...Brain Injuries Learning Team A University of Phoenix PSY 340 Biological Foundations of Psychology 28 March 2016 Abstract Thesis Statement: In this paper we will discuss different kinds of brain injuries, the functions of neural plasticity and the limitations of neural plasticity. The first thing that is discussed in the paper in different brain injuries. We go into depth about five different brain injuries that include blood clots, hematomas, concussions, strokes and cerebral edema. Once we have covered brain injuries we discuss the functions of neural plasticity in brain injuries. An important thing that is discussed with neural plasticity is the recovery from a brain injury, what is required during recovery and how long recovery from a brain injury can take. The last thing that is discussed in this paper is the limitations of neural plasticity with brain injuries. Keywords: brain, injuries, plasticity, neural “Each year, traumatic brain injuries (TBI) contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability. TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the United States.” (cdc.gov) Robert has experienced a traumatic brain injury that is going to affect him for the rest of his life. Brain injuries are serious, and should be treated as such. For some people brain injuries go unnoticed and untreated leaving it to be deadly, but for others it is caught and treated but the healing process is extensive. In...
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...Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health issue in the United States. Each year traumatic brain injuries affect millions of Americans. Some cases often result in death while those that survive are left with severe disabilities. Every twenty-one seconds, one person in the United States is sustained with a TBI. In 2013 alone, 1.5 million Americans suffered from traumatic brain injuries. What exactly is a TBI? A traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. TBI’s can be classified as congenital, perinatal, or acquired. In congenital and perinatal cases of TBIs, children are born with such diseases and/or physical abnormalities. Two subcategories of an acquired TBI are non-traumatic and traumatic. From there traumatic brain injuries are broken down into two more sub-categories called open and closed injuries. Open head injury is a skull fracture that is driven into the brain caused by high- momentum causes or objects to the head where as a closed head injury is a mild physical trauma, but still keeping the skull intact. Typical causes for TBI’s are falls, motor vehicle- traffic accidents, struck by/collision accidents, and sports injuries. The two main causes are motor vehicle- traffic accidents and sports injuries. Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of all head injuries. These accidents cause about 28% of traumatic brain injuries. The dramatic...
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... D.L. James Editor-‐in-‐Chief Student Perspectives in Cognitive Neuroscience 1 August 2014 Dear Dr. James, I would like to submit my article entitled, “Recovery from Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Case Study-‐Susan” for publication as a review article in the Student Perspective in Cognitive Neuroscience. The article traces traumatic brain injury in an eight-‐year-‐old child with a premorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and challenging family environment. With the aid of Luria’s conceptual approach to brain organisation and function, and Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, we are able to gauge the impact of the trauma on brain function and also the long term effects...
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...Traumatic brain injury is the result when the brain tissues get damaged due to certain blows to the head (Anderson). According to Anderson in her article Traumatic Brain Injury: Complex Condition with Lasting Effects, among the leading contributors to traumatic brain injury are “unintentional falls, motor vehicle traffic incidents, and assaults”. In the said article, many different numeric descriptions have been presented. More specifically, the article provides the readers with different measures of central tendency, namely the mean, median and mode, thus giving the readers enough information about the topic and the population being described. For each of the three leading contributor to traumatic brain injury, the article describes the different age groups and the frequency of occurrence of the injury to each group. The mode, i.e. the age group with the highest number of occurrences of traumatic brain injury was identified. Since this data is purely categorical, using the mode to describe the data was indeed appropriate (Dodge 2008). The median was also used in order to describe the occurrence of traumatic brain injury. With the age ranging from zero to 91 years old, the median age was 23 years. That is, 50% of the total numbers of incidence occur for those below 23 years old, while the other 50% occur for those people who are above 23 years old. Since the data is ordinal in nature, the median was an appropriate measure of central tendency. The average time that it takes...
