... Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. The condition, per its name, involves both aplasia and anemia. Typically, anemia refers to low red blood cell counts, but aplastic anemia patients have lower counts of all three blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, termed pancytopenia. Causes Congenital or inherited causes Congenital or inherited causes of aplastic anemia (20%) include the following: • Patients usually have dysmorphic features or physical stigmata; on occasion, marrow failure may be the initial presenting feature. • Fanconi anemia • Dyskeratosis congenita • Cartilage-hair hypoplasia • Pearson syndrome • Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (thrombocytopenia-absent radius [TAR] syndrome) • Shwachman-Diamond syndrome • Dubowitz syndrome • Diamond-Blackfan syndrome • Familial aplastic anemia Acquired causes Acquired causes of aplastic anemia (80%) include the following: • Idiopathic factors • Infectious causes, such as hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), parvovirus, and mycobacteria • Toxic exposure to radiation and chemicals, such as benzene • Transfusional GVHD • Orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis • Pregnancy • Eosinophilic fasciitis Drugs and elements, such as chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, and gold, may cause aplasia of the marrow. Staging Staging of aplastic anemia...
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...SUBMITTED TO: ROMANA SIDDIQUE LECTURER MNS DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES Introduction Leukemia is a type of cancer that results in the body making too many abnormal white blood cells. This uncontrolled production results in an excessive amount of white blood cells that may be immature (acute leukemia) or mature (chronic leukemia). The leukemic cells may not function well to fight infection and may interfere with the production of red blood cells (which carry oxygen) and platelets (which control bleeding). Normally, white blood cells play an important role in the body's natural defence system. They target and destroy foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria. White blood cells are made in the marrow (the spongy core) of your bones. Without healthy and functioning white blood cells, the body is at risk of developing severe and sometimes fatal infections. Different types of leukemia Acute leukemia develops within days to weeks, and large numbers of immature cells called "blasts" build up. These cells can't function as well as normal white blood cells, so people with acute leukemia are at a higher risk of infection. Because the body is so busy producing "blasts," it can't make as many red blood cells or platelets, which can cause anemia and bleeding disorders. Chronic leukemia, which progresses over the course of months to years, involves overproduction of mature white blood cells that cannot function like normal white blood cells. There are 4 types...
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...Stem Cell Research in Human Transplantation [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Abstract Skeletal Bone Marrow that is decimated by disease, chemo, or radioactive emission can be refurbished by utilizing stem cell transplants. For certain infectious ailments like leukemia, aplastic anemia, certain inherited body-fluid infections, and some infections of the immune cell, and the stem cells in the skeletal bone marrow do not effectively function the way that it is intended to function. The stem cell is subjected to immunity issues where the recipient body site does not accept the donor cells. This paper will look to enquire the benefits to following stem cell research in human transplantation. Stem Cell Research Introduction Unique functional cells such as for example, a red blood cell start out originally as unspecialized cells known as stem cells. These stem cells have the uncanny ability to keep separating through division and multiplying in culture to produce specialized cell for a specific bodily function. In the context of normal human development, they are best described for their diversity, adaptability and longevity. As the laws of biology dictate, a human being is formed when a sperm cell fertilizing a female egg cell to produce a zygote. The zygote is already specialized in the fact that it is on the way to the formation of a whole individual. Furthermore the zygote, also known as the fertilized egg is tot potent that simply...
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...cells are formed and how they act. Most blood cells develop from stem cells, which can be found in bone marrow (soft material inside our bones – the “filling”). Stem cells mature into white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets.2 The purpose of white blood cells is to fight off infection, while red blood cells carry oxygen and platelets aid in blood clotting, which controls bleeding. Plasma cells make antibodies, which are parts of the immune system and help the body protect itself from germs and other harmful substances (Exhibit 1).2 Myeloma begins when a plasma cell begins dividing uncontrollably, which sets off a chain reaction of abnormal cell divisions. These abnormal plasma cells are called myeloma cells. Eventually, there is a large buildup of myeloma cells in the bone marrow, potentially damaging the outer, solid part of the bone. The reason the disease is called multiple myeloma because it usually affects several bones in any given infected person. The myeloma cells, instead of creating the normal antibodies, create M proteins, which can collect in the urine, blood, or even in organs as blood spreads it throughout the body (Exhibit 2).2 Whether or not Multiple Myeloma has genetics roots which are traceable is still up for debate, but there isn’t much evidence to suggest that there is a genetic component in multiple myeloma diagnoses. A research study done by the Centre for Haematological Oncology at...
