...Mary Kanu NUR 180 February 24, 2009 Case Study on Client with Breast Lesions 1. (a) Was it painful and tender? (b) When was your last Mammogram? (c) Have you being doing your BSE regularly? (b) Are you taking any hormonal replacements or antidepressants? (c) Did you notice any changes in the breast symmetry, skin temperature and color changes? 2. Yes, it is very important that you go see your Doctor for an evaluation. Secondly, it has taken two years since your last mammography. This should be the best time to have it done again either for screening or diagnostic. 3. (a) Explore the client feelings for a frozen section and possible mastectomy by encouraging her to express her feelings about her illness and determine her level of knowledge. (b) Evaluate the client and family coping ability (c) Provide a clear explanation of the procedure and her post operative care such as the placement of tube to collect the drainage from the incision and that her arm on the affected side will be elevated. In addition to the above, she would have to begin arm exercises shortly after sugery. Nurse to demonstrate the exercise and have client repeat the exercise. (d) If the client seems able to absorb the above information, provide other information such as the types of beast prostheses available. (e) Take measurement on both sides of the breast to obtain baseline data (f) Explain to the client that if she is going to have a radical mastectomy, the skin on...
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...Dr. Stone finally faces the reality of having a loved one dying before his eyes (Verseghe, 2009). Dr. Stone’s moment of emotional defeat is described as “He was experiencing the helplessness that patients’ relatives must feel, and he didn’t like it in the least bit. His lips trembled and he felt shame at how his wet face displayed his emotions” (Verseghe, 2009). After her operation in Chapter 10, he attempted to restart her heart my pumping is and even denies his as they lived but she did not, the true sign of his desperation for her life (Verseghe, 2009). I related strongly to the moment I had found out my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. I was a doctor, I treated people, prescribed medicine, and even saved lives. However, I could not intervene on the life I cared the most about. I helplessly wished that I was the person with breast cancer, or that I could suddenly find the cure for her to make everything alright again. After hours of convincing, my mother finally decided to try chemotherapy for the sake of her family. Unfortunately, Sister Mary...
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...Liza, 22 years old, is a homeless African American woman who was raped at the age of 10 by her biological father. She is the only child and lived with her mother and father. At the time, Liza’s mother was a registered nurse at the Texas General Hospital and worked night shifts. Liza’s dad worked during the day as a construction worker. One day her mom got off of work early and happened to walk in on the domestic violence. Liza’s mother then decided to move to Tallahassee, Florida when Liza was 14 years old to get away from her father. Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer soon after they moved. She fought with the cancer for 5 years before passing away. That was just long enough to see Liza start at Florida A&M University. Her mom was...
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...Have you or someone you know ever donated to a charitable foundation and thought you were making a big difference? Unfortunately I am sad to say this is not always the case. I am not saying 0 percent of your hard earned money is going towards the true cause of the charity. However, I think you would be surprised at how small the percentages can be for some organizations. Not all organizations are bad, however it is surprising to learn that certain well known organizations are not “mission” minded as they could be. One example would be the Susan G. Komen Foundation for Breast Cancer Awareness. When the Susan G. Komen Organization started it was a small non-profit organization that was intent on helping people with breast cancer. Now it...
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...An Article Critique - Mammography Screening for Breast Cancer Yao Luo University of San Francisco BACKGROUND Despite the high incidence rates, in Western countries, 89% of women diagnosed with breast cancer are still alive 5 years after their diagnosis, which is due to detection and treatment (Parkin, D., & Pisani, 1999). Mammography is such a widespread screening in most developed countries, with the aim of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of the disease. However, the organization and delivery vary across geographic regions in ways that may influence its effectiveness (Domingo et al., 2015). In this article critique paper, I choose two relevant peer-reviewed articles using case-control study design to explore the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer survival. The first one is Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study (Suzie et al., 2011). STUDY AIMS The authors conducted a case–control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch population–based program of mammography screening. The hypothesis of this study was that mammography screening was associated with a decreased risk of dying from breast cancer. METHODS A. What was the main outcome of interest? The main outcome was the breast cancer. Data on breast cancer were obtained from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Rotterdam. Causes of death were obtained through linkage with Statistics Netherlands. B. What was the main...
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...BREAST CANCER SCREENING DR. DANA MORTEZ ARLECIA PURVIS JULY 17, 2011 Current research shows mammograms are stronger than in the past. In a recent study it has confirmed that mammograms benefit for women in their forties and fifties. Women feel confident about the benefits that are associated with a regular mammograms for finding cancer early. However, mammograms can have their limitations. A mammogram will miss some cancers, and it sometimes can lead to follow up of findings that are not cancer that could include biopsies. Women should be told about the benefits, limitations, and potential harms that are linked with regular breast cancer screening. Mammograms can miss some cancers. But considering the limitations associated with it, they remain a very effective and a valuable tool reduce the mortality or survival rate from breast cancer. Mammograms for women in their forties and fifties should be based on the individual, r health, and other serious illnesses. Age should definitely not be the reason to stop having regular mammograms. As long as a woman that is in good health and would be a candidate for the treatment, she should continue to be screened with a mammogram that is recommended by her doctor. 1. What differences are there between the Case Study results and the current healthcare industry research, trends, treatment protocols, and published data results you identified? A study that was performed on two age...
