...Brain Response of Behavior Neurons are electrical cells found in the nervous system which are responsible for sending information between neurons and the cells. With neurons, all body systems are able to talk with the brain through sending and receiving signals. A connection with the specific regions of the central nervous system is found. In order to get to where they are going, neurotransmitters are needed by the neurons so that signals between a neuron, and a cell are relayed, modulated and amplified. Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by a neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal by which movement across a small gap called synapse facilitates accomplishment of communication of information between the neurons and the other cells. Neurotransmitters play major roles in regulating moods, emotions, affects, sensory functions, and perception giving it a impact on behavior. Common neurotransmitters that can affect the behavior are dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine . Dopamine gets released in different parts of the brain. Natural factors like food, sex, and drugs are usually where dopamine is released. Dopamine has stimulating effects with many functions which include roles in behavior and cognition, motivation and pleasure, sexual arousal, sleep regulation, mood, attention, motor activities, and learning. Serotonin controls mood and behavior such as sexual behavior and hallucinogenic behavior, appetite, sleep, memory, and learning. Norepinephrine distributes...
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... EMOTION: SEROTONIN, AND LIMBIC SYSTEM 2 Abstract This report will review how emotions control our behavior; focusing on serotonin physiology, and the role of the Limbic System. I will report the role of serotonin and physiological changes in the body affecting the emotions of an individual, as well as other symptoms that will be dully noted in the report such as depression. The Limbic System controls the physiological changes which affect impulse control, anger and aggression, among other emotions and behaviors—I will summarize the relation between activity and several disorders. Studies have been done to understand serotonin and physiology in humans, and medications that can increase serotonin activity to offset negative affects (Hariri and Brown, 2006, p. 12). This report will summarize the details of how serotonin, and how the Limbic System affects human behaviors. EMOTION: SEROTONIN, AND LIMBIC SYSTEM 3 Emotions: The roles of serotonin, and limbic system Emotions are generally defined as a state of mind that may reflect joy or fear, although, emotions also consist of patterns of physiological responses that lead to specific behaviors, which is what this paper will reflect. Specifically, the physiological responses of behavior are a direct reflection of how serotonin and the various areas of the Limbic System affect an individual. Imbalances of one or all three of these...
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...A monkey makes an involuntary gesture when a portion of its brain is electrically stimulated. The area of the brain that was most likely stimulated is the: A. occipital lobe B. motor cortex Correct C. sensory cortex D. amygdala A researcher is using a strong magnet to create images of the blood flow in participants' brains as they complete decision-‐making tasks. The researcher is using ____________ to examine the brain's activity. A. electroencephalography (EEG) B. positron emission tomography (PET) C. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Correct A synapse is a: A. chemical B. gap Correct C. signal D. joint Alphonse suffered a stroke, resulting in a lesion in his temporal lobe. Which of Alphonse's perceptual or cognitive functions is most likely impaired? A. hearing Correct B. decision-‐making C. motor coordination D. emotional regulation ...
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...while simultaneously the repertoire of behaviors not related to drug seeking, taking, and recovery, declines dramatically."(1) Recent scientific research has shown significant causal relationships between drug addiction and genetic predisposition as well as between addiction and environmental factors. Both genetics and the environment influence the brain, which in turn effects the behavior of usage. Once an individual begins using psychotropic substances, such as cocaine or heroin, measurable changes in brain chemistry and physiology perpetuate the cycle of addiction. Thus, we have an example of brain affecting behavior, which in turn, affects the brain. This cycle is particularly extreme and insular in the situation of drug addiction where free will and decision making are quickly and severely impaired. In this paper, we will first explore the genetic and environmental theories on drug addiction. We will then investigate how the behavior of drug addiction changes the brain to perpetuate the circle of cause and effect between the brain and behavior. Genetic Influences on the Behavior of Drug Addiction: Addiction does not result from a single gene. However, multiple genetic trends have been identified as crucial contributors to the illness of addiction. Alcoholics and cocaine addicts often express the A1 allele of the dopamine receptor gene DRD2 and lack the serotonin receptor gene Htr1b. These genes both fit into the pleasure-response category, but there are numerous ways...
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...the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. (1) Behavior is the response to stimuli. It is mainly concerned with observable behavior, not internal events such as thinking and emotion. Humans learn behavior from their individual environments through classical and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is “the alteration in responding that occurs when two stimuli are regularly paired in close succession: the response originally given to the second stimulus comes to be given to the first” (2). Pavlov’s Dogs. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist in the 1890s who did studies on dogs creating “Pavolovian Conditioning” also know as classical conditioning. In his studies he began to look at the correlation between dogs salivating in response to being fed. A dog salivating in response to being fed is not a learned trait but a reflex. The dog salivating is an unconditioned response, which means it requires no learning (3). Pavlov started measuring the salivation secretions in response to being fed (3). Through his studies Pavlov saw that any object or event that the dog associated with being fed would make the dog salivate. “Classical conditioning is "classical" in that it is the first systematic study of basic laws of learning / conditioning” (3)....
