...Module 2 Assessment “Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance” In answering this question we must first have an understanding of how the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system operate independently of each other. The cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the blood. Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients which the body needs to survive. The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood. The body gets rid of waste products, such as carbon dioxide, back into the blood, in order to remove them. The main function of the cardiovascular system is to sustain blood flow across all areas of the body. Veins return used blood (deoxygenated) from the body back to the heart. This blood is low in oxygen as it has been used in the function of the body, and is also high in carbon dioxide (the waste product that the body has gotten rid of). The veins carry this deoxygenated blood to the superior and inferior vena cava which then drain into the right atrium. The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk, via the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. In the lungs the blood is enriched with oxygen that we breathe in and gets rid of carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. From the lungs, blood drains into the left atrium and is then pumped into the left...
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...Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance Both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are jointly essential for a particular purpose - delivering oxygen to our bodies, and for extracting and expelling carbon monoxide from them (Dr Adam Cloe, livestrong.com/article 18606, 2011). “The cardiovascular system…consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels, respectively (Tortora & Derrickson 2011). The heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). Two chambers of the heart have the job of moving poorly oxygenated blood whilst the other two chambers move highly oxygenated blood around the body to the cells (Dr Adam Cloe, 2011). So, the cardiovascular system is at the front line of delivering oxygen to the cells of the body and for extracting carbon monoxide from them. Our breathing is an automatic process. Inhalation, which happens when we breathe in, provides the body, via the lungs, with oxygen. Exhalation, which occurs when we breathe out, rids the body of carbon dioxide (NIH 2013). The process of obtaining/delivering oxygen to the body’s cells and collecting and disposing of carbon dioxide can be summarised. Oxygen is inhaled, the pressure change in the lung draws low oxygen blood (containing carbon dioxide) to the heart, then the heart takes that blood and pumps it to the lungs. Student number: ...
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...oxygen and excreting CO2 is the function of the respiratory system (made up of the lungs and chest cavity). The chest cavity containing with the lungs expands and contracts, inhaling external, oxygen rich air and exhaling CO2 rich air. At the microscopic or molecular level, respiration needs to take place within (almost) every cell, for each cell needs its own supply of energy. So the respiratory system collects the oxygen in the lungs, the cardiovas-cular system (heart, blood vessels and blood) transports the oxygen to every cell in precise quantities and takes the carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Throughout life, the heart beats to keep up the flow of the transportation, and in a matching rhythm, the lungs expand and contract, maintaining the initial collection of oxygen and the final release of CO2. The two systems need each other to perform their own functions. When the body’s activities change, for instance during sustained exercise, oxygen is used up quicker than usual. Receptors throughout the body will detect a faster depletion of oxygen in the muscles. (Sherwood, C.,2013) The nervous system will be activated to increase breathing rate and in turn heart rate will increase because more oxygen will be deposited into the blood. This shows how the two systems interact. The interaction is vital to maintain the internal balance (homeostasis) of oxygen and CO2 molecules. The smallest parts of the cardiovascular system are the capillaries (ap-proximately as narrow as...
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...The respiratory system role is to allow the exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmospheric air, blood and tissue cells. It also helps adjust the pH of body fluids. “In addition to gas exchange the respiratory system also plays a role in receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds and rids the body of some water and heat in exhaled air”. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006 Pg 918) The most important function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen so that this can then be delivered to the rest of the body. The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Their function is to filter warm and moistened air and conduct it into the lungs. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006). The body uses oxygen for anything it does whether it may be eating, walking or just sleeping and through this process releases carbon-dioxide. Carbon-dioxide needs to be eliminated quickly and efficiently as it can be very toxic to the cells in the body. The cardiovascular system circulates blood and lymph through the body and it consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands. It is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products through the body. The heart is the primary organ within the cardiovascular system. The heart is a beating muscle that continually pumps blood to the rest of the body. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006). The cycle...
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...The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together within the human body; creating a cycle that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues and removes carbon dioxide and other waste products, therefore contributing to homeostasis. The first stage of this cycle is gas exchange or respiration. Air is breathed in through the nose or Mouth and into the alveoli of the lungs; this is known as pulmonary ventilation (tortora 2011). Inside the lungs an exchange of gases take place (pulmonary respiration) between the alveoli and the blood, through the pulmonary capillaries. At this point the blood will gain oxygen and lose Carbon dioxide. (tortora 2011) It is the function of the red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. Red blood cells contain a pigment called haemoglobin which attracts oxygen into the cell. (www.hematology.org) From the lungs the blood flows to the heart through four pulmonary veins. It enters into the left atrium and then passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pushes the blood through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta (www.bhf.org.co.uk) Some of the blood flows through coronary arteries into the heart wall whilst the majority divides into separate streams, flowing through systemic arteries throughout the body. Arterial blood is pumped under pressure by the heart through the arteries which divide into smaller arteries called arterioles, when the arterioles enter...
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...The body’s internal balance can also be referred to as homeostasis a concept develop in 1932 by physiologist Walter Cannon (Busch 2013)). As defined in Tortora (1990) homeostasis “is a condition where the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits”. To ensure a stable internal environment or balance an optimal concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, and water should be maintained, along with an optimal temperature and pressure for the health of cells (Tortora, p.22). The respiratory and cardiovascular systems are able to maintain the first one. Some of the other organs in the body involved with homeostasis are pancreas, kidneys and skin. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work in conjunction to maintain the body’s internal balance. The cardiovascular system relates to the circulatory system, which consists of the blood, the heart and blood vessels. (Tortora, p.546). The blood carries oxygen and nutrients from the lungs to the cells and tissues of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other waste from the cells to the lungs (www.medicinenet.com). The respiratory system includes the organs involved in breathing, the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs (www.medicinenet.com). This is where the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. The maintenance of the body’s internal balance starts when air is breathed into the body through the upper respiratory tract into the lower respiratory tract – the lungs (Terfera and Jegtvig)....