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...women 40 to 49 years of age remain an important issue for clinical practice. Purpose: To evaluate the evidence about the risks and benefits of mammography screening for women 40 to 49 years of age. Data Sources: English-language publications in MEDLINE (1966 – 2005), Pre-MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and references of selected studies through May 2005. Study Selection: Previous systematic reviews; randomized, controlled trials; and observational studies. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers. Data Synthesis: In addition to publications from the original mammography trials, 117 studies were included in the review. Metaanalyses of randomized, controlled trials demonstrate a 7% to 23% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates with screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age. Screening mammography is associated with an increased risk for mastectomy but a decreased risk for adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The risk for death due to breast cancer from the radiation exposure involved in mammography screening is small and is outweighed by a reduction in breast cancer mortality rates from early detection. Rates of falsepositive results are high (20% to 56% after 10 mammograms), but false-positive results have little effect on psychological health or subsequent mammography adherence. Although many women report pain at the time of the mammography, few see pain as a deterrent to future screening. Evidence about the effect of negative...
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...Breast Cancer is a Chronic Disease. Breast cancer is a type of cancer originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Breast cancer occurs in humans and other mammals. While it is most common in women, males can get it also. Male breast cancer is not uncommon and must be taken seriously. The first sign of breast cancer often is a breast lump. Breast cancer stages range from early, curable breast cancer to metastatic breast cancer, with a variety of breast cancer treatments. Symptoms of breast cancer are A lump in the breast or underarm that persists. These lumps are normally painless. Lumps are visible on a mammogram long before they can be seen or felt. Other symptoms are swelling in the armpit, any change in the sixe,contour,texture,or temperature of the breast. Discharge from the nipple that may be clear. Bloody, or another color. An area that is distinctly different from any other area on either breast. There’s a a lot of testing that goes along with taking care of your breast. The different types of breast cancer tests are; mammogram, breast MRI, and a biopsy. By making the healthiest choices possible, you can make sure your breast cancer risk is as low as possible. Your sex, age and your genetics can’t be changed, but not smoking and exercising and eating nutritious food can be changes or modified. Knowing the limiting how much alcohol you drink or exercising regularly can decrease your...
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...conducted a study to estimate the incidence of asthma among inner city children. She recorded the amount of follow-up person-time in the table below. The number of children diagnosed as a new case of asthma during the 12 month follow-up period was 15 cases. Which of the following equations could be used to correctly calculate incidence density for asthma in this study? Complete the table to help you determine the answer. Participant follow-up: | No. of participants | Number of Months of Observation per participant | Total Person-Months | | 100 | 12 | | | 90 | 11 | | | 65 | 8 | | | 50 | 7 | | | 10 | 5 | | Totals | 315 | 43 | | Answer | A. | 15 cases / 3110 person-months at-risk | | B. | 15 cases / 315 children at-risk | | C. | 315 cases / 3,110 person-months at-risk | | D. | None of the above | 5 points Question 3 1. In Newcity, TX, there were 70,000 women over age 25 years at the beginning of 2007. Of these women, 3,000 had breast cancer at the beginning of 2007. At the beginning of 2008, 25,000 of the women in the population are currently cancer free and are at-risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. These women participated in a cohort study and contributed 40,000 person-years of follow-up time at risk from 2008-2010. Collectively, they experienced 112 new cases of postmenopausal breast cancer by the end of the study in 2010. What is the cumulative incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer at the end of...
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...Breast Cancer Trikena Porter Class University Composition and Communication II February 9, 2014 Elizabeth Bickford One in eight women and one in a thousand men are affected daily by breast cancer. At least 410 men will die this year alone from breast Cancer and at least 2,240 new invasive breast cancers will be diagnosed. The Cancer Journal for Clinicians informs us that approximately 232,340 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 39,620 breast cancer deaths were expected to occur among US women in 2013. Breast cancer is rarer for men. The average lifetime risk for men getting breast cancer is one in 1000. The number of cases for men with breast cancer has remained stable over the past 30 years. (cancer.org) In the United States about 40,000 women will die from breast cancer. It is the second leading cause of death in cancer. (breastcancer.lifetips.com). Proper treatment and early detection however, can save lives. (womenshealth.gov). Life with breast cancer can be trying. A person may experience or feel helpless, depressed, scared and/or exhausted from cancer and the treatments that come with it. These side effects are normal for a cancer patient to endure. There are many ways to get help to find solutions to prevent depressions after being diagnosed with breast cancer or cancer of any types. Some people find support groups, talk to counselors, or therapist can be helpful. (ww5.kormen.org). It is always best to try to stay healthy, eat right and exercise...