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...confidentiality is not guaranteed. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | c.Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Ethics of Psychological Research, p. 34 | | 2. | A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. | | | a. | psychoanalyst | b. | psychiatrist | c. | psychologist | d. | psychiatric social worker | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | b.psychiatrist | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization, p. 18 | | 3. | Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from: | | | a. | controlled observation. | b. | participation observation. | c. | the observer effect. | d. | observer bias. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | d.observer bias. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychology: The Scientific Methodology, p. 23 | | 4. | Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data. | | | a. | the descriptive methods | b. | the scientific method | c. | case studies | d. | naturalistic observation | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | b.the scientific method | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychology: The Scientific...
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...| Course Design Guide College of Social Sciences PSY/240 Version 6 The Brain, the Body, and the Mind | Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an introduction to the investigation of physiological and neurological basis for human behavior. The student will be able to study and discuss various influences on personality development, such as pre-natal maternal behavior; gender; nature versus nurture; brain development; genetic composition; sensory motor interactions; learning disabilities; drug impacts; and neurological diseases. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology. Boston, MA: Pearson. Associate Level Writing Style Handbook, available online at https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CWE/pdfs/Associate_level_writing_style_handbook.pdf All electronic...
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...The way the cerebral cortex is organized is through different regions that receive and analyze the sensory information. The first is the primary visual cortex, also called the striate cortex, which receives the visual information. The primary visual cortex is located in the back of the brain in the occipital lobe. Then there is the primary auditory cortex which receives the auditory information. This cortex is located in a fissure (a major grove in the surface of the brain) that’s on the said of the brain or in the temporal lobe. Next is the somatosensory cortex which is responsible for receiving the information from the body senses. This cortex is a vertical strip in the brain that is located in the parietal lobe of the brain. Last is the...
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...predict, and explain human behavior. The seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientific/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Describe the perspectives, using two to three sentences each. Select one major figure associated with one of the perspectives and describe his or her work in two to three sentences. Type your response in the space below. Psychoanalytic – Construction which alerts the relative of conscious and unaware psychological processes. Freud Sigmund was the founder of the psychoanalytic school. . Behavioral perspective- : A Psychologist who analyses obvious or scientific behavior. John Watson was the founder of the behaviorist school. Humanistic perspective- expressed discretion and a position of self-realization because every people try to build up self actualisation. Cognitive perspective- is how we accumulate and store data through views and perceptions. Neuroscientific/biopsychological perspective- examines behavior through genetic processes of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Evolutionary perspective- Tensions natural selection, adjustment, and development of behavior and psychological processes. Sociocultural perspective- social interactions and social determinants of behavior and mental processes. Behaviorist perspective–William James broadened studied Psychology to animal behaviors, biological processes, and behavior. He wrote Principles of...
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...OUTLINE – Chapter 3 (Mod 7, 8, 9) NEUROSCIENCE & BEHAVIOR 1. Neurons and Neural communication a. Neurons/neural impulses b. Neural communication c. Neurotransmitters 2. Nervous system a. Structure and function b. Reflexes vs. Neural networks 3. The Brain a. Studying the brain b. Brain regions/function c. Plasticity d. Hemispheric differences • Gazzaniga article/video NEURONS: STRUCTURE • Dendrite - the ‘in-box’ • Cell body - basic cell functions • Axon - the ‘out-box’ (axon-away); Myelin Sheath • Terminal Vesicles • Synapse • Receptor Sites NEURONS: COMMUNICATION How do neurons communicate? 1. How does information travel within a neuron? 2. How is information passed from one neuron to the next? NEURONS: communication - WITHIN ACTION POTENTIAL 1) All neurons have a resting state 2) Dendrite is stimulated ▪ Positive ions flow into the cell until… 3) Threshold is reached ▪ Action potential is triggered (all-or-nothing) 4) Wave moves down the axon 5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles NEURONS: communication - BETWEEN 5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles 6) neurotransmitters are released into the synapse 7) NTs bind with receptors on dendrite of next neuron 8) Process starts in the next cell NTs can: * Excite the next neuron *...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix C Brain Response of Behavior Part I Note: Parts II and III follow below, complete all three. Write a 350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. The communication process of neurons in the brain A brain of an average human contains approximately 100 billion nerve cells or best known as neurons. Neurons perform as information transmitters and receivers to other neurons or to muscles in the body. Neurons have these tiny fibers that extend from the body of the cell and its main function is to receive incoming messages and transmit them to the main cell. Outgoing messages to other neurons and muscles or glands are carried out by a single long fiber called the axon. Axons are covered with a white fatty tissue called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to avoid signals from other neurons to interfere with each other and it also increases speed when signals are been transmitted. Motor neurons carry messages from the spinal cord or the brain to the muscles and glands. Al l neurons in the nervous system only speak one language ON or OFF electrochemical impulses. The communication process of neurons in the work by impulses or what it’s also called firing. When a neuron receives a message from other neurons it automatically excites the neuron or tells the neuron to fire. This term...
