complex. Humans are classified as multicellular because they are composed of many different types of cells. A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. An organ is made up of many tissues, and organ systems are a group of organs that perform a common function. One example of life is humans. When acquiring materials and energy, living things take in energy and use it for maintenance and growth. Humans eat plants and animals they raise for food to gain materials and energy as well as vitamins. Reproducing occurs when a new individual organism is produced and formed. This process needs to happen for species not to become extinct. There are two types of reproduction asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction is producing an offspring without the use of...
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...Electrolyte is a scientific term for salts, specifically ions. The term electrolyte means that this ion is electrically-charged and moves to either a negative or positive electrode. Ions that move to the negative which are called cations are positively charged and Ions that move to the positive which are called anions are negatively charged. They can be divided into acids, bases, and salts, because they all give ions when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are present in the human body, and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs. Electrolytes are important because they are what your cells, especially nerve, heart and muscle use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses such as nerve impulses and muscle contractions across themselves and to other cells. The major electrolytes that are in our body are as follows: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO42-), sulfate (SO42-). Sodium is an abundant metallic element which is an important mineral for all living organisms. It is also widely used industrially to make an assortment of consumer goods. In a pure form, sodium is a soft, silvery gray, highly reactive metal. Pure sodium is usually stored in a nonreactive substance, as it oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air, quickly forming a thick coating. The soft metal appears in an abundance of compounds,...
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