...Maria Pianka Meredith LeDoux Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women in the United States. Breast cancer is a kind of cancer where cells grow out of control in the breast. The breast is the first site of cancer but overtime, the cells can spread to other parts of the body. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to other areas of the body. Breast cancer can occur in both women and men, even though there is only a 1% chance for men to be diagnosed with breast cancer. (The American Cancer Society) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that there is a few different types of breast cancers and the most common types are Ductal Carcinoma and Lobular...
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...EFFECT OF BREAST CANCER ON WOMEN The diagnosis of cancer and it sequelae has a direct impact on the patient, family and community. It however has a deeper impact on women. Women are in most cases the foundation of the family unit. Therefore when a woman is diagnosed with any type of cancer, the family’s social, psychological and financial dynamics after diagnosis are forever changed. The possibility of death is moved to the forefront of their lives. Living with breast cancer (before and after treatment) is difficult. After diagnosis and before treatment, there is a cycle of fear, depression, desperation, denial and acceptance. During treatment, there is anguish over the loss of one’s body image. This is true particularly when the treatment involves chemotherapy or radiation where the individual loses (i.e. their hair, smooth skin) aspects of their personal appearance by which they once identified as being unique to themselves. In the case where the treatment is surgery (i.e. mastectomy either total or partial) the individual grieves the loss of that body part more so than the loss of the hair. In their minds hair can be re-grown, a breast cannot. As a result of this, socialization with others and intimate relationship with their spouse becomes difficult. The relationship with the children changes due to the side effects of chemotherapy which make normal activities difficult. After the course of treatment is over, the woman has to readjust to life after cancer because she...
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...Running head: TARGETING BREAST CANCER AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Background…………………………………………..……………………………………………4 Preparing and Adapting to the Field..……………………………………………………………..5 Medical Anthropology Fieldwork Methodology...………………………………………………..6 Ethnographic Fieldwork Data Analysis …………………………………………………………..9 Reflective Comments/ Conclusion……………………………………………………….…….....9 References………………………………………………………………………………………..11 Targeting Breast Cancer among African American Women in Nash County: A Proposal to Identify Enabling and Reinforcing Factors of Seeking Preventative Screening Services Introduction Ethnographic field work is an excellent strategy in understanding and describing a cultural group. Field work is also an asset in performing a needs assessment in the planning phase of developing health promotion interventions. As described by Bailey (2002), “ethnographic techniques are integral tools for galvanizing and mobilizing communities for social action relative to generating a promotion and disease prevention agenda.” (Bailey, 2002) This paper serves as a proposal to conduct a medical anthropology field work project to assess reinforcing and enabling factors that promote the use of early detection and preventative breast cancer screening services among African American women. The study design consists of a qualitative ethnographic approach utilizing observation and focus group methodology....
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...Breast Cancer Thesis: Breast cancer, however, remains one of the major concerns in the medical field, mainly because it has many forms and happens to strike a large number of women. I-Cancer as the disease of the twentieth century A-Definition of cancer B-Statistics on cancer victims II-The nature of breast cancer A-Breast cancer as a leading cause of death among women B-Types of breast cancer 1-In situ cancers 2-Invasive cancers 3-Inflammatory cancers III-Causes of breast cancer A-The heredity factor B-Menstruation and age C-The diet relationship IV-Treatment of breast cancer A-Detection of the cancer B-Therapy methods C-Coping with consequences of surgery V-Conclusion I-Cancer as the disease of twentieth Century The twentieth century has often been called as the cancer century. This is because more than a hundred types of cancer have been discovered in this century, and secondly, because enormous medical efforts were made to fight all kinds of cancers all over the world. In the early decades of the century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease, and although many cancers remain fatal, medical therapy has developed significantly over the years such that most cancers can be treated and cured. After decades of struggling with various cancers, doctors are now becoming more aware of the causes of these diseases, how they can be treated, and what can be done to prevent them. Breast cancer, however, remains one of the major concerns in the medical...