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...Portfolio Task: Module 2 Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to supply oxygen to the body’s cells, remove carbon dioxide and regulate the Ph of the body’s fluids. This system of regulation is called homeostasis. (www.wiki.answers.com, 2013) To understand how both systems interact requires fundamental knowledge of how each system functions independently. The cardiovascular system is made up of blood, the heart and blood vessels which are divided into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. (www.livestrong.com, 2013) Blood is a thick, red, slightly alkaline fluid and has 3 general functions; transportation, regulation and protection. There are 3 types of blood cell- red cells, white cells and platelets. Red blood cells transports oxygen in a pigment called haemoglobin, from the lungs which have, by pulmonary gas exchange, diffused into the cells and carbon dioxide from the body tissue back to the lungs for exhalation, this system of exchange is called, external respiration. Blood helps regulate Ph, the body’s temperature and the water content of the cells, it also provides protection by its ability to clot and carries antibodies which help protect against disease. (Tortora & Derrickson, 2011) The heart is the pump which circulates the blood around the body, called pulmonary circulation...
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...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
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...#" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents VOLUME ONE About the Editor and Contributors, vii Introduction, ix CHAPTER 1 The Building Blocks of the Human Body, 1 Julie McDowell CHAPTER 2 The Circulatory System, 23 Leslie Mertz CHAPTER 3 The Digestive System, 85...
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...Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products...
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...and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. Human anatomy and physiology is more than just interesting, it is...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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...PN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING EDITION . CO NT ASTERY SERI ES TM N E R EV MOD IE W LE U PN Mental Health Nursing Review Module Edition 9.0 CONtriButOrs Sheryl Sommer, PhD, RN, CNE VP Nursing Education & Strategy Janean Johnson, MSN, RN Nursing Education Strategist Sherry L. Roper, PhD, RN Nursing Education Strategist Karin Roberts, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE Nursing Education Coordinator Mendy G. McMichael, DNP, RN Nursing Education Specialist and Content Project Coordinator Marsha S. Barlow, MSN, RN Nursing Education Specialist Norma Jean Henry, MSN/Ed, RN Nursing Education Specialist eDitOrial aND PuBlisHiNg Derek Prater Spring Lenox Michelle Renner Mandy Tallmadge Kelly Von Lunen CONsultaNts Deb Johnson-Schuh, RN, MSN, CNE Loraine White, RN, BSN, MA PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg i PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg review Module editioN 9.0 intellectual Property Notice ATI Nursing is a division of Assessment Technologies Institute®, LLC Copyright © 2014 Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All rights reserved. The reproduction of this work in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, is forbidden without the written permission of Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All of the content in this publication, including, for example, the cover, all of the page headers, images, illustrations, graphics, and text, are subject to trademark, service mark, trade dress, copyright, and/or other intellectual property rights or licenses...
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...Emergency Medical Technician-Basic: National Standard Curriculum EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum Instructor's Course Guide ------------------------------------- EMT-BASIC: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM PROJECT DIRECTOR David J. Samuels, MBA System Director Samaritan AirEvac/Emergency Medical Services Samaritan Health System Phoenix, AZ CO-MEDICAL DIRECTORS Henry C. Bock, MD, FACEP Emergency Physician Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc. Indianapolis, IN Kimball I. Maull, MD, FACS Director R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Baltimore, MD PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Walt A. Stoy, Ph.D., EMT-P Director of Educational Programs Center for Emergency Medicine Research Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA Contract Number DTNH22-90-C-05189 -------------------------------------United States Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum i EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum Instructor's Course Guide ------------------------------------- CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT GROUP James Bothwell, EMT-P National Flight Paramedics Association William Brown, RN, NREMT-P National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians Ricky Davidson International Association of Fire Chiefs Karla Holmes, RN National Council of State EMS Training Coordinators Richard Judd, Ph.D., EMSI National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians Kathryn Lewis, RN, Ph...
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...Restorative Care Training for the Certified Nursing Assistant Trainer Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Making the Most of the Training Making the Most of the Lesson Plans Making the Most of the Activities Trainer Preparation Welcome Module Activity T1 Welcome to the training Activity T2 Common Rules to Follow Activity T3 Successful Completion Activity T4 You will learn Trainer Preparation Module one Module one Trainer Preparation Module two Module two Trainer Preparation Module three Module three Trainer Preparation Module four Module four Appendix A Feeding Assistance Appendix B Fall Prevention Page T3 Page T3 Page T3 Page T4 Page T5 Page T7 Page T7 Page T8 Page T8 Page 7a Page 8 Page 27a Page 28 Page 35a Page 37 Page 104a Page 105 Page 114 Page 123 T2 Restorative Care; Training for the Certified Nursing Assistant Introduction Welcome to the program Restorative Care. This is the trainer manual used by trainers to teach nurse assistants and home health aides about caring for the person with Restorative issues. This manual accompanies the student manual, Restorative Care. This training is activity based. Participants are encouraged to share in the training process, to talk about relevant experiences if they choose and to ask questions. Making the Most of the Training Program Use this training manual as a guide for training individually or in groups. If you train on an individual basis it will be more effective to brainstorm with them than to use the...
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