...emotional compounding. The increasing competition puts nations under pressure to act through creating their own, distinctive brand, its values, working positively and removing any misunderstandings or negative connotations, if perceived by the public. Limited experiences may have preceded (vacation, prejudices, media reports, acquaintances, circle of friends, etc.) which barely match a country’s actual...
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...Research Proposal Brand and Consumer Behaviour of Innocent Module title: Research Methods Module number: M25BSS Module Leader: Dr Steve Jew By: Mahdieh Mehrabi Moezabadi (SID: 3576238) MBA MARKETING 1. Title 2. Background 3. Preliminary Review of Literature 4. Research Questions and Objectives 4.1. Questions 4.2. Objectives 5. Research Plan 5.1. Research Perspectives 5.2. Research Design 5.3. Data collection 5.3.1. Methods 5.3.1.1. Secondary Data 5.3.1.2. Primary data 5.3.2. Use of primary and secondary data 5.3.3. Access and sampling strategy 5.3.4. Data analysis and presentation 5.4. Limitations of research 5.4.1. Validity 5.4.2 Reliability 5.4.3. Generalisability 6. Ethical considerations 7. Planning 8. References 1 1 2 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 11 1. Title Brand and Consumer Behaviour of Innocent 2. Background At the time of the integration of world economy, competition has become stronger and for the success of company activity in national, regional, and world markets, one of the most important factors is to effectively manage quality and its means of identification such as trade and quality marks, brands, etc. There has been a growth in the products with different brands and trademarks as well as in consumption of goods. In the modern days, brands symbolize different sets of meanings, generating specific associations or emotions for every consumer. The brand is the competitive advantage for a company and a source of added value which leads to...
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...measuring BRAND EQUITY AIR UNIVERSIT | ABSTRACTThis report measures the brand equity of AIR University through Aaker Model of customer Based Brand Equity. According to our findings Air University does not have a strong CBBE. SUBMITTED BYSANA ARSHAD 01-122141-023ANZA MAHER 01-122141-003ATA UL HASSAN 01-122141-004SONIA BUTT 01-122141-035MARYA ZAMAN 01-122141-012SUBMITTED TOSIR MALIK HUSNAIN | | | measuring BRAND EQUITY AIR UNIVERSIT | ABSTRACTThis report measures the brand equity of AIR University through Aaker Model of customer Based Brand Equity. According to our findings Air University does not have a strong CBBE. SUBMITTED BYSANA ARSHAD 01-122141-023ANZA MAHER 01-122141-003ATA UL HASSAN 01-122141-004SONIA BUTT 01-122141-035MARYA ZAMAN 01-122141-012SUBMITTED TOSIR MALIK HUSNAIN | | | STRATEGIC MARKETING Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 9 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 11 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 16 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 19 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The concept of brand equity become widely used at the beginning of the eighties mainly in agency measure (inter brand Coopers and Laybrand, Arthur young Austria). Since the conference organized by the marketing science institute in 1988, the concept has been more precisely defined.an article by the...
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...A cross-national validation of the consumer-based brand equity scale Isabel Buil Department of Economy and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Leslie de Chernatony Birmingham Business School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and ´ Eva Martınez Department of Economy and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Abstract Purpose – This study seeks to investigate the measurement invariance of the consumer-based brand equity scale across two samples of UK and Spanish consumers. Design/methodology/approach – Brand equity was conceptualised as a multi-dimensional concept consisting of brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations and brand loyalty. To test the brand equity scale cross-nationally a survey was undertaken in the UK and Spain. Measurement invariance was assessed using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Findings – The brand equity scale was invariant across the two countries. Results show that the consumer-based brand equity scale has similar dimensionality and factor structure across countries. In addition, consumers respond to the items of brand equity in the same way, which allows meaningful comparison of scores. Research limitations/implications – Future research could examine the cross-national generalisability of the brand equity scale using other countries’ products and services. Practical implications – Given that the brand equity scale is invariant across countries, researchers and international...