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...Breast Cancer: The Fight in Men and Women Abstract Cancer is made up of many diseases. There are over 100 different types of cancers. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells split without control and intrude the likes of other tissues. Cancer cells normally spread to other areas of the body through the blood and lymph system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the United States when it is referred to women. Breast cancer also can be found in men. It is said to be a rare occurrence, but it is a growing problem among the male species. Breast cancer has many risk factors that can play a huge part in the wake of this disease. There are several different tests that can determine your status. Cancer is a disease that is a major problem within our country. There are many naive people who may be unaware of the seriousness of this unfortunate disease. Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States today. Breast cancer is the most common of all cancers that consumes the lives of many women each year. However, breast cancer is also a problem that attacks men as well. Breast cancer is considered a rare occurrence in men, but it is a growing problem that should be recognized. Because breast cancer is a disease that is more common in women, it is silently overlooked and rarely talked about in men. [Thesis might be revised further so that it summarizes the main idea of your essay more clearly.] In the United States there are 234,580 new cases of breast...
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...Breast Cancer and Obesity Melita Dodaj Felician College Abstract Breast cancer continues to be a major cause of cancer deaths in women. Based on recent studies the prevalence of overweight and obesity in almost every country has been increased. Estrogen is manly responsible for the elevated risk for breast cancer in obese women. Also the other tow mediators that are held responsible are adipokine leptin and insulin -like growth factor-I, IGF-I. Experiments demonstrated a mitogenic role of these three mediator an cell proliferation. The data in the article shows a stimulative effect of substances produce by the adipose tissue on the breast cancer. Body weight cell specific proliferation suggests that obesity related adipokines and mediators enhance cell proliferation and increase the risk for breast cancer. A couple guidelines and recommendations that help to prevent obesity are physical activity and diets. Obesity is associated with poorer survival in women with breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. The purpose of this study was to determine if the associations of obesity with breast-cancer specific, all cause, and non-breast cancer mortality differ from between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with breast cancer. Also some other recent studies have shown that elevated BMI may be associated with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema. Introduction Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body, fundamentally genetic. Cancer is defined as ...
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...Breast Cancer Name: Institution: Breast Cancer Cancer is the most common global cause of death, which raises serious public concern. According to a new analysis by American Cancer Society researchers, breast cancer prevalence rates rose to some extent among African American women from 2006 to 2010, resulting to rates closer to the historically higher rates among white women. However, it is unclear as to why there has been such a high increase, thus researchers have placed a lot of effort to find out about this disparity (National Cancer Institute, 2005). The most alarming breast cancer health disparities is that African American have a lower likelihood of breast cancer incidence as compared to the native American counterparts, yet they have a greater death rate with breast cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2005). The most alarming report from the National breast cancer report; the breast cancer mortality rate for women aged between 45--64 years was 60% higher for African American women than white women (56.8 and 35.6 deaths per 100,000, respectively). The rising breast cancer disparities observed between African American women and white women sound the alarm. Even though the general life span risk of breast cancer is lower for African Americans unlike with white women, the mortality rates are much higher. African American women also have a lesser 5 year survival rate at 77%, contrast to the 90% for white women. Differing...
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...BREAST CANCER PREVENTION 1 Breast Cancer Prevention Venita Conley University of Phoenix 2 Breast Cancer Prevention Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women at the age of 45-50. The number of women diagnosed with breast cancer increases every year, but if detected early, the survival rate is better. Breast cancer can also occur in men, but is less common. Breast cancer in men can happen at any age, but is most common in men between the ages of 60 and 70 years old. Statistics reveals that white women are at a higher risk of developing malignant breast cancer than Asians or Hispanics. (Rising Tide, Kft 2009) Breast cancer is the number two cancer killer and the number one female cancer in women age 15 to 54. Early preventive steps and annual breast exams can help in monitoring early signs of breast cancer in women as early as 20 years of age. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. It is also the uncontrollable growth and spread of cells in the breast, and if not controlled can lead to death. There are many types of breast cancers. The three main types of breast cancers are: the first type is Ductal Carcinoma In-Situ which is a type of early breast cancer confined to the inside of the ductal system, and is the most common...
