...for European colonialism. The European colonialism forced the Middle Eastern countries to fight for their power, over many years countries fought for independence. French, Italian and British mandates shaped the Middle Eastern countries. The most powerful European country to have mandates in the Middle East was Britian. Britain controlled Persia (Iran), Jordan, Iraq, Egypt and the Southern part of Syria. Britain gained control of Egypt when they sold the Suez Canal to them in 1875. The Suez Canal was a vital link between Britain and India. Britain’s main focus was trading, they wanted everyone to open up to trade. The League of Nations required Britain to assist economic development and prepare self-government. Britain followed the Indirect rule, they ruled their mandates through chosen Arab leaders. In 1882, Britain invaded Egypt to protect the Suez Canal. They continued...
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...Define Colonialism (Western) Colonialism: A political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. The purposes of colonialism included economic exploitation of the colony's natural resources, creation of new markets for the colonizer, and extension of the colonizer's way of life beyond its national borders. In the years 1500 – 1900 Europe colonized all of North and South America and Australia, most of Africa, and much of Asia by sending settlers to populate the land or by taking control of governments. The first colonies were established in the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th – 16th centuries. The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the 16th century, and Britain colonized North America and India in the 17th – 18th centuries. Later, British settlers colonized Australia and New Zealand. Colonization of Africa only began in earnest in the 1880s, but by 1900 virtually the entire continent was controlled by Europe. The colonial era ended gradually after World War II; the only territories still governed as colonies today are small islands. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonialism#ixzz1lYMQdYfY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure...
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...Along the way these explorers established colonies on every continent of the world. The Dictionary of Human Geography defines colonialism as a state centralized system of power, often distinguished by economic exploitation and with astounding disregard for the colonies (D. Gregory, R. Johnston, G. Pratt, M. Watts & S. Whatmore 2009). Great Britain was no stranger to colonialism, and since the first settlers arrived at Jamestown, the British Empire expanded its control over the first thirteen colonies for nearly 170 years. An intricate part of colonialism was the economic doctrine of Mercantilism. In Companion to British History, Mercantilism is explained as a basic economic theory to increase the country’s wealth by amassing gold. He listed amongst other aspects of the theory the following trade policies: trade restraints by prohibition, taxation on imported goods which could be produced in the colony, prohibition of imports from countries with unfavorable trade balance, goods exported to colony had to pass through home country ports first, establishment of trade treaties, and the regulation of colonial trades so that the colony’s raw materials were exported to the imperial power in exchange for the import of that power’s manufactured goods (2008 Charles Arnold-Baker). At the end of the French and Indian wars in 1763 and in order to fund the British debt from that war, Great Britain began to exercise more control over the colonies by passing trade acts to include increased...
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...Proponents of imperialism and colonialism sparked from the idea that it would improve the economic, political, and social portions of an environment. The design of European imperialism elicited political and diplomatic responses, and soon after it provoked military resistance. Both methods of so-called improvement kept nations from doing what could possibly help them thrive; cooperating to achieve shared goals. Without cooperation, places cannot improve and prosper on aspects that need refinement. Colonialism does not help the native populations because it overall divides previous peaceful co-existing portions of a society. Purposefully, colonization aimed to control land, labor, natural resources, and markets. Settlers need to occupy a country,...
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...their best to save their political connection to Great Britain. Back in 1763 the Royal proclamation reserved all the western territory. There are a few acts have been done by the British to benefit boots their country, tea act, sugar act, currency act, Stamp Act, Proclamation act, Quartering Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Revenue Act. The first act Molasses were replaced in 1733 when the new rule has been active from the British to import the rum, and tax or molasses from non-English areas, and that with the Sugar act of 1764, when the British for a new law by the Parliament of Great Britain hat was designed to raise revenue from the American colonists in the 13 Colonies. The purpose of the Sugar act is to reduce the tax rate on the molasses and collect the taxes, and regulate the trade for the Non-Birtish to control the trade in the New England and the middle colonies. Moreover, the British taxed more for the foreign by wines, coffee, cambric...
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...old and new, caused this flurry of colonial activity in the period after the 1870s? What is the connection between this new imperialism and Social Darwinism? What can we learn about the process and success of imperialism in Africa and Asia from Conrad’s story? Answer The European colonialism brought different changes to the domestic level in Africa and Asian regions. The period after 1870s brought imperialistic aggression in African and Asian countries alongside the diplomatic pressures, colonial conquest and military invasion especially in the regions of Africa. The domestic people faced the foreign domination and attempt of colonization. During the 1870s the Europeans succeed to under control only 10% of the African region and it was the period when Europe started to grab the African land by the 1914, around 90 percent of the African continent was under control of Europeans (The Creation, 2011). In Africa the Berlin conference played vital role in regulating colonization alongside the trade in the African regions. Similarly in the Asian region in subcontinent, the European Colonialism was established ant later on the imperialism was started in 1857 after the freedom war. The European colonialism gradually extend its control over the political powers that later on let the European regions to take control over the African and Asian Regions. After the 1870s, the European started to explore Africa with the industrial revolution that lend the European new ways to enter and new...