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...Nikole Phillips, Jason Wilcox Predict 450 Game Console Brand Equity An analysis of forces involved in Xbox, Playstation and Nintendo brand equity Game Console Brand Equity An analysis of forces involved in Xbox, Playstation and Nintendo brand equity Introduction The successful marketing and revenue generation of products is governed by a host of tangible and intangible factors. As marketing analytics research continues to develop theories and models for uncovering these important components of the product sales cycle, certain components differentiate themselves through importance and impact. Brand equity is one such component and can be described as “the added value endowed on products and services…reflected in the way consumers think, feel and act with respect to the brand” (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p. 243). In an effort to better understand brand equity, this paper analyzes the brand equity properties of the three primary gaming consoles in the United States. The analysis of the gaming console platforms from Microsoft (Xbox), Sony (PlayStation) and Nintendo (Wii) is specifically important and revealing because of several factors. First, the initiation of this paper coincides with the unveiling and soon to be released newest additions to the Microsoft and Sony fleet of gaming consoles, specifically the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In addition, the three platforms are widely used devices with significant brand loyalty, salience, feelings and resonance among their...
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...seeks to create an epistemologically grounded understanding of the causes and process of corporate rebranding via the lens of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Approach: A review of the factors that trigger corporate rebranding, as reported in academic literature, is made. Following the review, a case is made for the absence of an epistemologically grounded understanding of why firms rebrand. Consequently, the theory of evolution by natural selection is brought forward as a platform for the development of a new model that explicates the causes and process of corporate rebranding. Findings: A new model anchored on the theory of evolution by natural selection, and a new definition of corporate rebranding is advanced. Essentially, the model offers epistemologically grounded reasons for ascendancy of corporate rebranding in the environment. Limitations: This is a conceptual paper – meaning that the model suggested in this study is yet to be subjected to a serious empirical exercise Originality: The review of literature indicates the absence of an epistemologically grounded understanding of the causes and process of corporate rebranding in the business environment. The pursuit of this exercise therefore makes this work original, unique and valuable. Keywords: corporate rebranding, brand equity, evolution by...
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...Factors Affecting Purchase Decision of Online Shopping Mall in Hong Kong Background and Overall Research Aim According to the global transaction service provider, PayPal (2015), predicted that the online expenditure of Hong Kong will reach 25 Billion US Dollars by 2015. The main cause of this significant growth is drive by the rise of online shopping malls. However, a report which conducted by Hong Kong Trade Development Council (Hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com, 2015) states that the proportion of sales through online shopping platforms are only share 7.7% of the whole e-Commerce industry, which means the online shopping phenomenon is just at the early stage, with the growing of social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and Weibo (Castronovo and Lei, 2012), there is a plenty of room to grow. In order to understanding the e-commerce industry in Hong Kong, Go-Globe Hong Kong conduct a research about the e-commerce environment in Hong Kong. The main group of online shoppers are 25 to 34 years old (76.4%), while 40.5% aged between 50 to 64 years old. In 2013, there are 8.5% increase of Hong Kong residents shopping online in compare with 2011. Four out of five Hong Kong consumers use the internet to research what they want before purchasing or even purchase it online. And 49% of them are willing to spend more money on online shopping mall in the near future. With the smartphone are become more and more popular, 89% of smartphone users search a product which they desired in smartphone...
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...Scientific Research www.textroad.com Brand Image: Past, Present and Future Muhammad Ehsan Malik1, Basharat Naeem2, Madiha Munawar3 1 Director, Institute of Business Administration (IBA)/Director General, Gujranwala Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore (Pakistan) 2 Senior Research Officer, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore Campus (Pakistan) 3 MBA Scholar (IBA, University of the Punjab), Lecturer, Punjab Group of Colleges ABSTRACT Strategic role of brand image has been proven in extensive literature as it is considered as distinct component in designing the marketing mix to building sustainable competitive edge. So, this paper presents divergent perspectives defining the brand image concept and concluding the debate about its multidimensionality. Five major clusters of definitions of brand image construct are observed such as generic definitions, meanings/messages, symbolic definitions, personality based definitions and cognitive/psychological definitions. Another important milestone in the evolution of brand image is the theory behind the concept of brand positioning. Brand Image is a multi dimensional construct that is triggered by cognitions, emotions, symbols, values and attitudes of consumers. However, many researchers measured it as uni-dimensional construct. Initially benefits based dimensionality was used to measure brand image (Park, 1986). Later, associative network model was used to measure brand image. Researchers advanced functional...