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...Assignment 7 Breast Cancer Breast Cancer is the most common cancer among American women. One in every eight women in the United States develops breast cancer. There are many types of breast cancer that differ in their capability of spreading (metastasizing) to other body tissues. The causes of breast cancer are not yet fully known although a number of risk factors have been identified. There are many different types of breast cancer. They are Tubular Carcinoma, Medullary Carcinoma, Mucinous Carcinoma, Papillary Carcinoma, and Cribriform Carcinoma. Breast Cancer is diagnosed with physician and self-examination of the breasts, mammography, ultra sound testing, and biopsy. Treatments of breast cancer includes chemotherapy, and radiation. Depending on the stage your cancer is in will let the oncologist know what type of treatment you need. Your breast can be painful because of the lump, you may also notice a bloody discharge from your nipple. Over 200,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed each yearly nearly 40,000 women are expected to die of breast cancer in 2012. There are over 2.5 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. Hutchinson Center researchers are reducing breast cancer incidence and death by identifying risk factors for the disease. Developing new methods of detecting its presence and helping to predict health outcomes based on a woman’s genetics and other factors. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy...
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...consider answering. The viewpoint about abortion has been negative and positive, but it has been demonstrated as an action that is commonly known as being immoral and unethical and it puts a bad effect on not only women, but society as a whole. Many people in our society have come to believe that they benefit from acts of abortion. However, acts of abortion have been known to leave a dark shadow over a woman who has been involved in abortion and society. The immorality of abortion is evident through its action against moral and ethical values. Abortion basically causes death. Individual human life in a mother’s womb is destroyed. The taking of innocent human life is wrong under any circumstances and possibility of a new life emerging is excluded. Don Marquis, a current Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas argues that destroying human life is immoral and unjust because it prevents the victim from seeing their future. He states, “The loss of one's life deprives one of all the experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted one's future. Therefore, killing someone is wrong, primarily because the killing inflicts [one of] the greatest possible losses on the victim” (189). In other words, Marquis is saying that the death of a person prevents them from having a productive and enjoyable future. That is where the idea of abortion being immoral comes in. The taking of an innocent, defenseless human life is unacceptable and morally...
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...CANCER INFORMATION PAPER HCA/240 CANCER INFORMATION PAPER The paper will reflect on breast cancer, A breast is made up of three main parts: glands, ducts, and connective tissue. The glands produce milk. The ducts are passages that carry milk to the nipple. The connective tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue) connects and holds everything together I will talk about the cause and risk factors of breast cancer, ways to try to prevent and how to get early detection. I will be speaking about the effects of your health related to breast cancer as well as treatment options for breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women all over the world. Breast cancer does not discriminate of race or ethnics. In reading this paper, you will see that more than 502,000 women are killed in a year from breast cancer. In 2007, more than 47,000 women died from breast cancer. Unfortunately, there are some risk factors for breast cancer that are not under your control, but learning as much as you can about them is something that should be taken into consideration. Cause and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer While we do not yet know exactly what causes breast cancer, we do know that certain risk factors are linked to the disease. A risk factor is something that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, such as smoking, drinking, and diet are linked...
