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Cell Division, Chromosomes, and Inheritance Worksheet

Complete all four sections of this worksheet.

Section I: Mitosis and Meiosis
Part 1: Review the following images on mitosis and meiosis.

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Part 2: Explain the events you observe in the pictures.
The top picture is mitosis. The phases listed in order from left to right are: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During interphase the DNA is replicated and ready for entering of mitosis. During prophase the spindle fibers and centrioles start to move to opposite sides of the cell (2009). This is the longest phase. It is also in this stage that you can begin to see that there are two chromosomes attached together (double helix). In Prometaphase the chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers and begin to move toward the metaphase plate region (2009). When the chromosomes are lined up it is called metaphase. During anaphase the chromosomes begin to separate into the sister chromatids and start to move toward the opposite poles. Finally in telophase the two sets of identical chromosomes are separated into two new cells. (2009). Web link: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle [Multimedia]. Retrieved from EBOOK COLLECTION: Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A., & Palladino, M. A., BIO 410 website.

The bottom picture is meiosis. The same stages are present but since the amount of chromosomes has to be cut in half first there are 2 division phases labeled I and II. The events that occur in the phases are similar to that in mitosis. The end product is 4 haploid gametes. EBOOK COLLECTION: Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A., & Palladino, M. A.. (2009). Web link: Overview of Meiosis [Multimedia]. Retrieved from EBOOK COLLECTION: Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A., & Palladino, M. A., BIO 410 website.

Part 3: Identify similarities and differences between the pictures you described. Use drawing tools to indicate similarities and differences, where possible.
The phases are similar with a few exceptions. The outcome is the major difference. Mitosis produces cells with the full diploid complement of chromosomes (2n). While meiosis produces cells with only a haploid number (n) of chromosomes, or half the amount. There is no synapsis in mitosis, each pair behaves autonomously.

Section II: Genetic Diversity
Briefly describe the following events and explain their role in creating genetic diversity:

1. Proteins: Proteins are molecules that are made up of amino acids and are made for specific jobs. The special property of proteins is that they only attach to certain receptor sites to do their job. If they do not attach to complete their job there could be a gap in the cell cycle or growth of the cell.

2. Crossing over: Crossing over is the genetic exchange of information between members of a homolog. There are recent discussions about multiple crossovers and how they even further create genetic diversity. Since the genetic information is exchanged the combinations are not identical which creates a mixture of genes.

3. Independent assortment: Independent assortment happens during gamete formation. The pairs segregate or separate the genes and recombine with each other in a different arrangement. This is said to be independent of each other, hence the name. The gamete gets one member of each pair. Genetic variation occurs because when two pairs of chromosomes independently assort they rarely are genetically identical.

4. Mutation: Mutation causes modified genetic information and often produces an altered gene product. The process of mutation forms the alleles, or the alternate form of the genes. Mutation can also cause a cell to not complete the job that they were made to do. The text stated that mutations could also help to control dominance by blocking certain genes. Mutations could be the source of future study for help with disease process solutions.

Section III: Mendelian Genetics
Post your answers to the following questions from the Problems and Discussion Questions section at the end of Ch. 3 of the text:

Question 7:
Punnett Square

Round seeds/yellow leaves (with) Wrinkled seeds /green leaves WG wg

F1 = GgWw yellow/round

F2
| |GW |Gw |gW |gw |
|GW |GGWW |GGWw |GgWW |GgWw |
| |yellow/round |yellow/round |Yellow/round |yellow/round |
|Gw |GGWw |GGww |GGWw |Ggww |
| |Yellow/round |yellow/wrinkled |yellow/round |yellow/wrinkled |
|gW |GgWW |GgWw |ggWW |ggWw |
| |yellow/round |yellow/round |green/round |green/round |
|gw |GgWw |Ggww |ggWw |ggww |
| |yellow/round |yellow/wrinkled |green/round |green/wrinkled |

F2 Genotypic ratio F2 Phenotypic ratio
GGWW 1/16
GGWw 2/16 9/16 =yellow/round
GgWW 2/16
GgWW 4/16

GGww 1/16
Ggww 2/16 3/16 = yellow/wrinkled

ggWW 1/16 ggWw 2/16 3/16 =green/round

ggww 1/16 1/16 =green/wrinkled

Fig 3-7. Chapter 3: Mendelian Genetics. Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A., & Palladino, M. A. (2009). Concepts of genetics (9th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Forkline Method, or Branch Diagram

F1 Yellow,round with yellow,round

F2 of all offspring of all offspring of all offspring
¾ yellow ¾ round (3/4)(3/4)=9/16 yellow/round ¼ wrinkled (3/4)(1/4)=3/16 yellow/wrinkled
¼ green ¾ round (1/4)(3/4)=3/16 green/round ¼ wrinkled (1/4)(1/4)=1/16 green/wrinkled

Fig. 3-6. Chapter 3: Mendelian Genetics. Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A., & Palladino, M. A. (2009). Concepts of genetics (9th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Question 16:

A). AaBb: 4 gametes Ab AB aB ab

B). AaBB: 2 gametes AB aB

C.) AaBbCc: 8 gametes ABC ABc abc AbC aBc abC Abc aBC

D.) AaBBcc: ABc 2 gametes aBc

E.) AaBbcc: ABc 4 gametes Abc aBc abc

F.) AaBbCcDdEe: ABCDE 32 gametes ABCDe ABCdE ABcDE AbCDE aBCDE abcde ABCde ABcde Abcde aBcde abCde abcDe abcdE

Section IV: Chromosomes
Write 1 to 2 paragraphs explaining the role chromosomes play in heredity. Include the structure and function of chromosomes.

Chromosomes contain many genes that act as the instructions for the cells. Chromosomes consist of a protein complex that is organized in such a compact manner that permits the large amount of genes to be stored in the nucleus of the cell. The chromosome is made up of material called chromatin, which contains the DNA of the chromosomes. Chromosomes are usually coiled up tightly and difficult to see until they begin to separate in prophase. The genetic information that is carried on the chromosomes is what gives us the traits that we have such as eye color, hair color, and nose. Chromosomes play an important part in heredity. Depending on the combinations and mutations that occur during mitosis and meiosis, when the chromosomes are forming, will reveal the type of traits we express. When an offspring is formed during meiosis they receive half of the chromosomes from each parent. This chromosome containing genetic information will divide, split, and recombine into different combinations that give yield to our diverse genetic makeup. If there are any problems during this process a disease or chromosome abnormality may appear. As you can see chromosomes are a major player in heredity.

30 May 2013. Chromosome. http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ca-Ch/Chromosome.html

Chapters 1-5. Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A., & Palladino, M. A. (2009). Concepts of genetics (9th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

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