...and their applications Receipt, Handling and Discharge Procedures for RELPET Packages 3.1 Receipt of Material 3.2 Unloading Procedures 3.3 Handling Procedures 3.4 Discharging Procedures for 25 kg and 1 T bag 3.5 Importance of Clean Storage 3.6 Reporting Procedure in case of receipt of damaged bags 4. Processing Guide 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Drying 4.3 Temperature & Other Settings 4.4 Mould Sweating 4.5 Use of Regrind 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Trouble Shooting for Injection Moulding of Preforms and Stretch Blowing of Bottles Inputs from Customers in case of Complaint. Storage and Transportation of Finished Bottles PET Recycling Due Care Audit 10. Annexures : Annexure - I Annexure - II Annexure - III Annexure - IV Annexure - V Annexure - VI Annexure - VII Annexure - VIII Annexure - IX Annexure - X Annexure - XI Procedure for Transit related damages Procedure for Un-loading of 1 Ton bag. Discharge Procedure for 1 Ton bag Procedure for Start-up of machine Guidelines for supply of PET Bottles to Pharma / food industry Drying of PET Process Parameters for Single-Stage machine Process Parameters for Two-Stage machine Mould Sweat Protector (MSP) Trouble-Shooting guide. Contact information & Disclaimer Page 2 of 40 DUE CARE FOR USING RELPET – PET RESIN 1. Introduction: The purpose of this note is to give detailed technical guidelines to users of “RELPET” PET resin, highlighting “best practices” currently used in the PET industry. Surveys have shown that there is a large variance in standards...
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...Literature Review Green manufacturing is a manufacturing measure that produces minimal waste and pollution. This is done through product and process design. With modifications to the production or manufacturing process of an organization, the entire process will release lesser toxic waste or use lesser energy. Green manufacturing addresses process redundancy, ergonomics, and cost implications due to faulty methods of producing goods (Balan, 2008). A good example of faulty methods of producing goods would be the mining of gold. The mining of gold involves the release of mercury from waste rock when it is exposed to normal temperatures because the evaporation point for mercury is a lot lower than normal metals (Engle MA, Gustin MS, Zhang H, 2001) Once in the atmosphere, it can be deposited in soils and waters, hence causing harm to the environment or the people who would later drink from the water. The Clinton White House defined green manufacturing as a process that reduces human and ecological tasks, enhances, cost effectiveness, improves process efficiency, and creates products and processes that are environmental friendly and benign (President, 1995). Having this stated, green manufacturing is a process that improves productivity, competitiveness, and profitability. The benefits of having a green manufacturing process in an organization’s production are immeasurable. While it may be tough and expensive to implement a greener technology in a production, green technology...
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...determine how many reusable bottles to order from Greaves Brewery's German glass supplier. The decision this year is complicated by the possibility that a new bottle design could be introduced that would make all existing bottle inventories obsolete. In the past, however, Benson had delayed production by not ordering enough bottles to keep up with demand. The case provides an opportunity to employ a number of forecasting methods and the challenge of integrating the forecast with the bottle purchase-quantity decision. The case study should consist of a three to five page paper, double-spaced pages of narrative in 12-point font. Exhibits in the form of calculations, tables, charts, graphs, etc., may be added to the five page narrative to enhance your discussion. See “Case Analysis and Presentation” for guidance 1. Investigate the potential to apply various time series forecasting approaches, including exponential smoothing. 2. Discuss the benefits and limitations of time series forecasting for this application. 3. Introduce the challenges involved in managing reusable inventories that spend most of their time in the possession of customers. 4. How many thousand cases will Greaves Brewery sell in the next year? 5. Map the flow of reusable bottles. 6. Use the map, the forecast and other relevant case facts to predict the brewery's new bottle requirements for the coming year. 7. As Alex Benson, what is your decision? How many bottles will you order? Will...
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...water is $20 per 10 gallon bottle and the company currently sells 2000 bottles per day. Following is the company's income and costs on a daily basis. Sales revenue $40,000 Incremental Variable cost $16,000 Nonincremental Fixed cost $20,000 [Note: you can assume that variable costs are constant so that the average of them is also the variable cost relevant for a change in sales.] The company is enjoying stable demand with its current pricing, but management is looking for ways to increase profitability. One suggestion is that the company reposition its water as a premium product, justifying a higher price. If successful, the company believes that it could charge 20% more for its water than it does now. 1. What is the maximum sales loss (in % and units) that Healthy Spring could tolerate before a 20% price increase would fail to make a positive contribution to its profitability? (That is, what is the basic break-even sales change?) 2. By how much would Healthy Spring's contribution increase if its sales declined by 15% following the price increase? 3. In order for Healthy Spring to reposition itself as a premium water, management believes that it will have to upgrade the packaging of its product. The company will deliver the water in glass rather than plastic bottles and the bottles will be "safety sealed" to insure their cleanliness until the covering is removed in the customer's home. These changes will add $1.00 per bottle to the variable cost of sales...