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...status of women - Biases against women - Women have often been neglected in medicine and in medical research - Gender stereotypes are common in medicine - Medical care provided to women is often irresponsible or inadequate - Physician-patient communication patterns often make women feel relatively powerless Intersectionality and women’s health - Ethnicity - Social Class - Country The Health Care and Health Status of Women - Gender Comparisons in Life Expectancy - Mortality - Gender gap in life expectancy - Why do women live longer? - biological factors - social factors - health care - Gender Comparisons in Overall Health - Morbidity - Longevity - Rape & Abuse - Economic factors - How social class influences US women’s health - Morbidity & Mortality - Quality of Health Care - Health Insurance - Environmental Factors - Poverty - Psychological Factors - Health issues for women in developing countries - Women & girls less likely to receive medical care - Inadequate nutrition and health care (dying during pregnancy of childbirth) - Cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and other specific health problems - Cardiovascular disease - Major cause of death of US women - Gender and ethnic differences in heart disease - Women may experience different symptoms than men - Women less likely than men to receive diagnostic testing or treatment - Prevention - Cancers - Most common forms of cancer among women ...
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...Lung Cancer HSA535 Managerial Epidemiology 01/29/2012 Compose an analysis of lung cancer of lung cancer as compared to other leading causes of death in your state. Include the mortality rates and the costs of lung cancer(for the most recent year reported) in your analysis. Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lung. Normal lung tissue is made up of cells that are programmed by genes to create lung tissue in a certain shape and to perform certain functions. Lung cancer develops when the genetic material responsible for production of lung cells is damaged (genetic mutations). Repeated exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke may cause damage in lung cells. While tobacco, is the leading cause of lung cancer, some other carcinogens linked to lung cancer include radon and asbestos. These mutations in the genetic material of the lung cells cause the instructions for those cells to go askew. Consequently, those cells and their offspring reproduce wildly, without regard for the normal shape and function of a lung. That wild reproduction causes the formation of tumors that block air passages in the lung and make it stop functioning as it should. Lung cancer is usually divided into two major types. The first type is small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The second type is non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. Sometimes a lung cancer may have characteristics of both types. This is called mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma. About 20% of all lung cancers are...
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...Breast Cancer Diona Curtis SPEECH 200 October 21, 2013 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that develops in the breast. It occurs when a malignant tumor starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that invade surrounding tissues and can spread to other areas of the body. There are two forms of breast cancer, invasive and non-invasive. Invasive cancer is the serious form of breast cancer. Invasive cancer is when the cells break out of the breast area and begins to invade other tissue surrounding it. Eventually, the cells make their way to other parts of the body such as bone and organs; which is called metastasis. The abnormal cells can travel through the bloodstream and our lymph system early-on or later. Non-invasive cancer is when the cells have not left its place of origin yet. Non-invasive cancer can also be referred to as “pre-cancerous”. It can be referred to that because although it is has not left its origin, it can eventually develop into invasive cancer. Cancer can spread three different ways: tissue, lymph system, and the blood. The signs and symptoms of breast cancer vary depending on the body of the patient. The symptoms can only be felt by the patient and described to the doctor or nurse according to what they are feeling. A sign is when the patient and other people can detect a problem. Usually the first symptoms signs and symptoms of breast cancer are pain, headaches, and a lump. Other possible early signs...
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...Breast Cancer Even though there are other forms of cancers, it is the most common type of cancer. In 2008 there were many deaths caused from breast cancer and new cases of breast cancer. Breast Cancer is a form of cancer found in the breast tissue. It is made of abnormal cells that grow into lumps which gather together called tumors. Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of deaths in women in North America. In 2008, in the United States, there were an estimated 182,460 new cases of invasive breast cancer and an estimated 40,480 deaths attributed to it. Worldwide in 2007, an estimated 1,300,000 new cases were reported, and approximately 465,000 deaths were attributed to breast cancer. It is estimated that 12.7% or 1 in 8 women born in the United States today will develop breast cancer some point during their lifetime. Some symptoms of breast cancer are breast lumps, breast pain, nipple complaint, and other breast complaints. Lumps may feel like the size of a pea or a peanut under the skin. I have never known of breast pain as a symptom of breast cancer. Nipple discharge is a sign of breast cancer if it’s an abnormal color. Other breast complaints would be dimples or a change in size or color of breast. Risk factors range from gender, age, weight, inherited factors, and family history. Other risk factors are to have abnormal breast cells, high breast density, certain breast changes, using birth control...
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