...numerous ways in studying methods of the brain. It ranges from electrical and chemical stimulation, recordings of the electrical activity from the brain, scanning and imaging techniques, and so on. The effects of electrical and chemical stimulation take place within different places in the brain that selectively affect specific psychological processes as well as psychologically active medications; anesthetics and recreational drugs). These selectively affect different mental processes because they act on the brain in different brain systems. Small amounts of psychologically active chemicals can be injected into small parts of the brain. These experimental ways have helped identify the location and function of brain systems that carry out the effects of these chemicals. Through electrical stimulation, we can only stimulate the desired part of the brain. The advances in technology have made it possible to study the internal work of the brain without having to cut into an individual’s skull. The brain scanning is the mechanical and electrical measurements of the specific activates of the brain. One example I am familiar with of a scanning technique is the MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging. It uses a magnetic field in which the individual’s head is put in place. The radio waves aimed in the brain cause certain atoms within the brain to emit signals which the computer picks up. These studying techniques can distinguish between closely related brain structures. There are a variety of...
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... * There are five major divisions which hold a specific function in the brain. These major divisions or structures are very important and can often be described or compared to neighborhoods or districts due to how they have different locations in the same area. The early development of the brain begins explaining the five major divisions and what each one does in particular. In the vertebrate embryo, the tissue that eventually develops into the CNS is recognizable as a fluid-filled tube. The first indications of the developing brain are three swellings that occur at the anterior end of this tube (Pinel, 2011). These three swellings with time develop into what is known as the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Before birth, the three swellings in the neural tube become five which occur when the forebrain swelling grows into two different swellings just like the hindbrain. The five swellings then make up the brain at birth. These five sections or swellings are known as the Telencephalon, Deincephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon and Myelencephalon. * The Myelencephalon, also known as the Medulla Oblongata, is located in the most posterior division of the brain (Hindbrain). The Mylencephalon is responsible for delivering signals between the brain and the entire body and responsible for reticular formation. Reticular formation is known for its net-like appearance that occupies the core of the brain stem and parts of it play a role arousal as well as other functions like sleep...
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...The Brain Crystal Gartner University of Phoenix PSY 240 October 26, 2012 C Hines The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. It is made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses. It is the portion of the vertebrate central nervous system enclosed in the skull and continuous with the spinal cord through the foramen magnum that is composed of neurons and supporting and nutritive structures (as glia) and that integrates sensory information from inside and outside the body in controlling autonomic function (as heartbeat and respiration), in coordinating and directing correlated motor responses, and in the process of learning. The nervous system is responsible for making decisions and communication within the body. The nervous system categorized into the central and the peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord while the periphery nervous system consists of numerous nerves. Nerves move from the brain to other parts of the body such as the nose, eyes, face and ears. They also move from the brain to the spinal cord and then to other body parts like legs, stomach and chest among others. Sensory nerves take information from the environment and transmit it to the spinal cord which finally conveys it to the brain for generation of response, which is carried by motor neurons to the other parts of the body. The brain weighs about three pounds and...
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...In this case study, Gazzaniga, M.S and Roger W. Sperry studied the split-brain individuals. The researchers were exploring how far can the two halves of the human brain be able to function on their own, and if they could have separate and unique abilities. If we were to study each side of the brain separately, we would have to surgically cut the corpus callosum, which is what connects and communicates the information between the two hemispheres of your brain. In some cases of extreme epilepsy or seizures, this surgery turned out to be successful and they were called “split-brain” patients. The researches wanted to know if the information traveling between the two halves of your brain were to be interrupted, would the right side of your body...
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...Abstract— Brain hemorrhage is a type of stroke, which occurs due to artery bursting in the brain, causing bleeding in the surrounded tissues. Diagnosing brain hemorrhage, which is mainly through the examination of a CT scan enables the accurate prediction of disease and the extraction of reliable and robust measurement for patients in order to describe the morphological changes in the brain as the recovery progresses. The aim of this project is to help radiologist as well as medical students in diagnosis of brain hemorrhage in more refined manner by feeding CT images & identify the type of brain hemorrhage using watershed algorithm along with artificial neural network. Keywords - Computed tomography (CT), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Back Propagation Network (BPN), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). I. INTRODUCTION This Brain hemorrhage is a type of stroke, which occurs due to artery bursting in the brain, causing bleeding in the surrounded tissues. The symptoms of brain hemorrhage are a sudden severe headache, Weakness in an arm or leg, nausea or vomiting, changes in vision, difficulty in speaking or understanding speech, difficulty in...