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...marketing communications on brand awareness and loyalty The influence of marketing communications on brand awareness and loyalty Introduction The study analyses the importance of spending on marketing communication to achieve brand loyalty and brand awareness. Brand awareness and brand loyalty are dimensions of brand equity. Brand equity refers to the value added to a product in its relationship with customers. Research indicates that brand equity is a strategic aspect of marketing management and can be created by strengthening one of its dimensions (Giese & Cote, 2000). Consequently, marketing has a potential effect on the brand equity because brand equity represents the impact of investment in the brand. The consumers are attracted to the product brand. The organization without brand deficits to sustain the competitor’s strength equates towards opponent brand equity (Grossmanova, Vojtkova & Kita, 2009). Organization should recognize its brand as an indefinable property. There is a direct connection with organization brand equity inside an intensive economics. Thus, companies need to look at the brand process and carry out these methods to cope with the well-known brands (Morgan & Hunt, 1994). The brand offers distinct concepts and features, thus conveying relevant information to the consumers. Although advertising plays an essential role in the marketing programs and strategies, growth and development of brand equity the primary goals. Due...
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...A brand orientation typology for SMEs: a case research approach Ho Yin Wong and Bill Merrilees Department of Marketing, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia Purpose – This research paper aims to discuss the role of branding strategy in small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach – The literature on traditional brand management and strategic branding are first reviewed. Four critical constructs are identified, namely brand distinctiveness, brand orientation, brand-marketing performance and brand barriers. The literature, in combination with (eight) case research interviews, has been synthesised to develop a new theory of SME branding. Findings – The paper reveals that the theory identifies the ladder of SME brand orientation, moving from minimal brand orientation, to embryonic brand orientation to integrated brand orientation. Further, it is suggested that most SMEs will be on the lower steps of the ladder. A model of the brand strategy process has been formulated, specifying links between brand barriers, brand distinctiveness, brand orientation and brand-marketing performance. The study puts forward some propositions about the pre-conditions to move higher up the ladder, particularly to an integrated brand orientation. Research limitations/implications – The major limitation of this research is that it is based on eight case studies. It is suggested that a quantitative survey be carried out to enhance the generalisability...
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...LITERATURE REVIEW Knowledge of any research field needs sufficient understanding with the literature related to the area selected for study. The concept and measurement as to why customers patronize certain brands or stores has gained considerable attention from academicians, practitioners, and researchers in recent years. A brief review of literature would be a great help to the researchers in gaining an insight into the selected problem. It would help in gaining good background knowledge of the area under study. So it is practiced to review the literature available in the related area of the research study. In the area of the research study, related to the study about the factors customers’ preference in patronizing certain brands several studies, research papers, articles, are available. References of these earlier studies were found to be relevant to further analyze the present study. In the early days most authors was focused loyalty as brand loyalty with respect to tangible goods (Cunningham, 1956; Day, 1969; Kostecki, 1994; Tucker, 1964) as cited in Caruana (2002). Dick and Basu (1994) said that loyalty is a more on favorable attitude towards a brand and shall create a repeat patronage. They were also recognized that low relative attitude with a low repeat purchase connotes absence of loyalty, while a low relative attitude with high repeat purchase may indicates spurious loyalty. But loyalty is interpreted as true loyalty rather than repeat purchasing behavior, which is...