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...Sourcing issues and opportunities: Anchoring on the sustainability goals of Coca-Cola, they are currently transitioning into using sustainable bottles that are 100% recyclable. In the design of these packages, they constantly strive at reducing the impact of their production on the environment. Over the past two years, this improvement has resulted in an estimated cost-savings of approximately $180 million. They have trimmed the weight of their 20-ounce PET plastic bottle by about 25%, lowered their 12-ounce aluminum can by about 30% and lightened the 8-ounce bottle by about 50%. In sourcing for the right materials in the production of one of their latest breakthrough technologies of Coca-Cola, the company encountered various issues. PlantBottle is the first ever-recyclable PET plastic beverage bottle initially made partially from plants in 2009. It differs from the traditional PET bottle because of the material used in making the bottle. The traditional PET plastic is manufactured by using fossil fuels, like petroleum while the PlantBottle is made using about 30% of plants. They both deliver the same performance e.g. shelf life, recyclability, weight and appearance but PlantBottle reduces the carbon footprints. In sourcing for the right materials in the production of PlantBottle, Coca-Cola encountered various issues. Interesting the biggest carbon cost of PlantBottle isn’t in the transportation of the materials but in the raw materials used in production. Raw materials:...
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...Theory of Constraints The topic for my discussion on the Theory of Constraint is the team that handles rental properties for a real estate business. This includes homes as well as commercial properties for rent, from the perspective of the tenant and the landlord. The organization is a team of real estate agents that specialize in rental properties. The goal is to generate profitable revenue by ensuring the quota is met for lease contract agreements to go to settlement in the specified time. Throughput are the number of contracts for the lease of properties that have completed, settled, and funded. Inventory comprises of available rental properties that have been listed with the company, as well as landlords that are represented by agents of the company. Operating expenses include costs associated with the listing or showing of rental properties, such as open houses, advertising costs, and transportation of prospective tenants to the property. The bottleneck is the landlord’s approval and acceptance of the terms of the contract. This will be discussed in more detail in the five steps below. 1) Identify the system’s bottlenecks. Typically the landlord will want to maximize profit by listing the property for as much as possible. Regardless of the listing price being inline with the market area, or being overpriced, lease offers will often be less than the asking price. With lease offers from more than one prospective tenants require more time in their decision...
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...companies are going green, yet it may not be enough. Many purchase for better tasting water, although recent taste tests have concluded it may be a case of mind over matter. A solution could possibly be switching to filtered water. The convenient and presumed tasty bottled water people crave may come at the cost of negative effects on consumer’s physical health and the environment. Bottled water may provide a convenient and healthy alternative in many cases. In the case that the local tap water systems may be contaminated. If tap water is unavailable due to travel or system difficulties bottled water could be a great convenient back up. Some may argue having bottled water on hand helps people of all ages stay hydrated. The one event that bottle water is a savoir is natural disaster. During natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornados or tsunami’s local systems are usually shut down. People could also lose the availability to running water since homes may have been destroyed. A great example according to “Nursing Standard” is when “Hospitals and nursing homes were among thousands of buildings affected by burst pipes in Northern Ireland, which left more than 40,000 people without running water” (2011, pg. 6). Without running water in these types of facilities could create serious health risks. However, bottled water as a replacement for tap water on a daily basis may not be as healthy of a choice as consumers...
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...Analysis of forces affecting Cola Industry Concentrate Producers Bargaining power of suppliers was very low for concentrate producers while the threat of substitute products is very high. The main inputs for Coke and Pepsi products were sugar (sweetener) and packaging. Both had very low bargaining power due to the large number of suppliers in the industry. Concentrate producers (CPs) negotiated directly with sweetener and packaging suppliers. This was done to ensure that prices were low, delivery was faster and the supply was reliable. There were many different suppliers of sugar in the open market. This meant that Coke and Pepsi could purchase sugar from suppliers who were offering sugar at lower prices. When sugar prices were high, however, like it was in the 1980s, the companies easily switched to corn syrup. Because the companies could choose between purchasing sugar and corn syrup, suppliers of nutritive sweeteners did not have much bargaining power. The fact that more suppliers were entering also made it difficult for suppliers to gain bargaining power. One example was Holland Sweetener, which became a supplier after NutraSweet came off patent in 1992. This reduced Searle’s bargaining power and lowered the price of aspartame. Coke and Pepsi are one of the largest customers of the metal can industry. Suppliers did not have bargaining power for two reasons: first, Coke and Pepsi had good relationships with a number of suppliers. This meant that they could...