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...traumatic brain injury, what causes it, and what the effects can be. I. Introduction A. Did you realize that an estimated 1.7 million people suffer from a traumatic brain injury in the United States every year, and 52,000 of those die? And each year direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated 60 billion in the United States. B. According to “brainline.org,” brain injuries are most often caused by motor vehicle crashes, sports injuries, and simple falls. C. Traumatic brain injury can range from being mild as in a slight concussion to severe as an unconsciousness, coma, and even death. D. I will be telling you what traumatic brain injury is, what causes it, and what the effects of traumatic brain injury is. II. Body A. First we are going to go through what traumatic brain injury is. 1. Traumatic brain injury, according to “brainline.org” can be defined as a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the function of the brain. 2. Traumatic brain injury can be a slight contusion, generally caused by a slight bump to the head. 3. Traumatic brain injury can be a bleeding or hemorrhaging of the brain generally caused by a severe blow or the brain hitting the skull. 4. Traumatic brain injury can also result from an object such as a bullet penetrating the brain. B. Now that we know what brain injury is we are going to discuss what causes traumatic brain injury. 1...
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...Education Article Review 2 November 27, 2012 Source and Issue Statement “Brain Injured Students At My School? In My Room?” by Bobbin Kyte Cave comes from The Clearing House journal and was published in 2004. This article discusses traumatic brain injury and how it relates to an educational environment. It outlines some of the causes of TBI, what results from a brain injury, how the law intertwines with TBI and which educational interventions are successful for students with a brain injury. Critique The background information provided about TBI is thorough, but some areas if the paper could use more empirical support. For example, the first paragraph of the manifestation section could use some support for the idea that, “Students with brain injuries often have good memory for prior learning but exhibit an inability to connect new learning to prior knowledge,” (Cave, 2004). This could be a result of the author’s professional experiences as a psychological development counselor, but nothing directly indicates that. Another area that is in need of empirical support is the second paragraph on page 172. The statement that begins, “Students with brain injuries find it helpful when…” appears to be a matter of opinion without the research to lend credibility to this statement. Overall the manifestation section of the article is very thorough in its coverage of the many different ways in which brain injuries affect individuals. The author at one point makes a great transition from the...
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...The lecture explained the acute processes of Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, with their cellular and vascular vulnerability and finally brain remodeling after stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury is found 1.5 million annually, while stroke figures show 600,000 new or recurrent strokes annually. Strokes are more common in men than women but women have high mortality following a stroke. TBI is usually found in adolescent, young adults, and people over the age of 75. Stroke is defined as a condition wherein the blood flow to the brain is hampered. This leads to the decimation of cells within the brain. It can be of two types ischemic and hemorrhagic. 80% strokes are ischemic while only 20% are hemorrhagic. TBI termed as...
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...Brain injuries can be life alternating, and need to be monitored very closely. The most common way injury occurs is on impact, through coup-contrecoup injuries, which are also known as acceleration/deceleration injuries. These are the case when the brain jounces in the skull. Coup means blow, so the brain is injured focally, like after being hit like with a baseball bat where the injury is only located where the direct impact occurred. Contrecoup, meaning “opposite the blow,” is like falling backwards where the head hits the ground, but the brain keeps moving, causing a decompression injury when the frontal lobe hits the front of the head, as well as a diffuse injury. This is known as the vacuum effect, due to the “closed-container” of the...
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...Throughout the last 10 years the discussion regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussions has been inflamed within the media. Prior to this time little research was conducted regarding various forms of TBI, concussions, and enduring consequences of experiencing a TBI. As a result of the many soldiers returning from the continuing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan with TBI diagnosis, much research has been directed toward this field. A sizeable contributor in the media recognition of the significant impact of TBI and concussions is the popularity of the National Football League (NFL) and college football. Players in various professional and college football leagues have long been experiencing TBI as a result of the contact nature of the...
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...Tommy Novak C. Kaiser English 111 11/3/2015 NHL and brain injuries Playing hockey often leads to brain injuries later in life, hockey injuries can be prevented by wearing safer equipment and rule changes can be implemented to improve player safety. All of the hitting and checking have gone unnoticed for far too long so many great athletes have been injured by someone else’s hitting and/or checking. A few of these injured players include but are not just limited to Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins who decided to take the 2011 season off due to lingering concussion symptoms from a hit. Patrick Kane, of the Chicago Blackhawks who suffered a broken collarbone, and Stan Mikita who has no recollection at all of ever lacing up the skate and playing hockey. And...