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...ISSUE BRIEF November 2009 Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development What’s Inside: • How the Brain Develops This issue brief provides basic information on brain development and the effects of abuse and neglect on that development. The information is designed to help professionals understand the emotional, mental, and behavioral impact of early abuse and neglect in children who come to the attention of the child welfare system. • Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development • Implications for Practice and Policy • Summary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Information Gateway Children’s Bureau/ACYF 1250 Maryland Avenue, SW Eighth Floor Washington, DC 20024 800.394.3366 Email: info@childwelfare.gov www.childwelfare.gov Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development www.childwelfare.gov In recent years, there has been a surge of research into early brain development. New technologies, such as neuroimaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or MRI), provide increased insight into how the brain develops and how early experiences affect that development. One area that has been receiving increasing research attention involves the effects of abuse and neglect on the developing brain, especially during infancy and early childhood. Much of this research is providing biological explanations for what practitioners...
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...Neuron, Vol. 44, 379–387, October 14, 2004, Copyright 2004 by Cell Press Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks neural responses, and the modulation of both by nonodor or nonflavor stimuli—that is, the sensory problem. Ultimately, such sensory discriminations and the vari- Samuel M. McClure,1,2 Jian Li,1 Damon Tomlin, Kim S. Cypert, Latane´ M. Montague, and P. Read Montague* Department of Neuroscience ables that influence them serve to influence expressed Menninger Department of Psychiatry behavioral preferences. Hence, there is another large and Behavioral Sciences piece of the problem to understand. For modern huBaylor College of Medicine mans, behavioral preferences for food and beverages 1 Baylor Plaza are potentially modulated by an enormous number of Houston, Texas 77030 sensory variables, hedonic states, expectations, semantic priming, and social context. This assertion can be illustrated with a quote from Anderson and Sobel (2003) Summary profiling the work of Small et al. (2003) on taste intensity and pleasantness processing: Coca-Cola (Coke) and Pepsi are nearly identical in chemical composition, yet humans routinely display “A salad of perfectly grilled woodsy-flavored calastrong subjective preferences for one or the other. mari paired with subtly bitter pale green leaves of curly endive and succulent petals of tomato flesh in This simple observation raises the important question a deep, rich balsamic dressing...
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... • Behavior (p.4): The means by which organisms adjust to their environment. Example: smiling, crying, running, hitting, talking, and touching. • Behavioral data (p.5): Are reports of observations about the behavior of organisms and the conditions under which the behavior occurs. • Behavioral neuroscience (p.14): Neuroscience is the study of brain function; behavioral neuroscience attempts to understand the brain process underlying behaviors such as sensation, learning, and emotion. • Behaviorism (p.13): Has yielded a critical practical legacy. Its emphasis on the need for rigorous experimentation and carefully defined variables has influenced most areas of psychology. The principles of behaviorism have been widely applied to human problems. • Behaviorist perspective (p.12): Seek to understand how particular environmental stimuli control particular kinds of behavior. First, they analyze the antecedent environmental conditions; then they look at the behavioral response, which is the main subject; finally, they examine the observable consequences that follow from the response. The behaviorist perspective was pioneered by John Watson, who argued that psychological research should seek the laws that govern observable behavior across species; and B.F. Skinner extended the influence of behaviorism by expanding its analyses to the consequences of behaviors. • Biological perspective (p.13): Guides psychologists who search for the causes of behavior in the...
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...As we continue the discussions about human behaviors in psychology. I noticed that our behavior is influenced by many factors. And one of these factors is biological or physiological. Biologically, our nervous system is the most complex and elaborate system in our body. The nervous system regulates our behavior in order for us to survive. During the discussions I found out that our nervous system is composed of more than 500 million of nerve cells or neurons. These neurons or nerve cells are very important in our body. These are responsible in receiving stimulus or information from the environment then carries it to the brain wherein the brain itself interprets the stimulus in order for us to produce responses accordingly. Without these neurons, we could not coordinate our responses, nor could we perceive, feel or think. But the most important part of our nervous system is our brain because it is the one responsible of all voluntary and some involuntary behaviors. And it is the most intricate, complex and unique mechanism of the human body. So in order for us to have a remarkable behavior, we need to protect and take good care of our brain. In the midway part of the discussions we tackled about Sensation and Perception. This so-called Sensation also affects or influenced our behavior. Through our senses or sensory organs, we come to know our world and what we sense often affects our behavior. Our sense organs are responsible in sensation. And one must be aware or conscious of...
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