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...bottled water, priced at $20 per 10 gallon bottles, to homes and offices. On average, the company sells about 2000 units per day. With its current pricing, the demand for the water is stable, but management is always looking for new ways to shake things up and increase profits. The company has thought about repositioning their water as a premium product, which would increase the unit price; and in return increase profit. If this idea goes the way the company predicts, they could charge 20% more for its water. Questions: 1. What is the maximum sales loss (in % and units) that Healthy Spring could tolerate before a 20% price increase would fail to make a positive contribution to its profitability? (That is, what is the basic break-even sales change?) Answer: 25% sales loss (1500 break-even sales change) -.20 divided .8 = .25 (12/20+.20=.8) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. By how much would Healthy Spring's contribution increase if its sales declined by 15% following the price increase? Answer: -1.54 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. In order for Healthy Spring to reposition itself as premium water, management believes that it will have to upgrade the packaging of its product. The company will deliver the water in glass rather than plastic bottles and the bottles will be "safety sealed" to insure their...
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...ovenlike interior. Throat dry, you reach for the water bottle that’s been sitting in the cup holder all day. It’s warm. But at least it’s water, right? Water,yes, water potentially spiked with chemicals that migrated out of the plastic — chemicals that aren’t good for your health. Today I’m going to introduce you to BPA, reasons they are considered dangerous and how to avoid the risks. BPA (Bisphenol-A) is a mass produced chemical used in the manufacture of plastics 2.3 Billion tonnes every year by FDA (Food & Drug Administration of USA). It is found in plastic food and drink packaging, such as baby bottles and sports bottles, and as a liner in canned food and drinks and storage containers (drinking water bottles, polysterene). European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has reported that exposure to the chemical Bisphenol-A (BPA) could damage health, particularly among vulnerable groups such as babies and pregnant women.Bisphenol-A (BPA) is the chemical in plastic which can mimic the action of natural human hormones (Female hormone). These foreign hormones can upset normal hormonal balance, stimulate the growth and development of reproductive tumors (breast, uterine, prostate), impair fertility (in males- lower sperm count), and disrupt pregnancy. Worse, many can cross the placenta to affect the fetus and get into breast milk. REDUCE buying plastic made food container. Switch to a stainless steel or glass refillable water bottle for personal use. Avoid heating food in plastic containers...
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...normal. It results that the price of a bottle of wine will be $2.85, but the quantity of bottled produced will not be changed. The quantity will be 12,000 (1,000 *12=12,000) bottles of wine. Therefore, the revenue he will make will be $34,200 ($2.85*12,000=$34,200) 2. Assuming Mr. Jaeger chooses to wait to harvest the grapes, what is the probability that the grapes will end up with the botrytis mold, and how much money will he make if that occurs? There is a 40% chance that it would lead to the development of the botrytis mold, if the storm did strike. Moreover, the probability of storm would hit the Napa Valley is 50%. Therefore, the probability that the grapes will end up with the botrytis mold is 20%. The wholesale price for a botrytised Riesling will be $8 per bottle, however the quantity will be decreased by 30%, which is 84,000 (12,000*70%). The revenue will be $67,200 (84,000*8=$67,200). 3. Taking into account all of the various possibilities, what should Mr. Jaeger do? Mr. Jaeger should harvest later. Since we do not exactly know how selling thin wine will damage the winery’s reputation, we cannot figure out how much revenues will be decreased if Mr. Jaeger sells thin wine this year. Therefore, Mr. Jaeger should sell the wine in bottle when the rainwater occurred, if he only considered the revenue in this year. According to the Decision Tree, the revenue he will make is $39,744, if he harvest later and sell wine in bottle when the rainwater occurred. ...
