...Epithelial Tissue 3 types of epithelial cells are: 1. Squamous 2. Ciliated 3. Goblet cells Squamous Epithelial Cells Squamous epithelial cells are generally round and flat with a small, centrally located nucleus. These cells line any surface that come in contact with the external environment and function as mediators of filtration and diffusion. Ciliated Epithelial Cells Ciliated epithelial cells have 200-300 small, hair like protrusions known as ‘cilia’ that can do one of two things at a time; they can help cells move along the tissue, or can help debris and waste to move along the surface of cells. Ciliated cells are most often found in the body’s air passages, this includes the lungs, trachea and nose. Goblet Cells Goblet cells are column shaped cells that are found mostly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Goblet cells secrete the main component of mucus (mucins). Goblet cells are a source of mucus in tears and secrete various types of mucins onto the optical surface, especially in the conjunctiva which is located in the upper eye lid. On the interior surface of the intestine, goblet cells help to form a thick layer of mucus that protects and lubricates the organ. Blood Blood runs through the veins, arteries, and capillaries (known as whole blood – contains all blood cells) Blood has many different functions, including: * transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues * forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss ...
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...this form ( http://hwguiders.com/contact-us/ ) Feel Free to Search your Class through Our Product Categories or From Our Search Bar (http://hwguiders.com/ ) Radio Ad Hello there! Many Americans are presently silently suffering from arthritis or osteoporosis are you one of them? Is pain making your everyday tasks difficult to complete because of persistent pain or from fear of falling while walking or doing easy tasks? You will be glad to know you are not alone. Bone and joint disease like osteoporosis and arthritis affect thousands of people in the United States and around world. Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become porous and brittle. Porous, brittle bones are fragile, and prone to fractures from falls, bending over or even coughing (Osteoporosis, 2011). Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Osteoarthritis a disease where the cartilage that covers the ends of bones deteriorates, and as the cartilage wears away the bones are exposed, and rub against each other (What is osteoathritis, 2011). This can be very painful, and can cause deformation. If there is deformation, the joints can no longer function smoothly. TO Download Complete Tutorial Hit Purchase Button HCA 240 Week 4 Radio Ad ( Material ) Get Tutorial by Clicking on the link below or Copy Paste Link in Your Browser https://hwguiders.com/downloads/hca-240-week-4-radio-ad-material/ For More Courses and Exams use this form ( http://hwguiders.com/contact-us/...
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...System: Bones and Bone Tissue Multiple Choice 1. Important functions of the skeletal system include A) protection of the brain and soft organs. B) storage of water. C) production of Vitamin E. D) regulation of acid-base balance. E) integration of other systems. Answer: a Level: 1 2. A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n) A) aponeurosis. B) ligament. C) bursa. D) epimysium. E) tendon. Answer: e Level: 1 3. Ligaments attach A) muscle to muscle. B) bone to bone. C) muscle to bone. D) nerve to bone. E) nerve to muscle. Answer: b Level: 1 4. Chondroblasts produce A) ligaments. B) cartilage matrix. C) bone tissue. D) blood cells. E) synovial fluid. Answer: b Level: 1 5. The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is A) elastic cartilage. B) fibrocartilage. C) hyaline cartilage. D) interstitial cartilage. E) osteocartilage. Answer: c Level: 1 6. The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the A) matrix. B) chondrocyte. C) ligamentous cord. D) lacuna. E) perichondrium. Answer: e Level: 1 7. Cartilage A) is composed of osteons. B) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum. C) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae. D) does not need nutrients and oxygen so it has no blood vessels. E) is well vascularized. Answer: c Level: 1 8. Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage A) replace collagen fibers in the matrix. B) give cartilage its...
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...INTRODUCTION TO BONE Dr. Nurzarina Abdul Rahman Anatomy Unit Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences USIM 2015/2016 Learning outcomes At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: • Define the axial and appendicular skeleton and their functions. • Define the classification of bone. • Define bone markings and formations. • Briefly describe the bone development (intramembranous and endochondral ossification). • Describe the vasculature and innervation of bone. Bone and its function Bone A living organ capable of changing its structure as the result of stresses, which it is subjected Consists of cells, fibers and matrix Hard because of calcification of matrix There are about 206 bones in human Function of the bone 1. Support (carry) the body weight. 2. Protect the vital organs as : – ribs protect the lung and heart – skull protects the brain – vertebrae protects spinal cord 3. Movement : the bone provide muscle attachment and form the joints necessary for body movement 4. Important storage area for salts (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) 5. Houses and protects bone marrow within its cavity Skeletal system Skeletal system (bone) Human skeleton is divided into: Axial skeleton Consist of skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum Appendicular skeleton Consist of the bones of upper and lower limbs, pelvic and shoulder girdle Several vertebrae connected by ligaments & articulate together with presence of intervertebral discs in between 7 cervical...