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...com/0263-4503.htm Brand equity for online companies Rosa E. Rios Australian College of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait, and Brand equity for online companies 719 Received 1 May 2008 Revised 1 July 2008 Accepted 1 July 2008 Hernan E. Riquelme Kuwait-Maastricht Business School, Salmiya, Kuwait Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine if the traditional approach to measuring brand equity applies to online companies. Design/methodology/approach – This objective is pursued by: developing a measurement model of brand equity for online businesses; and testing the nomological validity of the model using structural equation modelling. Findings – This study finds partial support for the application of the offline brand equity theoretical framework based on brand awareness, brand associations and loyalty for online companies. Brand loyalty and brand value associations directly create brand equity. Research limitations/implications – The study is cross-sectional, the indicators or observable variables used in this study may not be deemed comprehensive enough, no interaction effects have been incorporated, and finally, the research study was based on a few online business retailers. Practical/implications – The results support the view that a consumer’s perceived sense of value resulting from a transaction with an online business develops loyalty. Also, brand-trust association and brand awareness indirectly contribute to creating brand equity through their influence...
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...Literature review Tesco ‘Clubcard scheme’ Tesco, the UK leading supermarket, introduced the use of Tesco Clubcard in 1995. “…the loyalty Clubcard was to offer “benefits to regular shoppers whilst helping the company discover more about its customer needs” (Turner and Wilson, 2006 cited in Tesco, 2004, p.3) How can Tesco get more about its customer needs? The answer is on the Clubcard itself. It is not only the card for the customers to acuminate their reward points; instead, it is also a card which stores the data of customers purchasing information. Rowley (2005) pointed out that customers got the points from the loyalty or reward schemes. Customers then use the points they got as discounts or as partly or fully paid for their purchasing or service. For the company, the card is for collection of data, such as what kinds of products individual customer buy most and how often they buy them. A research done by Turner and Wilson (2006) showed that the majority Tesco Clubcard holders strongly agreed or agreed that the Clubcard made them to shop at Tesco more frequently and repeatedly. The Clubcard does have positive impact on customer loyalty to Tesco. Tesco Clubcard is not merely a gimmick that uses to draw customers attention towards the business; instead, every time the customers use it, the database records customers buying behaviour like purchasing habit, purchasing frequency, purchasing preference, etc., to Tesco. Tesco reviews these data and improves service to the customers...
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...FACTORS AFFECTING BRAND LOYALTY AMONG SMALL SCALE SAVERS (A Case Study Bank) ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to find out the factors affecting brand loyalty among small scale savers. This was a descriptive sample survey which targeted 100 customers of Equity bank Nairobi. The specific objectives of this study were to establish who loyal customers to Equity are, to determine the factors that make the customer satisfied, to examine how awareness work to help brand loyalty and to determine what factors need to be improved to increase customer satisfaction in Equity Bank. A questionnaire was used as an aid for data collection where both open ended and closed ended questions were used to collect qualitative data respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics presented in tables and charts. The results of the study revealed that Equity clients are generally satisfied with the company. However this satisfaction seems to have an effect on the number of clients who are willing to repurchase or re-patronize Equity products. In effect, the more satisfied customers are, the more loyal they are likely to be. In a highly competitive industry like banking, loyalty is everything. Loyalty facilitates positive word of mouth about the company. Loyalty has also had a positive effect on the bottom line of Equity Bank. Although the increase in profits year in year out has been below the targeted, it is in the right direction. One major factor of concern that needs...
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...1.8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A Literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. Most often associated with science-oriented literature, such as a thesis, the literature review usually precedes a research proposal, methodology and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. A good literature review is characterized by: a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. Here we discuss on different reviews related to the following: 2.1 Investors and Investment 2.2 Mutual funds 2.3 Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund 2.1 Investors and Investments Investors in emerging markets say that they look at market volatility as a good opportunity to increase the level of risk in their portfolio. On the other hand those in the developed markets say that volatility would make them go for an increased allocation in cash and exercise increased caution with regard to investment. “Investors increasing allocation of cash is not because their ability to bear that risk has been impacted”, says Bansal. [1] JOHN C. BOGLE [2] the former CEO of Vangaurd Group Of...
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