...RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES Related Literature Adhesive is any substance that is capable of holding materials together in a functional manner by surface attachment that resists separation. “Adhesive” as a general term includes cement, mucilage, glue, and paste—terms that are often used interchangeably for any organic material that forms an adhesive bond. Inorganic substances such as portland cement also can be considered adhesives, in the sense that they hold objects such as bricks and beams together through surface attachment, but this article is limited to a discussion of organic adhesives, both natural and synthetic. (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5823/adhesive) Fish glue is often made by heating the skin or bones of fish in water. It can also be made from part of the fish’s air bladder which, in the case of glue made from sturgeon, is called isinglass. Adhesives made from fish, as well as hide glue made from other animals, were sometimes used in ancient Egypt. They are still used in art, for shoe and furniture repair, and to preserve old manuscripts. Hide glue is typically manufactured from the skin of non-oily fish. During medieval times in Europe, fish glue was often used to repair animal-based sheets called parchments, which were used for writing. It was also used in painting materials by some artists in China. Paintings and drawings were often coating with fish glue in the 1800s. While the glue by itself is typically brittle, it can be used along...
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...The paper by Aoba and Fejerskov written in 2002 talks about a hypothesized mechanism being a dose-related disruption of the mineralization which causes the teeth to become porous with a decrease in proteins. This degradation of the teeth is thought to be from a breakdown of the matrix proteins and the way the by-products are drawn out from the aging enamel (Aoba and Fejerskov, 2002). There are different forms categorizing the severity of enamel fluorosis. Mild enamel fluorosis is seen as white striations or opaque patches while in moderate or severe cases the opaque spots extend and the porosity increases (NRC Ch.6,1993). If the damage is severe enough there can be many dental health issues, including an increase in caries later in life. These...
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...Research Review on the Biological Effect of Cell Phone Radiation on Human 1, 2 Ashraf A. Aly1, Safaai Bin Deris2, Nazar Zaki3 Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 3 College of Information Technology, UAE University, UAE Ashraf.ahmed@uaeu.ac.ae, safaai@utm.my, nzaki@uaeu.ac.ae increased incidence rate of traffic accidents due to the use of mobile phone while driving. The risk of exposure to electromagnetic field was first highlighted and publicized in the late 1970s by Colorado study [2] that linked magnetic field exposure from power lines to the possible development of child leukemia. The amount of RF generated by cell phone is usually depends on the number of base stations around the area, the cell phone network traffic, and on how far the cell phone from base stations. The amount of the power which sent from a base station could vary from cell phone to another one even within the same area, depends on the interfering from obstacles such as buildings and trees [3]. Although, cell phones are designed to operate at power levels below a threshold for known thermal effects, radio frequency radiation could produce other kinds of effects, called biological effects. In Figure 1, we show a calculation of specific absorbed radiation (SAR) distribution in an anatomical model of human head positioned next to a 125 mW dipole antenna. The resulted Peak SAR is 9.5 W/kg over 1 mg which is a clear indication of the effect. Abstract The growth...
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...involved in the formation or storage of blood, the hematologic system allows the human body to maintain adequate oxygenation and tissue perfusion (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 876). Because every cell, tissue, organ, and system is dependent on blood circulation for survival, hematologic problems involving impaired production, impaired function, or abnormal destruction of blood cells are likely to have wide-reaching effects on the patient's health and wellness (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 876). This is especially clear when examining cancers of the hematologic system, including multiple myeloma. A cancer of certain white blood cells in the bone marrow known as plasma cells, “myeloma” refers to a tumor of the bone marrow, and “multiple” refers to more than one area of the bone marrow being affected (Mangan, 2006, p. 64hn1). Because the disease is incurable, and because only 30 percent of patients survive longer than five years after diagnosis, living with multiple myeloma can be difficult for patients and their families (Mangan, 2006, p. 64hn1). As health care providers on the front lines of patient care, nurses must be aware of the multi-system manifestations of multiple myeloma, be able to make the assessments needed to identify and prevent complications related to the disease and its treatment regimen, and be ready to provide patients and their families with knowledge and support. In this paper, the author will first provide a full description of multiple...
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...in the Dinaledi Chambers of South Africa’s Rising Star Cave System. Upon analysis, these remains were determined to have belonged to that of a previously unknown hominin, known now as Homo naledi. Popular consensus in the scientific community have seen H. naledi’s uncovering as a highly prominent discovery, one that will have potentially large ramifications on our current understanding of humanity and its evolution throughout time. The focus of this paper aims to discuss the current research that is being done on H. naledi, specifically its morphology and its intelligence. In addition, the criticism of H. naledi is discussed, and why some in the scientific community are skeptical in...