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...Leukemia strikes all ages and both sexes. In 1995 approximately 20,400 people died from Leukemia. The all time five year survival rate is 38%. This rate has gone to 52% in the mid 1980"s. Approximately 25,700 cases were reported in 1995 alone(American Cancer Society-leukemia, 1995). Leukemia is a form of cancer in the blood cells. Most forms of Leukemia occur in the white blood cells. These abnormal cells reproduce in large quantities and look and perform differently than normal cells(MedicineNet-leukemia, 1997).Right now the causes of Leukemia are unknown. Some studies have shown that exposure to high-energy radiation increases chances of contracting leukemia. Such radiation was produced in the atomic bombing of Japan during World War II. There is also enough energy in nuclear plants so strict safety precautions are taken. Some research shows that exposure to electric magnetic fields, such as power lines and electric appliances, is a possible risk factor. More studies are needed to prove this link. Some genetic conditions, such as Down"s syndrome, are also believed to increase the risk factor. Exposure to some chemicals is also suspected to be a risk factor. By learning the causes of leukemia treatment options will become available(MedicineNet-leukemia, 1997). There are many symptoms of leukemia. The symptoms of leukemia are the same for all the different types of leukemia. The acute types of leukemia, ALL and AML, symptoms are seen more quickly than in the chronic...
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...live between 2 and 7 years after displaying symptoms. The same symptoms and rate of the nervous system’s break-down depends from person to person, even including individuals in the same family who have the same genetic mutations. • Krabbe disease affects approximately 1 in 100,000 people in the United States • The risk for a child would be as follows if each parent has one mutated copy of the gene: ⇒ 25 % chance getting two mutated duplicates would result in the disease ⇒ 50 % chance of receiving only one mutated copy would end in the child being a carrier of the mutation but would not result in obtaining the disease itself ⇒ 25% chance of inheriting two ordinary copies of the gene • There has also been a usually high incidence of 6 cases...
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...[pic] Term paper Stem cell therapy Irfan manzoor. Roll no: RP7002B22. Reg. no: 11000225. Course: Bsc. Biotech 1. Lovely professional university Contents 1. Stem cells and properties. 2-3 2. Stem cell therapy. 5-12 3. Stem cell use in animals 13-15 4. Recent researches in stem cell therapy 16-19 5. Conclusion 21 6. Bibliography 22 Stem cells Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult...
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...Oregon Plan 2 Abstract The purpose of this paper was to summarize the Oregon Health Plan, with regards to cost containment. The goal is to provide the advantages and disadvantages of the plan. I also discuss it philosophically, mentioning the problem our nation would have with the widespread, mandatory implantation of this plan. In the conclusion I discuss an alternative approach to the cost containment issue of health care. Oregon Plan 3 Module 6: Oregon Plan The Oregon Health Plan, was a revision of Medicaid. The state of Oregon created the health plan in an effort to control cost. It was very important because it brought very important issues to light. Unfortunately, there were casualties that included a little boy named Colby Howard. Cost containment and providing medical coverage to more people were the goals of this plan. The plan that was revised so that Bill Clinton could sign it in 1993, were created by two politicians who were physicians, Dr. John Kitzhaber, who was a senator at the time, and Dr. Ralph Crashaw, who was an activities. There are many philosophical approached that can be taken to look the plan. Philosophical Approach If we look at it through consequentialism, the consequence that many sick people will not have access to life saving care, would make the plan’s...
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...death. In this paper we explain the origins and history of organ donation, the process by which organs are donated, the ethical implications behind organ donation and discuss many of the proposed solutions to solve the organ shortage issue. HISTORY OF ORGAN DONATION The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver. (14) Experimentally, bone marrow transplants began by giving patients bone marrow orally after meals to cure leukemia. This had no effect, but later when they used intravenous injections to treat aplastic anemia, there was some effect (14). One development that largely aided organ donation was the discovery of blood groups in the early 20th century. The first recorded kidney transplant was in 1909 and was a rabbit kidney inserted into a child suffering from kidney failure. The child died after two weeks (8). The first human to human kidney transplantation was in 1936 and failed. The first successful kidney transplant wasn't until 1954 and was between two identical twins. Soon after, heart transplants began,...
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...(National Library Medicine, 2016). With these statistics it is clear to see just how common it is and why its so important for us to continue studying it in hopes of finding new scientific advances for controlling or maybe even curing it. Though the direct cause of leukemia isn’t understood, scientists can say that it seems to develop from a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Mayo Clinic, 2016). Leukemia is thought to occur when some blood cells acquire mutations in their DNA. Certain abnormalities cause the cell to grow and divide more rapidly and to continue living when normal cells would die (Cancer Treatment Centers of America, 2015). Over time, these abnormal cells can crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, causing the signs and symptoms of leukemia (Mayo Clinic, 2016). Environmental and lifestyle factors can also lead to leukemia such as childhood obesity. Factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of leukemia include: previous cancer treatments such as radiation therapy, genetic...
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...test are not performed. This cancer starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream. Bone marrow is where the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are made. The symptoms are so common to other illnesses, and is usually diagnosed incidentally when blood tests or radiological studies are performed for other indications. The type of symptoms will depend on the type of leukemia, and how much the cancer that has grown. These common symptoms may include: • Fever and night sweats • Frequent or unusual infections • Weakness and fatigue • Headaches • Bruising of the skin and bleeding from the gums or rectum • Bone pain • Joint pain • Swelling of the belly or pain on the left side of the belly or in the left shoulder from a swollen spleen. • Swollen lymph nodes in the armpit, neck or groin • Decreased appetite and weight loss because you feel full and do not want to eat. Leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia develops very quickly and can make you feel sick right away. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly, and there is usually no symptoms for years. The four main types of leukemia are: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). There have been 48,610 estimated new cases, and 23,720 deaths from leukemia in the United States in 2013. According to...