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...avoid grave and sometimes permanent consequences. Although there is currently head injury legislation in all states that require a medical professional field side and even a “no same -day return to play” requirement, many athletes return to play before their brain has had sufficient time to heal. According to article one, “high school athletes are more vulnerable to concussions and may take longer to recover.” Post concussion effects such as head aches, dizziness, and depression may persist for up to six weeks. When coaches play down concussions, as described in article one, as “a ding” or “his bell was rung”, many would assume it’s not critical and no need for...
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...Introduction Defining brain death has continued to be a highly controversial phenomenon in our society today. In fact, it was recently described as being “at once well settled and persistently unresolved” (Truog 273). Traditionally death involves the “permanent stopping of the heart and cessation of breathing” (Fins and Laureys 1). However, with the advent of the artificial ventilator invented by Bjorn Ibsen from Denmark, a patient’s breathing and heartbeat could be continued, even in the absence of brain function (Fins and Laureys 1). Once physicians diagnose a patient as brain dead, the next step is often the procedure of organ transplantation. There is a multiplicity of views on brain death and subsequent organ transplantation, with each culture’s beliefs shaping its own medical practices; these differing stances often lead to ethical debates. Background Brain death was first described in the 1950s by two French physicians, Mollart and Goulon, who termed it as “coma depasse,” a state beyond coma and differentiated it from “coma prolonged,” a continual vegetative state (Ganapathi 10). The Harvard Ad Hoc Committee later reported two definitions of death: the “traditional” cardio-pulmonary death and “brain death” (Lock 138). In 1981, the Report of the Medical Consultants on the Diagnosis of Death to the US President's Commission reevaluated death, advocating that the diagnosis of brain death should not be distinguished from the death of “the organism as a whole” (Death...
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... important because it gives children a sense of team work and it also gives them responsibility and keeps them busy at the same time. Even though it is good for them in a way, it can also cause tragedy and pain for everyone that is involved in it. Each year the U.S. emergency departments treat and estimated 173,285 sports-and-recreation-related traumatic brain injuries, including concussion, among children from birth to 19 years old, and each year TBIs contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability (CDC, 2010). With this information in mind, parents, athletes, and coaches have to be very careful when it comes to concussions, a concussion can happen without the knowledge of the person involved and it can show itself right away after the injury or it can take up to days or weeks after it (brainline.org). The Frontal and Temporal lobes are the most affected areas by Traumatic Brain Injury because they are against the most rigid bones, after this traumatic event has occurred, a person is not the same, personality changes, issues with relationships can occur and even interaction is harder (Kelly, 2008). A study that took place between the periods of 1997-2007 reported that an annual average of...
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...The human brain is exposed. Not exposed as in not protected. The protection provided is some of the best. When I speak of the brain being exposed I am talking about the amount and types of injuries that can be caused to the brain. Injuries that are more prevalent in certain types of brain injuries. Different injuries to the different lobes and parts of the brain will give you different signs and symptoms. In this paper we will explore these signs and symptoms of different brain injuries and how they affect the human body and nervous system. In this paper we will discuss injury to the temporal lobe of the brain, and the affects there of. We will touch on the injuries to the parietal lobe of the brain. I will also be sharing with you some of the signs, symptoms and injuries related to the medulla oblongata. As I stated previously different parts of the brain produce different results when it comes to injuries within the cranium. Some of the most life altering difficulties that can take place in a person’s lifetime are traumatic brain injuries. Unlike most common wounds which have the potential to fully heal in only a matter of time; brain injuries often have permanent and, life-changing consequences that affect functioning, behavior, and even a person personality itself. Although the brain is enclosed in three layers of protective fluid called the meninges and is then further protected by the human skull, it still can sustain damage. In cases of an open head injuries, an object...
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...The purpose of this article is to give information about students with TBI. It explains about neuroimaging and how it affects the students. Students with traumatic brain injury (TBI) usually survive. In this article it says, “In 2009 approximately 3.5 million individuals sustained and survived a TBI.” The students have a school psychologist and the psychologist does many things to help the students. It states that, “a school psychologist’s typical psychoeducational assessment is comprised of standardized paper-and-pencil cognitive, achievement, emotional and behavioral testing, and classroom observations (Merrell, Ervin, & Peacock, 2012).” The article also talks about the brain network which it talks about different parts of the brain. The...
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