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...effectiveness of population-based screening for breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death due to cancer in women, with statistics from the USA showing that one in eight women will develop the disease.1 Studies in the UK show that 90% of women diagnosed in the early stages survive the disease, while this figure is only 15% if diagnosed at a later stage illustrating the importance of an effective screening programme to reduce mortality.2 In the following essay I will review various randomised control studies and cohort studies in order to establish how nationwide screening programmes best reduce mortality, looking at the targeted sector of the population and the methods in practice. I will also address how the public health sector could improve on early detection and possible policies that could be implemented. Additionally I will review whether current methods of screening for breast cancer in more economically developed countries can also be implemented in less developed countries. With 1.38 million women having been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008 I feel this issue is of relevance as chronic diseases such as this one show no signs of eradication in the near future and late stage treatment is both invasive for the individual and damaging to the economy.2 Before delving into the effectiveness of screening programmes the methods used to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage should be mentioned. Screening for breast cancer is usually a mammogram once a year once...
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...CANCER INFORMATION PAPER HCA/240 CANCER INFORMATION PAPER The paper will reflect on breast cancer, A breast is made up of three main parts: glands, ducts, and connective tissue. The glands produce milk. The ducts are passages that carry milk to the nipple. The connective tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue) connects and holds everything together I will talk about the cause and risk factors of breast cancer, ways to try to prevent and how to get early detection. I will be speaking about the effects of your health related to breast cancer as well as treatment options for breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women all over the world. Breast cancer does not discriminate of race or ethnics. In reading this paper, you will see that more than 502,000 women are killed in a year from breast cancer. In 2007, more than 47,000 women died from breast cancer. Unfortunately, there are some risk factors for breast cancer that are not under your control, but learning as much as you can about them is something that should be taken into consideration. Cause and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer While we do not yet know exactly what causes breast cancer, we do know that certain risk factors are linked to the disease. A risk factor is something that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, such as smoking, drinking, and diet are linked...
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...Breast Cancer and Obesity Melita Dodaj Felician College Abstract Breast cancer continues to be a major cause of cancer deaths in women. Based on recent studies the prevalence of overweight and obesity in almost every country has been increased. Estrogen is manly responsible for the elevated risk for breast cancer in obese women. Also the other tow mediators that are held responsible are adipokine leptin and insulin -like growth factor-I, IGF-I. Experiments demonstrated a mitogenic role of these three mediator an cell proliferation. The data in the article shows a stimulative effect of substances produce by the adipose tissue on the breast cancer. Body weight cell specific proliferation suggests that obesity related adipokines and mediators enhance cell proliferation and increase the risk for breast cancer. A couple guidelines and recommendations that help to prevent obesity are physical activity and diets. Obesity is associated with poorer survival in women with breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. The purpose of this study was to determine if the associations of obesity with breast-cancer specific, all cause, and non-breast cancer mortality differ from between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with breast cancer. Also some other recent studies have shown that elevated BMI may be associated with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema. Introduction Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body, fundamentally genetic. Cancer is defined as ...
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...Prevention of Breast Cancer Abstract Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American women according to the National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer research has found no cure and treatments vary in effectiveness. Objectives This paper will review some of the various conventional and natural prevention methods of breast cancer and evaluate the effectiveness and risks of each. Methods/Design Published studies on early detection , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical activity and diet were reviewed. Opposing studies and risks of each were also sought and reviewed. Major Findings All methods were found to have a positive effect on reducing the risk of breast cancer except for early detection. All methods were also found to have a negative effect on breast cancer risk or have risks of other health problems except for physical activity and thermography. Conclusion Studies show that early detection does not prevent breast cancer and moderate physical activity can reduce the risk of breast cancer. All other methods have conflicting studies . Early Detection: Early detection is the most recommend method for the prevention of breast cancer, however it does not prevent breast cancer but studies show it can reduce the death rate of breast cancer. Mammography the most used and accurate form of non-evasive early detection will be examined in this paper as well as thermography, a new alternative to mammogram screenings. ...
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...Breast Cancer Stephanie Shuman COM 156 August 10, 2014 University of Phoenix Breast Cancer The website for the Breast Cancer.org (n.d) stated, “About 1 in 8 U.S. women (just over 12%) will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of her lifetime. In 2013, an estimated 232,340 new cases of invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S., along with 64,640 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.” (para.1) American Cancer Society (2007) stated, “Male breast cancer makes up only 1% of all breast cancers reported in the United States. Still, in the last decade it was responsible for approximately 2000 new cases as well as about 450 deaths per year.” (para.1) Breast cancer death rates have begun decreasing in the U.S in women under 50. It’s thought that the decreases are the result of advanced treatments, early detections through screening and increased awareness. It’s important for not only women to understand the symptoms but men, too. Every man and woman are at risk for breast cancer, and risk rises with age. Survival increases with early detection and treatment. Several of the risk factors for breast cancer are beyond their control. Genetics is the strongest known risk factor for breast cancer that women and men cannot be control. Breast cancer occurs in about 15 to 20 % of women who had a history of breast cancer on either the mothers or the father’s side of the family. On the off chance that he or she has a first-degree relative...
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