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...Typology of Colonialism Nancy Shoemaker, October 2015 In the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. Comparative indigenous histories focused especially on British-descended “settler colonies”—Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—have proliferated. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. At my last two conference presentations, a fellow panelist was astonished that I didn’t deploy it. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers. As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. One of settler colonialism’s leading theorists, Lorenzo Veracini, juxtaposes the two completely. “Colonialism and settler colonialism are not merely different, they are in some ways antithetical formations,” he wrote in the 2011 founding issue of the journal Settler Colonial Studies. For Veracini, “colonialism” apparently refers to the late 19th-century European scrambles for Africa and Asia—in popular imagery, plantation colonies where members of a white ruling class dressed in white linen lounge on the edge of a cricket field, sipping cocktails served up by dark-skinned natives. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism and settler...
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...that should be consigned to some dusty shelf on the top floor of a library nobody ever visits. It's, ironically, the most modern, most relevant, most incendiary discipline there is, to judge by nothing more than the number of car bombings, shootings and other atrocities committed in the name of warring pasts. Edward Said’s “Orientalism” has reverberated in each of the disciplines that collectively constitute Middle East Studies, including history. The book had positive effects. It forced us to take seriously the reality of the power relations produced and reinforced by British and French colonialism, and to detect the way in which those power relations are reflected in texts. As a result of Said’s work, most historians of the Middle East have produced scholarship that is strongly critical of the British and French colonial projects in the region. These are works that have exposed the power of colonialism to destroy not only lived lives but also imagined futures. Most recent historians of the Arab Middle East have drawn the lesson that...
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...Colonialism in India can be marked by the arrival of Europeans, specifically the Portuguese lead by Vasco De Gama in 1600’s. True control over parts of India though and those to took the largest control were the Brits. Originally lead by the British East India Company the marks of British rule can be seen in India as early as 1674 when the British East India Company established Calcutta as their base of activity and had to suppress native revolts to maintain control (Agatucci, 1998). In much of the early time in colonial India land was fought over between the natives, the Dutch, French, and British. By the late 1700’s most of the colonized portions of India were ruled by the British East India Company and therefore indirectly the British Crown (Agatucci, 1998). By the mid 1800’s English education and many British systems of internal structure caused many Indian’s to fear the loss of cultural identity. One interesting way that Great Britain gain control of Indian provinces was through Dalhousie’s Annexationist Policy, it gave Britain the right to govern any India state where there was no natural heir to the throne, so as native rulers died Britain would gain control of the provinces (Agatucci, 1998). In 1876 Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India further cementing Great Britain’s ruler over India (Agatucci, 1998). India’s Nationalist and Independence movements where a slow boiling thing; it was more of a long standing resentment and fear that brought about India’s...
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...total destruction.3 But there are other significant figures who symbolize and frame indigenous experiences in other places. In the imperial literature these are the ‘heroes’, the discoverers and adventurers, the ‘fathers’ of colonialism. In the indigenous literature these figures are not so admired; their deeds are definitely not the deeds of wonderful discoverers and conquering heroes. In the South Pacific, for example it is the British explorer James Cook, whose expeditions had a very clear scientific purpose and whose first encounters with indigenous peoples were fastidiously recorded. Hawai’ian academic Haunani Kay Trask’s list of what Cook brought to the Pacific includes: ‘capitalism, Western political ideas (such as predatory individualism) and Christianity. Most destructive of all he brought diseases that ravaged my people until we were but a remnant of what we had been on contact with his pestilent crew.’4 The French are remembered by Tasmanian Aborigine Greg Lehman, ‘not [for] the intellectual hubbub of an emerging anthrologie or even with the swish of their travel-weary frocks. It is with an arrogant death that they presaged their appearance….’5 For many communities there were waves of different sorts of Europeans: Dutch, Portuguese, British, French, whoever had political ascendancy over a region. And, in each place, after figures such as Columbus and Cook had long departed,...
