...Blue Box Notes Back Strain, Sprains and Spasms (p. 495) • Warm up and stretching – increase tonus of “core muscles” (anterolateral abdominal wall—transverse abdominis—lumbar stabilization) prevent back strains and sprains • Back sprain – injury to ligamentous or attachment of ligament to bone. o NOT DISLOCATION OR FRACTURE o Excessively strong contractions for extension or rotation of vertebral column • Back strain – degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers o Sports; overly strong contraction o Muscles usually involved with producing movement of lumbar IV joints ▪ ERECTOR SPINAE o Weight not properly balanced on vertebral column o Do NOT use back as lever, crouch and keep back straight ▪ Use muscles of butt and lower limbs • Spasm – sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscle groups o Protective mech o Attended by cramps, pain, and interference with f(x), producing involuntary movement and distortion Reduced Blood Supply to Brainstem (p. 496) • Winding course of vertrebral arteries through foramina transverasii of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae and through subocciptal triangle • Problem when arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries) – reduces blood flow • Symptoms – prolonged turning of the head such as trying to back up in car causes lightheadedness, dizziness, and other symptoms...
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...spongy bone. Compact bone is dense bone with very few spaces and is covered by a nourishing membrane called the periosteum. Spongy bone is identified by its many spaces that are filled with red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells. 3. Describe the structure of a long bone. Where are the yellow and red marrow found in adults? A long bone in the human body contains both compact bone and spongy bone. The compact bone is found on the outer surface of the bone and compose the shaft. The spongy bone is found at the ends of the long bone. Yellow bone marrow it found in the central shaft of the long bone surrounded by the compact bone. Red bone marrow is found in spaces of the spongy bone. 4. Describe the structure of an osteon, and explain the function of osteocytes and the central canal. The osteon consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of osteocytes (mature bone cells) in a rigid matrix. O steocytes are located within a lacuna in the matrix. Canals connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal. This allows for the transport of items between the cells and the blood vesels in the central canal. 5. Describe the formation of bone in a fetus. Explain how bone growth continues after birth. During fetal development, most of the skeleton is first formed of cartilage. Cartilage cells actively divide, allowing the skeleton to grow as the fetus does. Beginning around the third month of development, osteoblasts (bone-forming...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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...BIO 210 Test 2 Study Guide: Chapter 4: 1. Define: Cell – basic unit of life Tissue – groups of similar cells Organ – contains 2 or more types of tissues Organ System – organs that work closely together 2. What are the common functions of: Epithelial tissue – covers and lines things – protects. Connective tissue – binds and supports – provides shape and structure. Muscle Tissue – contraction of muscles and movement. Nerve Tissue – sends signals and impulses – communication. 3. Be able to compare and contrast examples of each tissue type. Know identifying features of each tissue. EPITHELIAL TISSUE – 6 KINDS - all have free space at their apical surface. Simple squamous epithelial tissue – lung and kidney glomerulus – 1 layer of flattened sacs – very thin. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue – epidermis – multiple layers of flattened sacs. Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue – kidney tubules – 1 layer – rounded cube shaped cells. Simple Columnar epithelial tissue – digestive or GI tract – 1 layer – column shaped cells – nuclei at basal membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue – trachea lining – false multiple layers of column shaped cells – cilia (hair) – goblet cells. Transitional epithelial tissue – urinary bladder – domed shaped apical cells – looks like forks in the road. CONNECTIVE TISSUE – 11 KINDS – Areolar connective tissue – papillary region of the dermis – fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers – looks like a spider web. ...
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...Introduction- The purpose of this paper is to discuss a rarest case of hidden maxillary tooth in infra-orbital space following trauma. Pediatric dental injuries leading to traumatic tooth displacement is common in children, although it very rare and sometimes challenging to diagnose and treat traumatically embedded tooth in vital tissue spaces which may lead to serious complications if ignored. Case report- A 4-year old male child was brought with injuries on his face and mouth and swelling over left side of face, resulting from fall. The intra-oral examination revealed absence of all maxillary incisors. The paranasal sinus view showed a vague tooth-like object embedded in the floor of left orbit. The correct location and type of tooth could not be ascertained till the end of procedure. Comments- The above case is about the importance of seeking every tooth lost in trauma. It discusses complications of not following standard protocol for diagnosis and treatment in such rare cases. Key Words: dental trauma, embedded tooth, hidden, infra-orbital space, seeking, standard protocol. Introduction...
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...back. Each of these vertebrae provide support and structure. They hold and protect your spinal cord and when something goes wrong in this area, the nerves and tendons attaching to and moving through them are affected. Pain, numbness, tingling and loss of feeling or movement can result. How the damage occurs is key to treating the problem. Most chronic problems develop from acute or one time conditions that are not addressed. There are many contributing factors that increase the chances your spine can be injured and become a long term or chronic condition. Because our vertebrae are bones, they are made up of salts which are minerals. The tendons and muscles that attach to them are elastic and they need to be flexible yet strong. Many people do not take the time to “feed” their spine and stretch their muscles. Feeding your spine mineral supplements along with vitamin D can help keep your vertebrae strong. Over the years the bones can degrade, and these minerals and vitamin are the hammers and nails that keep your bones strong. What exercise does for the muscles and tendons, minerals can do for the bones. I believe the major reason an acute injury to the back becomes chronic is because of these deficiencies. Our bones are starving. Weekend warriors are often subject to back pain because of these deficiencies. The two days off become a marathon of sorts and the body is not prepared to move so much after five days at a desk. Trying to finish the “to do” list of...