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...Stones May Break My Bones… The skeleton plays an important role in human physiology and function. Bone structure is vital as the human body rests on a framework made of bones. Healthy bones contribute to the overall health of an individual and a fully functional skeletal system is vital to physical health. Bones can get infections and other diseases just like any other part or organ of the human body. These illnesses can range from bone cancers to the degenerative bone disease of osteoporosis. This paper presents the disease of osteoporosis by defining it, and outlining its causes, symptoms, testing and diagnosis, and treatment. Bones consist of living tissue and are constantly being broken down and replaced. Bone building cells called osteoblasts help to build and strengthen bones while bone cells called osteoclasts role is to reabsorb bone cells. This process is constant throughout one’s lifetime. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone strength that makes it more vulnerable to fracture. Bone strength is measured by establishing bone mineral density (BMD), which is also called bone mass. People suffering from osteoporosis have low bone mass. Osteoporosis is a significant health problem that affects more than 25 million people in the United States alone. 80% of those affected by osteoporosis are women. (Melton) Osteoporosis is most prevalent in women 50 years and older. Osteoporosis is also responsible for numerous fractures around bones such as vertebrae,...
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...Causes of Leukemia Leukemia is cancer of the blood-forming tissues and it strikes all ages and both sexes. Leukemia is a term given to a group of malignant diseases of the bone marrow and lymphatic system. In a person with leukemia, the bone marrow makes abnormal white blood cells (Wong, 2007). The abnormal cells are leukemia cells, unlike normal blood cells; leukemia cells don't die when they should. They may crowd out normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This makes it hard for normal blood cells to do their work (Wong, 2007). This can lead to serious problems such as anemia, bleeding, and infections. Leukemia cells can also spread to the lymph nodes or other organs and cause swelling or pain. This paper examines how leukemia is diagnosed, the main types of treatment of leukemia and possible causes of leukemia (Bhojwani, 2009). Diagnosis of Leukemia Leukemia may be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia gets worse very fast and will make a person feel sick right away. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. Doctors typically find leukemia after a routine blood test, when a patient has symptoms that suggest leukemia. Symptoms may depend on what type of leukemia a person has, but common symptoms are fever and night sweats, headaches, bruising or bleeding easily, bone or joint pain, a swollen or painful belly from an enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, feeling very tired or weak, losing weight and not feeling hungry. The acute types...
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...Jody Vaughn Research Draft Since the discovery of stem cell therapy, it has been a controversial topic of long debate of moral ethics and politically. The discovery of stem cells and their ability to generate new cells began in the 1800’s. Today the topic of research therapy makes headlines with its controversy with the use of embryonic stem cells. Historically stem cell research includes plant, animals and human stem cells but today the prominent use of stem cells in humans is bone marrow transplant. This has become a simple one day medical procedure that is one of a lesser debate. Complete strangers can now simply be tested for a compatible match to an awaiting recipient. This type of success has brought stem cell to the forefront of medical researches discovery of other stem cell therapies that are futuristic in nature and have the possible to cure devastating disease and injuries that would otherwise leave someone completely debilitated or worse. Stem cell therapy is on the verge of being a revolutionary medical advancement in history. The discovery that stem cells could generate new healthy cells in the 1800’s had revolutionized the medical profession. Blood marrow transplant are the front runner of the success that stem cells can produce. This is the prominent force that guides researcher to believe that stem cells can be a cure for many diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, immune deficiency disease, certain types of leukemia’s, severe blood disorders and traumatic...
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...SBI4U ISP Part II: Genetic Technology Research Paper Embryonic Stem Cell Use Abstract: Researchers discovered that embryonic stem cells could be originated from early human embryos. This discovery has raised a series of ethical and public-policy questions that are now being confronted by multiple international organizations, nations, cultures, and religious traditions. This essay surveys policies for human embryonic stem cell research in four regions of the world, reports on the recent debate at the United Nations about one type of such research, and reviews the positions that various religious traditions have adopted regarding this novel type of research. In several instances the religious traditions seem to have influenced the public-policy debates. There are many ways in which human stem cells can be used in research and the clinic. Studies of the medical use of Embyonic Stem cells will yield information about the complex events that occur during human development. A primary goal of this work is to identify how undifferentiated stem cells become the differentiated cells that form the tissues and organs. Scientists know that turning genes on and off is central to this process. Some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are due to abnormal cell division and differentiation. A more complete understanding of the genetic and molecular controls of these processes may yield information about how such diseases arise and suggest new strategies...
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...be used to replace or even heal damaged tissues and cells in the body. They can serve as a built-in repair system for the human body, replenishing other cells as long as a person is still alive. Adult stem cells are a “natural” solution. They naturally exist in our bodies, and they provide a natural repair mechanism for many tissues of our bodies. They belong in the microenvironment of an adult body, while embryonic stem cells belong in the microenvironment of the early embryo, not in an adult body, where they tend to cause tumors and immune system reactions. Most importantly, adult stem cells have already been successfully used in human therapies for many years. As of this moment, no therapies in humans have ever been successfully carried out using embryonic stem cells. New therapies using adult type stem cells, on the other hand, are being developed all the time. Significance of the Study Stem cell therapy is a potential treatment for spinal cord injury and different stem cell types has been grafted into animal models and humans suffering from spinal trauma. Due to inconsistent results, it is still an important and clinically relevant question which stem cell type will prove to be therapeutically effective. Thus far, stem cells of human sources grafted into spinal cord mostly included barely defined heterogeneous mesenchymal stem cell populations derived from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood. Here, we have transplanted a well-defined unrestricted somatic stem cell...