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...I have always considered myself a relatively curious person. This is especially true when it comes to the workings of the human brain. For as long as I can remember, I have wanted to understand everything from why I was scared by silly things like the dark to why I only remember certain events to why some people cannot function normally. Of course, at this time I had no idea what the study of the brain was, I just knew I was curious about why people are the way they are. When I consciously recognized my interest in psychology and neuroscience, it was after my brother had his first eye surgery. Everything seemed fine, until his retina started to detach. The next two surgeries left him with double vision and the worst eyesight he had ever had....
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...Running Head: BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, GENDER, AND IQ Brain development, gender and IQ in children: A volumetric imaging study National University Understanding Young Children: Cognition and the Growing Child In partial fulfillment of ECE 652 Assignment 2.1 Dr. Brenda Sheppard-Johnson April 2010 Brain development, gender and IQ in children: A volumetric imaging study Recap The quantitative study conducted by Reiss, Abrams, Singer, Ross, and Denckla, attempts to answer the question of how brain size, and more importantly cerebral capacity, differs between genders; what, if any, correlation exists between brain morphology; and are there any patterns of age–related changes evident in during childhood. (Reiss et al., 1996, p. 1764) This is one of a few studies that utilizes volumetric imaging to “describe cerebral development and morphology” in normal, non-clinically referred children. (Reiss et al., 1996) Process 100 children between the ages of five and seventeen were given MRI scans of their brains. Of these 100 images, only 85 were used in the final data analysis due to 15 not containing the entire cerebrum in the end result. There were sixty-four females and twenty-one males. The mean ages were 10.6 and 10.7 respectively. The difference between the numbers of girls to boys was due to researchers “recruitment of gender-matched normal controls for ongoing studies of female children with specific genetic...
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...All of this relates back to Judy. During her incident, she received a hemorrhage in the right temporal lobe, a hemorrhage in the occipital horn of the right lateral ventricle, bleeding in the right frontal lobe, and a subdural hematoma in the left temporal lobe, among generalized trauma across the brain (Apps et al., 2010). The primary link to the mesolimbic system in this situation is frontal lobe damage. When Judy became impaired in this specific region she lost the connection between the PFC and the mesolimbic system, in turn resulting in losing the ability to regulate her reward system effectively. Now, when stimuli reach the VTA and DA is swept along the system, strong urges to act on said stimulus do not reach the PFC, the region that relays if...
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...In this assignment, I intend to explore how Traumatic Brain Injury rehabilitation employs case management, vocational rehabilitation and assistive technology along a continuum to “to develop or restore functional independence and quality of life to a standard that meets the client’s desired goals”. Finfer and Cohen (2001) ascribe that Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the leading cause of death in young adults in Western counties and contribute to the disability and death internationally at the rate of 15% which is predicted to rise to 20% by 2020. In Ireland, it is estimated that there are 34,890 people of working age and 80,000 individuals in the general population living with TBI related impairment or disability (O’Connell, 2010). TBI...
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...Studying the brain can be a hard thing to accomplish. There are quite a few methods that our bio psychologist’s use to study the brain. As stated in Biopsychology 8 Ch5, “Some of the methods used to study the brain include: X-rays, contrast x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (also known as MRI), positron emission tomography (also known as PET), and in my opinion the best way of studying the brain; functional MRI.” Unlike using just MRI to visualize the brain; functional MRI is a great way to study the activity of the brain, while being able to visualize the brain. When using just a magnetic response imaging machine to study the brain, the only great thing about using it is being able to visualize what is going on in an individual’s brain. For example; if someone were to have an appointment to look at their brain, to determine whether or not they have a tumor; this type of method would be a great method to use. The reason I say this is because an MRI machine is able to visualize if there is anything growing inside the brain. While an MRI may be a great method to use for this type of procedure; a functional MRI would be able to not only visualize what is growing in the brain; it would be able to show the doctor the activity of the tumor and other activity in the brain. As stated in Biopsychology 8 Ch5, “Functional MRI produce images representing the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas in the brain.” Another great aspect of Functional MRI’s are that unlike other...