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...<5.7% | Thyroid levels | | Parathyroid levels | | Types of bone cells | Osteoblasts | Bone forming cellsThey are responsible for bone growth and repair | Osteocytes | Osteoblasts that have become trapped, imprisoned within mineralized bone matrix (MATURE BONE CELLS) | Osteoclasts | Reabsorb or remove bone during growth and repair (also assist in the release of calcium and phosphate)**bone reabsorption; bone destroying cells | *So, if one is immobilized then the osteoclastic activity is greater than the osteoblastic activity in bone marrow decreases. This is why we have debone mineralization during immobilization. Maintenance of bone integrity | This occurs through remodeling and it is a 3 phase process where existing bone is resorbed and new bone is laid down [repairs bone, does not heal bones] | Phase 1 | Activation phaseThis is where a stimulus occurs, such as a weight baring exercise, causing the formation of osteoclasts | Phase 2 | Resorption This is where osteoclasts form a cutting zone and resorb or remove bone | Phase 3 | Formation phaseThis is where there is a laying down of new bone by osteoblast | *PAGE 962 Know how bone fractures heal/callous formation (Musculoskeletal System) * Bone Fractures * A broken bone can cause damage to the surrounding tissue, the periosteum, and the blood vessels in the cortex and marrow * Hematoma formation * Bone tissue destruction triggers...
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...NAME________________________ I. Multiple Choice – Place the letter corresponding to the best answer in the space to the left. (38 pts.) 1._____Citrate Synthase and HAD activities of horse muscle _____ after birth (Changes in muscle profile) a. increase b. decrease c. stay constant 2._____ Cutting the superior check ligament is one possible treatment for a horse that is/has: a. stifled b. bowed superficial digital flexor tendon c. osselets d. bowed deep digital flexor tendon 3._____ Intra-articular injection of _____ is a common treatment for horses with poor quality synovial fluid. a. iodine b. aspirin c. hyaluronic acid salts d. none of the above 4._____ A lesion commonly found in a horse’s hock, that is due to a subchondral bone cyst and detachment of the overlying cartilage is called: a. osteochondritis dissecans b. carpitis c. osselets d. windpuffs 5._____ The side of the horse’s leg where you would find the digital flexor tendons in the ___________ surface. a. dorsal. b. palmar c. proximal d. distal 6._____ Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) is a genetic disease that affects a horse’s ______. a. sodium pump of the muscle membrane b. potassium pump of the muscle membrane c. calcium-ATPase pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. ability to break the actin-myosin...
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...What is Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis (or OA for short) is the most common type of arthritis and is associated with joint pain and reduced range of motion and quality of life. It is a vast, chronic condition which affects the weight bearing joints and involves biomechanical, morphologic and biochemical alterations of the matrix and cells of the bone. Common symptoms are pain in the affected joint area and loss of mobility however, structural changes may occur without any accompanying symptoms. In itself, OA is not a life threatening condition although it can affect considerably the quality of life. OA can be classified depending on the number of joints affected, the site which it affects and also the type. By type, one means whether it is inflammatory, generalised (affects many joints) or erosive (David & Lloyd, 1998). Osteoarthritis may also be divided into primary idiopathic or secondary. In primary OA there are no preceding injuries or trauma which could have caused it. The main cause is repetitive stress on the joint and cumulative changes to the joint surfaces. It is typically found in women over the age of forty five which repeatedly stress the same joints such as the knees and hips. Secondary OA, on the other hand, is caused by a previous condition, injury or disease. Injury to the joint, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and even obesity may eventually lead to the development of secondary OA (Koopman, 2000) Osteoarthritis Affecting the Knee Joint The knee is the most...
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...2 Categories of Fracture Complications Early complications • Shock • fat embolism • compartment syndrome • deep vein thrombosis • thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism) • disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and infection. Delayed complications • delayed union and nonunion • avascular necrosis of bone • reaction to internal fixation devices • complex regional pain syndrome (formerly called reflex sympathetic dystrophy) • eterotrophic ossification. SHOCK (EARLY) • Hypovolemic or traumatic shock • Results from hemorrhage (both visible and nonvisible blood loss) and from loss of extracellular fluid into damaged tissues may occur in fractures of the extremities, thorax, pelvis, or spine. • Treatment of shock consists of restoring blood volume and circulation, relieving the patient’s pain, providing adequate splinting, and protecting the patient from further injury and other complications. FAT EMBOLISM SYNDROME (EARLY) • After fracture of long bones or pelvis, multiple fractures, or crush injuries, fat emboli may develop. • At the time of fracture, fat globules may move into the blood because the marrow pressure is greater than the capillary pressure or because catecholamines elevated by the patient’s stress reaction mobilize fatty acids and promote the development of fat globules in the bloodstream. • The fat globules (emboli) occlude the small blood vessels that supply the lungs...