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...Hank Kolb Case What are the causes of the quality problems on the Greasex line? Display your answer on a fishbone diagram. What general steps should Hank follow in setting up a continuous improvement program for the company? What problems will he have to overcome to make it work? The first action I would suggest Hank Kolb to do is hold an entire company meeting, one meeting per shift, to clarify the current issue amongst all management and workers. I would like for everyone to be on the same page on the matter, so there won’t be any rumors or discrepancies. While having everyone from the company at a meeting area, we will do a PowerPoint presentation in regards to refreshing all employees the company’s policy, morals, motives, specifications, and goals. Highlight the issue of safety factors versus production time constraints. Yes, we do need to meet all deadlines and schedules; however, we will NOT put our customers in danger due to meeting schedules. I would schedule some cross training sessions for all employees from all departments, so everyone will be able to operate any type of machinery the company has in the process. Plus, we can rotate all the employees to prevent any injuries and boredom of their jobs, thus creating knowledgably employees on all equipment. I would sit down with all management and pressure them to preach general industry safety and specifications of the new line of merchandise. I would encourage all management take TQM classes for all processes...
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...centuries. While the aqueous solution in the bottle is imperative to your health, there are drawbacks to that liquid gold. And the package it rests in. Let us start of with a little history. One of the oldest discoveries of bottled water dates back to 1450 BC. There were murals painted the walls of ancient pharaohs tombs depicted canteens filled of the liquid. The Roman’s built one of the very first water transporting system. In 1767 water was first bottled in America under curative properties. Mineral water from New York was bottled commercially somewhere in the early 1800’s. In 1820, the popular Sarasota Springs sold their first bottled water. In the early times of commercially bottled water, it was marketed as a luxury drink to the wealthy and famous. It takes around 17 million barrels of oil to produce the plastic water bottles in The United States of America. Like bottled water, fossil fuels are harvested from locations around the world, processed, shipped and the consumed. Bottled water wastes a lot of fossil fuels. The burning of oil and other fossil fuels emits global warming pollution into the atmosphere. The price of bottled water is higher than the price of tap water, but in many instances, the water quality is the same. There is even a chance that an expensive bottle of water is just purified municipal tap water. The theory that tap water is bad has permitted the purchases of bottled water to exceed, and has given water bottle companies the opportunity to make copious...
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...Cola War 1. Why, historically, has the soft drink industry been so profitable? First, high entry barrier. Both of them have long history and large investment in advertisements which make Coke and Pepsi become the culture symbol of America. And their franchise system gets large economies of scale for them. Second, limited competition. In CSD industry, Coke and Pepsi are the main competitors. They claimed a combined 72% of the US CSD market’s sales volume in 2009. Third, their fixed customers are bottlers and consumers. Last, convenient channels. Coke and Pepsi occupied limited shelf, vending machines, and allow products to be available anywhere for consumers, which created a huge obstacle for newcomers. 2. Compare the economics of the concentrate business to that of the bottling business: Why is the profitability so different? For concentrate producers, they blended raw material ingredients, packaged the mixture and shipped containers to the bottler. The process involved little capital investment in machinery, overhead or labor. And a typical manufacturing plant cost 50 to 100 million dollars. The most significant costs were for advertising, promotion, market research, and bottler support. Also, they invested heavily in trademarks by using innovative and sophisticated campaigns. Cost of sales is more in bottlers than concentrate producers. For bottlers, the bottling process was capital-intensive and involved high-speed production lines. The cost of a large plant with...
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...supplier by providing customers with unmatched quality, price, and service. Niagara was started in 1963 by Andrew Peykoff Sr. in Southern California. Niagara begin with five-gallon glass containers and then expanded in the 90’s to single-serve bottles which offers convenience for their customers. Niagara focus is on providing quality water at a good price. Niagara product innovations included bottle designs and production speed, thus making them the leading private water bottled company in the industry. Niagara is known for being leader in high quality water throughout the United States. Their 10 bottling facilities makes them the largest family-owned company in the water bottling industry. They sells directly to distributors and well-known big box chains. Niagara uses the uses purification and disinfecting techniques that allows them to produce safe drinking water. Their dedication, hard work, and consistency has made them the most successful water company in the United States (Niagarawater.com, 2016). In 2013, Niagara celebrated its 50th anniversary, which shows that they have been consistent with sales and product innovations. Sidel, a bottling equipment has helped Niagara achieve is competitive position by allowing them to bottle using a high-speed turnkey bottling line. While using Sidel, Niagara has remain sustainable and cost of production has become effective (Kaplan, 2014). SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Availability at retails, groceries, restaurants, hotels Excellent...
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