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...Stem Cell Research: A Road to Recovery Lisa Wainwright Kaplan University CM220 Stem Cell Research “Recent studies suggest these cells may hold the secret to treatment — even cures — for some of our most baffling diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.” (Reaves, 2001) With constant development in science and medicine, it was only a matter of time before scientists and doctors would be on the verge of finding cures for diseases that people everywhere have been waiting for. Stem cell research began around 1981, when scientists discovered controllability in the development of mouse embryos; however, it wasn’t until 1998 that scientists discovered how to originate human stem cells from embryos and cultivate them in a lab. (U.S. Department, 2009) President Barak Obama signed Executive Order 135005, “Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells,” on March 9, 2009. Section 1, Policy, reads, “Research involving human embryonic stem cells and human non-embryonic stem cells has the potential to lead to better understanding and treatment of many disabling diseases and conditions. Advances over the past decade in this promising scientific field have been encouraging, leading to broad agreement in the scientific community that the research should be supported by Federal funds…. including human embryonic stem cell research, to the extent permitted by law.” (Obama, 2009) There are those who argue that stem cell research should be limited...
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...A Report on Sickle Cell Disease Name: Professor: Course: Date: Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a life threatening illness passed down from parents to children through the genes (Piel & Weatherall, 2015). The disease therefore, is present at birth but the signs come to the fore after the fourth month. The disease has been recognized as a major public health concern by international agencies and is common among many people in Africa, the Arabian Gulf, Turkey, India; the Mediterranean and their descendants spread around the world. For instance, in United States one in 400 African-American infants is born with sickle cell disease annually (Ibid). Description of Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease comprises of red blood cell disorders whose main feature is abnormal hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying protein in the red blood cells (Peterson, 2008). The abnormality of the hemoglobin is caused by a mutation in a gene of the hemoglobin protein. This abnormality hinders the proper formation globin genes of the hemoglobin molecules resulting in abnormal hemoglobin that may take the forms of “S” hemoglobin or “SC” hemoglobin or “beta-thalassemia” hemoglobin as noted by (Rees, Williams & Gladwin, 2010). Types of Sickle Cell Disease The disorders; sickle cell anemia disease (caused by “S” hemoglobin), “SC” disease (caused...
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...Causes and risk factors, including environmental risks * According to the American Cancer Society (2013) states, “A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer” (American Cancer Society, 2013). “There are a few known risk factors for childhood leukemia” (American Cancer Society, 2013). According to the American Cancer Society (2013) states, “Genetic risk factors are those that are part of our DNA (the substance that makes up our genes)” (American Cancer Society, 2013). The genetic risk factor is what we get from our parents that is most of the time inherited (American Cancer Society, 2013). “Most cases of leukemia are not linked to any known genetic causes” (American Cancer Society, 2013). * Other risk factors of leukemia would be “inherited disorders, this can increase a child’s risk of developing leukemia” (American Cancer Society, 2013). Here is a listed of syndromes: “Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Klinefelter syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome” (American Cancer Society, 2013). According to the American Cancer Society (2013) states, “Certain inherited diseases cause children to be born with immune system problems” (American Cancer Society, 2013). “These include: Ataxia telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Bloom syndrome” (American Cancer Society, 2013). * According to the American Cancer Society (2013) states, “Lifestyle-related risk factors are important in many adult cancers, but they are unlikely to play a role...
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...doing to solve of the problem of HIV? By Prerana Bhandari St Olaves Grammar School By Prerana Bhandari St Olaves Grammar School Image taken from: http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/hiv_virus.jpg This human T cell (blue) is under attack by HIV (yellow), the virus that causes AIDS. Image taken from: http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/hiv_virus.jpg This human T cell (blue) is under attack by HIV (yellow), the virus that causes AIDS. Page Number: 3 6 8 9 Page Number: 3 6 8 9 Contents: 1. Biological Problem 2. Pathology 3. Solutions for HIV: 4. 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 8 9 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 8 9 Main Solution: Stribild or Quad study 102 and 103: 5. Evaluation of Stribild: Are the processes and methods appropriate for producing valid and reliable data and effective solutions? 6. How Stribild works 7. Limitations of Stribild 8. Benefits and Risks of Stribild to humans 9. Alternate solutions 10. Conclusion 11. References 12. Evaluation of sources What are scientists doing to solve of the problem of HIV? Biological Problem: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus which attacks the immune system, and weakens your ability to fight infections and disease and the final stage of HIV; AIDS (acquired immune deficiency) is when your body can no longer fight life-threatening infections. Majority of HIV suffers will not develop...
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