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...Tissues in the body In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level intervening between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialized to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial cells are used for protection, absorption and secretion. Cell shapes found in epithelial tissue are squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional. Epithelial tissue is highly specialised for selective secretion and absorption of ions and molecules. Squamous: Squamous cells make up most of the cells in the outer layer of the skin. They have the appearance of thin, flat plates. Squamous cells form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs and make up the outer layer of the skin. Cuboidal: By lining the surface of various ducts of various glands and organs, simple cuboidal cells are able to provide a layer of protection from abrasion, foreign particles, invading bacteria and excessive water loss to the underlying tissue. In the kidney tubulus, the cells aid in the absorption and transport of filtered substances. Simple cuboidal consists of a single layer of cells with the same height...
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...What is Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis (or OA for short) is the most common type of arthritis and is associated with joint pain and reduced range of motion and quality of life. It is a vast, chronic condition which affects the weight bearing joints and involves biomechanical, morphologic and biochemical alterations of the matrix and cells of the bone. Common symptoms are pain in the affected joint area and loss of mobility however, structural changes may occur without any accompanying symptoms. In itself, OA is not a life threatening condition although it can affect considerably the quality of life. OA can be classified depending on the number of joints affected, the site which it affects and also the type. By type, one means whether it is inflammatory, generalised (affects many joints) or erosive (David & Lloyd, 1998). Osteoarthritis may also be divided into primary idiopathic or secondary. In primary OA there are no preceding injuries or trauma which could have caused it. The main cause is repetitive stress on the joint and cumulative changes to the joint surfaces. It is typically found in women over the age of forty five which repeatedly stress the same joints such as the knees and hips. Secondary OA, on the other hand, is caused by a previous condition, injury or disease. Injury to the joint, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and even obesity may eventually lead to the development of secondary OA (Koopman, 2000) Osteoarthritis Affecting the Knee Joint The knee is the most...
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...system: made of connective tissue: * Bone: hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts * Compact: forms shaft and ends contain marrow space * Spongy: trabeculae * Cells: osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts * Types: long, flat, irregular * Osteons/haversian system: cellular arrangement * Periosteum: CT covering (periosteum means around the bone itself) Structure of bone: *Ends of bone epiphysis inter bone is diaphysis Cartilage and ligaments: * Cartilage * Function: support * Types: fibrocartilage, hyaline, and elastic cartilage (find examples) * Ligaments: attach bone to bone Bone Development: * Prenatal: cartilage model * Fetus: some conversion to bone * Childhood: primary and secondary ossification sites formed * Adolescence: cartilage growth plate elongates Mature bone remodeling and repair: * Changes in shape, size strength * Dependent on diet, exercise, age * Bones cells regulated by hormones * Parathyroid hormone (PTH): removes calcium from bone * Calcitonin: adds calcium to bone * Repair: hematoma and callus formation If you break a bone hematoma forms then a callus forms around it Functions of the skeletal system: * Protection: encases most internal organs * Support: allows body positions * Permit movement: muscle attachments for movement * Mineral reservoir: calcium, phosphorus 206 bones skeletal divided into 2 areas appendicular...
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...Mesenchymal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts * Osteoblasts begin secreting a matrix * Osteoblasts become trapped in the lacunae * Osteoblasts differentiate and form osteocytes * More osteoblasts are produced, thus move outward * Eventually, osteon, compact bone is formed *Mention endosteum around spongy bone Ex: dermal bones, flat bones in skull, sesamoid Endochondral ossification * First Hyaline cartilage model is formed - Mesenchymal cells differentiate to form -Chondroblasts - Chondroblasts begin secreting a matrix - Chondroblast become Chondrocytes trapped in lacunae - Cartilage model is formed surrounded by perichondrium * Endochondral Bone Development * Blood vessels in perichondrium bring in osteoblast to form periosteum collar * Perichondrium turns into Periosteum * Hypertrophy (cell enlargement) and death of cartilage cells occur at primary ossification center * Bone begins to replace dead cartilage (osteoblast form spicules) * Formation of secondary ossification center in epiphysis * Bone replaces cartilage * Hyaline cartilage remains at epipysial plate and articular surfaces for life Ex: long bones (appendages) Sliding Filament Theory 1. Motor neuron releases Acetylcholine (ACH) at the neuromuscular junction. 2. Sarcolemma receives ACH and spreads an action potential (AP). 3. AP travels down the T -tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 4. Sacroplasmc Reticulum releases...