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...WEEK 3 POSTED DISCUSSION THE BRAIN AND THE BODY IN THE CURRICULUM The Brain and the Body in the Curriculum. Please respond to the following: • Read “The Biology of Risk Taking” and evaluate the effectiveness of your school’s curriculum to take brain development into account. Recommend ways a high-quality curriculum should reflect students’ brain development. The following recommendations are ways I believe as an educator high-quality curriculum could possibly reflect students’ brain development are: -By educators teaching curriculums that are beneficial of instruction and guided student teaching through reflective principles of Kagan believing if we as educators allow students the opportunities of creativity, collaborative engagement and interactions, or other cooperative learning and collaborative learning/strategies, such as: Improving Memory- examples storytelling- (develops and helps the storage called “Hippocampus...
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...EEG brain wave activity at rest and during evoked attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and effects of methylphenidate *Bianca Lee Thomas (neé Negrao) (MSc) **Margaretha Viljoen (PhD, PhD) * Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg **Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Short title / running head: EEG brain waves in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Corresponding author: Mrs BL Thomas Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Johannesburg Private Bag X2 Suite 149 Dunswart 1508 Tel: (011) 559 6250 Fax: (011) 559 6558 E-mail: bthomas@uj.ac.za...
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...biological perspective? Schizophrenia is a serious brain disorder. It is a disease that makes it extremely difficult for a person to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses to others, and to behave normally in social situations. People with schizophrenia may also have difficulty in talking, remembering and behaving appropriately. Schizophrenia is one of the most common mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that affects the cognitive functions of an individual. The cause of this illness to this day is still unknown, but there are several theories of how an individual may get schizophrenia. Because there are so many symptoms of the disease and because the symptoms can vary quite significantly among several individuals and even within the same individual over time, the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be quite difficult. Schizophrenia is sometimes seen as a functional disorder with professionals often referring to it as a sociological phenomenon, meaning patients with schizophrenia are normal people driven insane by the insane world (Gelder, et al., 1989). However, with many years and numerous advances in genetics/brain imaging, molecular biology and neuroscience over the years, evidence has been found for the biological bases underlying schizophrenia. There have been quite a few theories of possible causes. Firstly, a lot of family studies indicate that a proneness to the disorder schizophrenia...
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...Development of the social brain during adolescence Sarah-Jayne Blakemore Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Adolescence is usually defined as the period of psychological and social transition between childhood and adulthood. The beginning of adolescence, around the onset of puberty, is characterized by large hormonal and physical changes. The transition from childhood to adulthood is also characterized by psychological changes in terms of identity, self-consciousness, and cognitive flexibility. In the past decade, it has been demonstrated that various regions of the human brain undergo development during adolescence and beyond. Some of the brain regions that undergo particularly protracted development are involved in social cognitive function in adults. In the first section of this paper, I briefly describe evidence for a circumscribed network of brain regions involved in understanding other people. Next, I describe evidence that some of these brain regions undergo structural development during adolescence. Finally, I discuss recent studies that have investigated social cognitive development during adolescence. The first time Uta Frith made an impression on me was when I was 15. That year I was given a copy of her book Autism: Explaining the Enigma (U. Frith, 1989), which had recently been published. I knew nothing about autism and found Uta’s book captivating. It inspired me to write to its author and ask if I could...
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...biological bases the activity of neuronal systems in the brain’ (p.259). Does this mean that psychological life can be reduced to neuronal activity? Illustrate your answer with examples from Chapter 4, ‘Biological psychology’, from Book 1, mapping psychology The case study of Phineas Gage referred as being within the subject of Biological Psychology. As we human beings are a “biological species”, we need to be able to understand our biological make-up, to further study the Physiological field, only once we can fully understand the different part of our bodies, including the brain can we then apply Psychological research methods to study & develop understanding . Science constantly evolves to study and gain understanding, which then can lead to data interpretation methods like Psychological .The Theorist Crick,-: His belief and scientific approach called “Reductionism” (Mapping Psychology, Pg 230) Suggests that “Potentially all psychological events and experiences can fully and only explained in terms of the activity within the components of the brain”. Other Scientists do however argue that there should be a much broader view taken, and other views et should be considered.(Bolton and Hill, 1996, Stevens, 1996: Toates, 2001) These other theorists, and studies are suggested (Mapping Psychology, Pg 230) as having equally possible explanations of how our brains components affect our actions and how we are. Phineas Gage, the study and interpretation of why his behaviours changed...
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