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...changes in its external environment. (Saladin, 2015) a. Integumentary System – Homeostasis is critical for our body function, in order to stay in homeostasis the body goes through a process called negative feedback. Negative feedback mechanism in the integumentary system goes through 4 steps in order to maintain homeostasis; 1. There is a stimulus or change in the body. Example. Change in the body temperature. a. If the body is too cold it will trigger shivering to warm your body. b. If your body is too hot it will trigger sweating to release heat. 2. The sensor or receptor (sensory neuron) detects change in your body. 3. The control center (brain) sends out signals and messages to the effector. 4. The effector (muscle or gland) is in charge of restoring the body back to homeostasis. (Saladin, 2015) The body must regulate its own body temperature. Our normal set point is 98.6.When we are overheating our body responds in numerous ways in an effort to cool itself, such as sweating. Alternatively, if our body temperature is falling, we stimulate a process that conserve or generate heat, such as shivering. Variable: Body temperature. Set point 98.6 Receptor: Hot and cold temperature sensors in the skin Control Center: Hypothalamus in the brain Effector: Sweating or Shivering www.passbiology.co.nz320 × 291Search by image Skeletal System – Homeostasis is crucial physiological process in the...
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...surfaces. Epithelial cells are used for protection, absorption and secretion. Cell shapes found in epithelial tissue are squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional. Epithelial tissue is highly specialised for selective secretion and absorption of ions and molecules. Squamous: Squamous cells make up most of the cells in the outer layer of the skin. They have the appearance of thin, flat plates. Squamous cells form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs and make up the outer layer of the skin. Cuboidal: By lining the surface of various ducts of various glands and organs, simple cuboidal cells are able to provide a layer of protection from abrasion, foreign particles, invading bacteria and excessive water loss to the underlying tissue. In the kidney tubulus, the cells aid in the absorption and transport of filtered substances. Simple cuboidal consists of a single layer of cells with the same height and width. The cells are equally wide as they are tall creating a square profile with a spherical nucleus at its centre. Columnar: Simple columnar is a single layer of tall, closely packed cells that line the digestive tract from the stomach to the rectum. Functions include absorption and secretion. They contain dense microvilli on their apical surface. Columnar cells receive nutrients...
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...In this task I am outlining the structures of the main tissues of the body. KEY WORDS- * Epithelial: squamous, ciliated, globletcells * Blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets * Cartilage and bone * Areolar tissue * Adipose tissue * Striated muscle * Sensory and motor neurons. Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a common function in the body. EPITHELIAL-Epithelial tissue protects the body from moisture loss, bacteria, and internal injury. There are two kinds of epithelial tissues, Covering and lining epithelium covers almost all of our internal and external body surfaces; for example, the outermost layer of our skin and other organs, and the internal surface lining of our lymph vessels and digestive tract. Glandular epithelium secretes hormones or other products such as stomach acid, sweat, saliva, and milk. Ciliated are tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell. The hairs sweep hair, mucus, trapped dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed. The major function of goblet cells is to store mucin which when dissolved in water forms mucus. The goblet cells use both apocrine as well as merocrine ways for storing mucus. The cytoplasm of these cells majorly is covered by the granules, excluding the bottom. Where Are Epithelial Cells Found? * Epithelial cells cover the major cavities of the body. * Epithelia form the structure of the lung, including the alveoli or air sacs...
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...and large gauge needles which are less prone to breakage. Dental hygienist should be careful not to bend the needle because it weakens the needle. The solution should be injected slowly, so it does not create forceful contact with bone which causes pain to the patient. Patient can have pain from the injection from multiple reasons such as careless injection technique, careless attitude toward the client. Pain can also come from dull needle, a barbed needle caused by hitting the bone or quick deposition of...
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...Describe how body fat develops and suggest some reasons why it is difficult for an obese person to maintain weight loss. Body fat develops when fat cells increase in number and size. Prevention of excess weight gain depends on maintaining a reasonable number of fat cells; when an obese person loses weight, the body attempts to return to the original weight, or its set point. 2. What factors contribute to obesity? Genetics (leptin, ghrelin, uncoupling problems, fat cell metabolism), overeating, inactivity. 3. List several aggressive ways to lose weight and explain why such methods are not recommended for every overweight person. Fad diets, diuretics, amphetamines, other prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, hot baths, machines that jiggle, brushes, sponges, massages, surgery, gastric partitioning, gastric balloons, jaw wiring, very-low-kcalorie diets. Reasons these are not recommended: weight cycling, psychology of weight cycling, some methods do not work at all, others only provide temporary weight loss (not fat loss). 4. Discuss reasonable dietary strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight. Eating plans based on realistic energy intake, nutritional adequacy, physical activity, making small behavior modification changes, support groups. 5. What are the benefits of increased physical activity in a weight-loss program? Physical activity increases BMR, helps control appetite, provides psychological benefits. 6. Describe...
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