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...The skeletal system: Have you ever wondered what keeps your body in shape, or what supports it? What it is is a very complex system of bones. A bone is a structure that severs as a unit for the formation of this mass frame composed of hundreds of bones, called the skeletal system. The skeletal system is composed of about two hundred and six bones in total. Each bone is connected to another bone through ligaments or tendons. Ligaments are segment of tough connective tissue that joins bones together or sever to keep an organ in place. Tendons are cables of though fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone. There are two parts to the skeletal system: the axial skeletal system, and the perpendicular skeletal system. The axial skeletal system is the portion of the skeletal system that supports the head, neck, and trunk. The axial skeletal system consists of the cranium, vertebral column, the rib cage, and the thoracic cage. The Appendicular skeletal system consists of the limbs and the upper and lower part of the body such as the femur, the carpals, tarsals, humerus, and several more. Bones have many purposes in the body that help it function properly. One purpose is to maintain the body's framework and hold it upright. Without the skeletal system, the body could not function properly, because the body would be a big puddle of organs tissue, veins, and muscles basically. The organs must not have any pressure in them to function properly, and the skeletal system relives the organs from...
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...sprain is a stretch and/or tear of a ligament (ligaments stabilize and support the body's joints), the fibrous band of connective tissue that joins the end of one bone with another. A strain is an injury of a muscle and/or tendon (tendons are fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscles to bone). Joints Fibrous (synarthrodial) - Fibrous joints are fixed or immovable joints. Suture, Syndesmosis (Gomphosis) and Interosseous Membranes A suture joint. An example of a suture is the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull of an infant. An syndesmosis joint connects two bones through connective tissue. An example is the tibio-fibular syndesmosis, the connective tissue that binds the ends of the fibula and tibia. A gomphosis joint is when one bone fits into another bone. The edges are bound together by connective tissue. An example of a gomphosis joint is a tooth in the jawbone. Cartilaginous: (synchondrosis and symphysis) - These are partly moveable joints where the bones are attached by either fibro cartilage or hyaline cartilage. There are two types of Cartilaginous joints: Synchondrosis, which are temporary joints and symphysis which are permanent joints. A synchondroses is a joint where the surfaces are close together, yet are bound by hyaline cartilage. An example of a synchondroses is at the ends of long bones. An example of a symphysis joint is the attachment of one vertebra to another by an intervertebral disk, a fibrocartilage ring, in the vertebral column. This...
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...Assignment 1 – (50 marks) Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body’s internal environment. (4 marks) * Body fluids carry chemical communicators which organize actions amid cells, carry nutrients to cells, and carry waste products away from cells. They are the primary transport system between cells. The internal environment of the body is extracellular fluid, which refers to all of the fluids outside of our cells in our bodies – such as blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid. These fluids make up approximately 1/4 of body weight. Describe the three major types of lipids found in the body. (6 marks) * The three major types of lipids found in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In...
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...P2. Outline the structure of the main tissues in the human body. A tissue is a group of similar cells. An organ contains different tissues, that work together to carry out different functions. The four main types of tissues are: 1) Epithelial tissue 2) Nervous tissue 3) Muscle tissue 4) Connective tissue Epithelial Tissues. This is located on the internal and external body cavities and surfaces, including tubes and channels (ducts), carrying discharge from glands. They may be made by several layers of cells, which is called compound Epithelia or a single layer is called simple Epithelia. The lower/bottom part of the cell layer is attached to the basement membrane for support/connections. There are nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are provided by diffusion. As they are on the surface, their volume to growth is a lot quicker than other tissues. Simple Epithelia. Simple Epithelia is one thick layer of tissue made from cells, it can be one of these three different shapes: 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar Squamous are found in: * Lung alveoli. * Blood capillaries. * Bowman’s capsule of nephrons. Cuboidal can be found in: * Kidney tubules. * Sweat ducts. * Glands that are like the thyroid gland. * Breast tissue. Columnar cells are found lining: * The trachea and bronchi. * Villi in the small intestine. Compound epithelia. The compound epithelia contain two or more layers of cells. This...