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...The revisionist view of colonialism which seeks to portray colonialism in a positive light has now become once again fashionable. This is particularly true for countries which in recent years have been doing very well, countries in East, Southeast and South Asia such as China, South Korea, Indonesia and India. Surprisingly, the view that is now being argued is that the current success of this region is closely connected with the colonial experience. It is suggested that it is the colonial opening up, which created the conditions for the economic take off in these countries. Colonialism had a positive impact on the colonies and that particularly the expansion of trade, creation of transport and communication infrastructure, etc., under colonialism were very beneficial for the colony and created positive initial conditions in the postcolonial situation. It is believed colonialism actually developed India and at independence left India among the top ten industrial countries of the world. Colonial Legacy British imperialism was more pragmatic than that of other colonial powers. Its motivation was economic, not evangelical. There was none of the dedicated Christian fanaticism which the Portuguese and Spanish demonstrated in Latin America and less enthusiasm for cultural diffusion than the French (or the Americans) showed in their colonies. For this reason they westernized India only to a limited degree. British interests were of several kinds. At first the...
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...African colonialism During the years of 1870s and 1900s the idea of colonialism sparked. The European industrial revolution was a time that Europeans were forced to find additional resources and placement for the surplus of people that were not as fortunate as the rich capitalist in Europe. Poverty and homelessness were on the rise due to the surplus of people that couldn’t be absorbed in the system. The Europeans thought to solve the economic issue by migrating to Africa to acquire colonies and export sources, such as raw materials. The settlers set up colonies in parts South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia. This led to a movement called “scramble for Africa”. Africa was divided for control of people, power, resources and goods. The “Scramble for Africa” is an example of colonialism. The European countries of Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Belgium came into Africa to try to expand their territory and exploit the African people. The new borders created during the Berlin conference would force the indigenous people to share citizenship with other ethnic groups and governments. These borders still remain. To prevent wars and conflict between the Europeans and the indigenous people, treaties were created. (Wikipedia, 2014). The Berlin conference, initiated by Otto von Bismarck, laid down ground rules for the participating countries to even out competition and decrease chances of conflict amongst themselves. After the country was divided, treaties...
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...Today the Caribbean is known as a melting pot of cultures and societies, this is mainly due to preexisting historical factors of colonialism that were done in the early 16th and 17th century in the Caribbean. The exploitation of the Caribbean landscape dates back to the Spanish conquistadors around 1600 who mined the islands for gold which they brought back to Spain. The more significant development came when Christopher Columbus wrote back to Spain that the islands were made for sugar development. The history of Caribbean agricultural dependency is closely linked with European colonialism which altered the financial potential of the region by introducing a plantation system. Much like the Spanish who enslaved indigenous Indians to work in gold mines, the seventeenth century brought a new series of oppressors in the form of the Dutch, the English, and the French. By the middle of the eighteenth century sugar was Britain's largest import which made the Caribbean that much more important as a colony. Colonialism has been regarded as a significant and common experience that has been reflected on Caribbean people of today’s culture and values, based on the events and circumstances that occurred during the 16th ,17th and 18th century . A great example of colonial influence that has been made part of the Caribbean culture is food. Everything in Caribbean culture displays this forced adaptation and the influence of several cultures mingling, from the time of slavery and the days of...
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...The impact of colonialism was more different than similar for the United States of America and Australia even though they were both colonised by the same imperial empire, the British. When the United States were colonised, it was known as the Thirteen Colonies and they were mostly dominated by the Spanish and Portuguese whereas Australia was nearly colonised by the French which encouraged the British to colonise the country. They are more different because the two countries were colonised at different times and so the uses would have been different. Nonetheless, the two countries were both improved one way or the either. When the British were in charge of the land, they did use it for their own good but still they helped improve it. They taught the people in the colonised country skills which might have helped the country gained its wealth. For the thirteen colonies, the British helped established the tobacco business which has helped USA gain wealth whereas for Australia, they brought in science and technology. However, there are still other effects from being colonised....
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...Colonialism and North America Grant Gilder Colonialism and North America In the beginning there were various settlers who colonized the area that would become known as United States of America. First there was the Asian nomads, who would become known as the American Indians. Europeans would be the next to colonize America, but this would be a few thousand years later, First there was the Spanish, followed by the French, and last but not least the British.(Muntone, 2011, p. 3) It was 1607 that the British founded the original colony in Jamestown, Virginia . It was the British intention from the beginning to colonize the Americas for the expansion of the British Empire. This new settlement in Jamestown would allow for the people of Jamestown to send back natural resources to England for the benefit of the mother country. These new colonies that began across North America were all British subjects or under control of the British. The Definition of Colonialism basically means when a country rules over a territory outside their own with citizens of the original Country. Another example would be when you create an empire by expanding into a region by dominance, both examples refer directly to the British in and how they treated the Native Americans.("Difference Between," 2011, p. 1) As the new settlers came to the new world there wasn’t much thought given to the Natives that currently lived there. Native Americans A good example of English relationships with the Native Americans...
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