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...[pic] Term paper Stem cell therapy Irfan manzoor. Roll no: RP7002B22. Reg. no: 11000225. Course: Bsc. Biotech 1. Lovely professional university Contents 1. Stem cells and properties. 2-3 2. Stem cell therapy. 5-12 3. Stem cell use in animals 13-15 4. Recent researches in stem cell therapy 16-19 5. Conclusion 21 6. Bibliography 22 Stem cells Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult...
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...related to at least 3 topics: 1- motion representation; 2- selection of anatomical landmarks (ALs); 3- software resources. This literature discrepancy should be greatly reduced if a consensus on the three above points could be reached. Topic 1 is tackled by the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) that published Standards to define body segment orientations and clinically meaningful motion representation (Wu, 1995; Wu, 2002; Wu, In Press). Efforts related to Topic 2 are currently undergoing to allow strict AL selection necessary to build anatomical reference frames in a repeatable way (Van Sint Jan, In Press). Topic 3 is the goal of this paper. The presented research aimed to propose a software interface that would allow a user to: -interactively import motion data; -to register the motion to 3D bone models (if necessary); -to select ALs; -and to create motion representation graphs according to standards. Similar commercial tools are available, but they are unfortunately often costly and limited to a few motion representations. Materials and methods The Interactive Motion Representation (IMR) tools developed during...
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...Foundation, via Reuters Edgar Irastorza was just 31 when his heart stopped beating in October 2008. A Miami property manager, break-dancer and former high school wrestler, Mr. Irastorza had recently gained weight as his wife’s third pregnancy progressed. “I kind of got pregnant, too,” he said. During a workout one day, he felt short of breath and insisted that friends rush him to the hospital. Minutes later, his pulse flatlined. He survived the heart attack, but the scar tissue that resulted cut his heart’s pumping ability by a third. He couldn’t pick up his children. He couldn’t dance. He fell asleep every night wondering if he would wake up in the morning. Desperation motivated Mr. Irastorza to volunteer for a highly unusual medical research trial: getting stem cells injected directly into his heart. “I just trusted my doctors and the science behind it, and said, ‘This is my only chance,’ ” he said recently. Over the last five years, by studying stem cells in lab dishes, test animals and intrepid patients like Mr. Irastorza, researchers have brought the vague, grandiose promises of stem cell therapies closer to reality. Photo Edgar Irastorza, who had stem cells injected into his heart after a major heart attack, was break-dancing again a few years after the procedure. Credit Max Reed for The New York Times Stem cells broke into the public consciousness in the early 1990s, alluring for their potential to help the body beat back diseases of degeneration like Alzheimer’s...
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...ICAK-USA Research The Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology Research Papers Published in the Collected Papers of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2005-2006 -- Edited by Scott Cuthbert, D.C. Functional Systems Approach to Central Nervous System Evaluation Richard Belli, D.C., D.A.C.N.B. ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the clinical utility of testing functional systems within the central nervous system, compared to testing individual motor nerves with manual muscle testing. Design: Private practice. Study Subjects: Patients were examined by the treating chiropractor from his existing patient pool. Methods: Chiropractic management was decided on by the treating chiropractor. A series of twelve tests were designed to discover disorders of functional systems within the CNS. The tests described were to evaluate the function of 12 systems: 1) spinal cord, 2) myelencephalon/reticular formation, 3) vagal system, 4) trigeminal motor system-muscles of mastication, 5) vestibulospinal system, and bulbo reticular area, 6) reticular formation, 7) diencephalons and gait locomotion system, 8) mesencephalon, 9) cardiac sympathetic autonomic system, 10) pyramidal system, 11) limbic system, 12) sensory system. Results: This chiropractic approach tests the nervous system after provocation of functional systems instead...
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...ABSTRACT Stem cells have offered much hope by promising to greatly extend the numbers and range of patients who could benefit from transplants, and to provide cell replacement therapy to treat debilitating diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. The issue of stem cell research is politically charged, prompting biologists to begin engaging in ethical debates, Stem cell research offers great promise for understanding basic mechanisms of human development and differentiation, as well as the hope for new treatments. However, human stem cell research also raises sharp ethical and political controversies. This paper will discuss the types of stem cells as well as some of the controversies involved in stem cell research. Introduction According to Wikipedia, stem cell can be defined as “biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells.” A stem cell could be regarded as one of the basic building blocks of the human body. Stem cells are important because they have the ability to become different cell types, and scientists are working on developing ways to use stem cells to repair or regenerate damaged organs or tissues. This could lead to therapies for a whole range of conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's, although at present it is impossible to tell whether this will happen...
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