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...BIO 210 Test 2 Study Guide: Chapter 4: 1. Define: Cell – basic unit of life Tissue – groups of similar cells Organ – contains 2 or more types of tissues Organ System – organs that work closely together 2. What are the common functions of: Epithelial tissue – covers and lines things – protects. Connective tissue – binds and supports – provides shape and structure. Muscle Tissue – contraction of muscles and movement. Nerve Tissue – sends signals and impulses – communication. 3. Be able to compare and contrast examples of each tissue type. Know identifying features of each tissue. EPITHELIAL TISSUE – 6 KINDS - all have free space at their apical surface. Simple squamous epithelial tissue – lung and kidney glomerulus – 1 layer of flattened sacs – very thin. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue – epidermis – multiple layers of flattened sacs. Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue – kidney tubules – 1 layer – rounded cube shaped cells. Simple Columnar epithelial tissue – digestive or GI tract – 1 layer – column shaped cells – nuclei at basal membrane. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue – trachea lining – false multiple layers of column shaped cells – cilia (hair) – goblet cells. Transitional epithelial tissue – urinary bladder – domed shaped apical cells – looks like forks in the road. CONNECTIVE TISSUE – 11 KINDS – Areolar connective tissue – papillary region of the dermis – fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers – looks like a spider web. ...
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...Axial—skull/thoracic cage/vertebral column! - Cephalic— head! - Cervical—neck! - Abdominal—abdomen! - Pelvic— pelvic region! - Dorsal—back! - General skeletal system! • Bone! • Cartilage! • Ligaments! • Joints! • 206 Avg. bones for adult! • Babies bone with more bones then later in life they fuse together. Approx. 270 when born.! - Function! 1 Tuesday, January 13, 2015 • Support! • Protection! • Muscle Attachment! • Reservoir for minerals—Calcium stored in bones! • House bone marrow for blood cell production! - Divisions! • Appendicular ! • Axial (80 bones)! - Skull (22)! - Associated (7)! • 6 Auditory ossicles! • Hyoid bone! - Vertebral column! - Thoracic cage! - Skull! • Facial bones (14)! - Maxilla (above the lip)! • Alveoli— sockets your teeth sit in! - Mandible (jaw bone)! • Alveoli— sockets your teeth sit in! - Nasal bones (bridge of your nose)! - Lacrimal bones (around the eyes)! - Palatine bone! - Zygomatic! - Nasal concha (3 on each side)! • Inferior (next to vomer) (facial), middle (cranial), superior (cranial)! 2 Tuesday, January 13, 2015 • Middle/superior—bone makings on ethmoid bone. (part of cranial bones)! • Cranial bones (8)! - Frontal bone (1)! - Parietal bone (2)! - Occipital (1)! - Temporal (2)! - Ethmoid— olfactory foramen, crista galli, cribriform plate! • Nasal septum— 2 bones! • Vomer! • Perpendicular plate ! - Sphenoid— *looks like a butterfly ! • Sella turcica (turkish saddle)— pituitary gland sits inside! • Optic canals/foramen (going toward...
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...INTRODUCTION I. SYLLABUS & COURSE POLICIES II. BODY ORGANIZATION A. Chemical Level: atoms and molecules B. Cellular Level: Cell: basic structural and functional unit of life C. Tissue Level: Tissue: similar cells that perform a common function D. Organ Level: Organ: 2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific functions E. Organ System Level: Organ system: organs having related functions F. Organismal Level: Organism: has several organ systems which work together to maintain life III. PLANES OF REFERENCE & DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY A. Anatomical Position: upright, feet parallel, eyes & palms forward B. Planes of Reference: Imaginary lines or actual dissecting cuts (sections) which may be used to "section" the body or an organ. 1. Sagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal right and left portions. a. Midsagittal: divides the body or organ into equal HALVES 2. Coronal (= Frontal) Plane: divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions 3. Transverse (= Horizontal, Cross-sectional) Plane: Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) C. Directional Terms for the Body: Terms are in table 1.2 on p. 12, (and fig 1.7 on p. 13) - LEARN THEM!! Ex: Medial: closer to midline Lateral: away from the midline IV. BODY REGIONS A. Cephalic Region or Head 1. Facial Region a. Orbital – eye ...
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