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Bridging the Gap Between Firms and Academic Institutions

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Referencia Bibliográfica Luna, Matilde; Velasco, José Luis. (2013). Bridging the Gap between Firms and Academic Institutions. Industry & Higher Education. (Vol. 17), No. 5.pp. 313-323 Autor(es)  Matilde Luna es Doctora en Ciencia Política de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales. Es Investigadora Nivel II del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Su tema de investigación son los Actores y Procesos Sociales; y también trabaja las Redes de gobernanza, Redes de conocimiento, Empresarios y Política. José Luis Velazco es Doctor en Ciencia Política de Universidad de Boston. Es investigador Nivel I del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Su área de investigación son las instituciones políticas; y los temas de investigación son en Ciencia Política Comparada, democratización, Reforma 1 Tributaria.



Tema El artículo intenta abordar el rol que juegan los traductores o facilitadores en los contextos de redes de conocimiento en la cual participan organizaciones académicas y empresariales. Para los autores la función de “traducción” ayuda a la integración del conocimiento en doble vía, es decir, de lo académico a lo empresarial y viceversa, pero en clave de redes, por ello sostienen que los traductores contribuyen a la integración del conocimiento académico junto al desarrollo económico por medio de la reconciliación o articulación de diversas orientaciones de tipo cognitivo, cultural, disciplinar, códigos e intereses; y describe como la confianza es un factor importante en la traducción dentro de las redes de conocimiento. Para desarrollar la tesis el texto aborda de manera gruesa tres líneas argumentativas, en primer lugar, la identificación de las características personales y profesionales que les permiten a algunos individuos actuar como puentes entre la academia y la empresa. Luego presenta una discusión sobre la confianza y la traducción, y por último, desarrolla los pros y los contras de establecer un perfil específico dedicado a las funciones de traducción. Definiciones Traductor: Personas que facilitan la comunicación y el entendimiento mutuo, entre actores de diferentes ámbitos institucionales, organizaciones o grupos. Traducción: Es la concepción de la relaciones entre la academia y la industria así como la comunicación en redes. Redes de Conocimiento: Funcionan como estructuras de traducción que conectan a las personas y a las instituciones; comprime una mezcla de antecedentes y experiencia, incluyendo enfoques comerciales, científicos y tecnológicos, dentro de ellas ciertos individuos especializados en traducir, facilitan la comunicación y el entendimiento entre los participantes.
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Información más detallada de los autor se puede consultar en http://www.iis.unam.mx/index.php/investigacion/investigadores, consultado el 25.08.2013.

Marco conceptual, Contribución del autor y argumentación El texto parte de presentar la necesidad de establecer y consolidar relaciones entre el mundo empresarial y el mundo académico o científico. Así, las Universidades y la ciencia, gracias a su conocimiento y a su técnica podrían aportar a la solución de los obstáculos que enfrenten las empresas, pero al tiempo, las empresas podrían aportar su experiencia y su conocimiento para que la academia avanzara ya sea en la superación de un paradigma teórico o en la afinación de uno existente. Sin embargo, establecer y consolidar vínculos de cooperación en redes entre la academia y las empresas no resulta fácil, y no lo es, al menos por cinco niveles de relación: 1. El de orientación cognitiva, 2. Relaciones interoganizacionales, 3. Integración de disciplinas, 4. Codificación y decodificación del conocimiento y, 5. La negociación de intereses. El primer nivel evidencia que la academia cuenta con un marco teórico y conceptual propio que no es siempre semejante al empresarial. En ese sentido, la diferencia conceptual y categórica entre dichos ámbitos debe ser superada a través del establecimiento de unos acuerdos conceptuales mínimos. El segundo nivel se refiere a que tanto la empresa como la academia tienen estructuras organizacionales internas diferentes con procesos y tiempos también diversos, por lo que es necesario determinar unos procedimientos compartidos que permita la adecuada comunicación y el respeto de los tiempos mutuos. El tercer nivel expone que la multiplicidad de disciplinas (áreas de conocimientos) si bien permitiría abordar de manera integral un problema, también podría conllevar a un choque de intereses; choque que debe ser superado a través de personas con formación en diferentes áreas para que la red funcione. El cuarto nivel precisa que la academia maneja un conocimiento universal, esto es, maneja los problemas desde una perspectiva amplia y sistemática, mientras que la empresa sólo trabaja a partir de un conocimiento particular y localizado, por lo tanto, es necesario articular estas dos perspectiva de conocimiento. En el quinto nivel afirma que los niveles anteriores se materializan en forma de conflictos de intereses y luchas de poder, y para que la red de aprendizaje funcione es necesario gestionar dichos conflictos. En últimas, en la relación empresa-universidad se enfrenta a una continua paradoja, que consiste en que el lenguaje y los propósitos de la academia no son iguales al lenguaje y los propósitos de una empresa. Así que imponer un nuevo lenguaje [el lenguaje académico y científico] a una firma que usa un lenguaje cotidiano [no sofisticado] podría generar graves problemas de entendimiento o disfuncionalidad. El desafío es superar dichas dificultades de orientación cognitiva. Pues bien, el artículo propone que la superación de las tensiones empresa-universidad es posible a través de la figura de los “traductores” o “facilitadores”, pues éstos facilitan la comunicación entre individuos, instituciones, organizaciones de negocios y grupos, y son personas que poseen un conocimiento cualificado, que además cuentan con un gran número de habilidades interdisciplinarias, entendimiento de las culturas y los procedimientos de las diferentes organizaciones, y poseen rasgos personales que les permiten promover la comunicación con facilidad. En otras palabras, los traductores pueden contribuir a la integración del conocimiento académico con el desarrollo económico por medio de la reconciliación o articulación de las diversas orientaciones cognitivas, culturas, disciplinas, códigos e intereses, en los cinco niveles de la red. Es importante precisar las características personales y profesionales que permiten a algunos individuos actuar como puentes entre la academia y la empresa. En primer lugar, se trata de personas localizadas en la mitad (frontera) entre la academia y el mundo de los negocios, y se encargan principalmente de las actividades de investigación; son personas que tienen títulos académicos avanzados y han tenido experiencia previa en la dirección y/o participación en proyectos

conjuntos entre las empresas y las universidades, por lo que tienen una visión global. Los traductores también son reconocidos por sus habilidades interdisciplinarias, lo que les permite no sólo para pasar de un "lenguaje" a otro, sino también establecer un "lenguaje" al alcance de la mayoría de los miembros de la red. La traducción es una habilidad, una especie de sensibilidad que permite a la persona reconocer la ciencia básica detrás de los problemas industriales. Los traductores son capaces de mover un tipo de organización a otra y entender diferentes enfoques organizacionales. La capacidad de facilitar la comunicación interpersonal no es una función de traducción; aunque ésta es una condición necesaria para el éxito de la traducción y es una característica central de las personas que asumen tal rol. Los traductores son fundamentales para la articulación en red entre las empresas y las universidades, pero la red no se sostiene tan sólo en dichas personas, pues junto a la labor de entendimiento mutuo, es necesario desarrollar en la red el valor la confianza, valor que es central en las redes de conocimiento, ya que facilita u obstruye la comunicación; así, el grado de necesidad de la traducción puede estar relacionado con el nivel de confianza de la red. Es razonable suponer que cuando los miembros de una red confían fuertemente entre sí, va a darse una comunicación fluida. En ese sentido, siguiendo a los autores, existen tres tipos de confianza: a) Estratégica: depende de la expectativa de beneficio mutuo, del prestigio personal de los científicos y el prestigio institucional de las organizaciones. b) Técnica: algunas veces depende del prestigio y expectativas derivadas de interacciones previas y de vínculos tríadicos. c) Social: Basada en las relaciones informales, Steward and Conway (1996) identifican cinco clases de relaciones, relación estudiante – profesor, relación entre compañeros, entre la academia o lo científico y las relaciones de amistad. El análisis presentado por los autores permite identificar varias características de los traductores, quienes por lo general han trabajado en los sectores empresariales y académicos, se establece que la traducción tiene un alto componente de conocimiento tácito y con frecuencia involucra a todos los tipos de conocimiento que se resume en el saber quién, saber que, saber cómo y saber porqué. Además de funcionar como intermediarios [traductores], también transforman el conocimiento científico en información económicamente útil. Se concluye que la “traducción” puede mejorar las relaciones y la comunicación entre las empresas y la academia y permite obtener una ventaja competitiva en la industria, un aporte valioso a la academia y un capital social entre los dos; sin embargo, el exceso de integración y la formalización podrían obstaculizar el desarrollo de la autonomía y generar una disminución en la capacidad de innovar presentando limitaciones en la creación de nuevas ideas que conlleven a novedosos desarrollos ; y como otra limitación encontrada está en los tiempos, ya que los de la academia son diferentes a los tiempos de las empresas, quienes [las empresas] requieren de información casi que inmediata para poder sobresalir en sus entornos. Por tal razón considero que el individuo que cumple el rol de traductor debería aparecer justo en el momento en que sea necesario; buscando el perfil más adecuado por la firma y la academia permitiendo atender dicha situación.

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