...Selma Hasic Midterm Dr.Banks BRONCHITIS Bronchitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs. The thin mucus lining of these airways can become irritated and swollen; the cells that make up the lining may leak fluids in response to the inflammation. Bronchitis most often occurs during the cold and flu season usually coupled with an upper respiratory infection. Bronchitis can be divided into two categories: acute or chronic each of which has distinct etiologies, pathologies, and therapies. I chose this condition because it seemed like an interesting topic to research on, and I am also interested in learning more about respiratiory conditions which is another reason why I chose to research on this topic. Acute bronchitis is characterized by the development of a cough, with or without the production of sputum. Acute bronchitis occurs often occurs during the course of an acute viral illness such as the common cold or influenza. Viruses cause about 90% of cases of acute bronchitis, whereas bacteria account for fewer than 10%. Chronic bronchitis is a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease which is characterized by the presence of a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. Chronic bronchitis most often develops due to recurrent injury to the airways caused by inhaled irritants. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause...
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...Diseases caused by Smoking * Chronic Bronchitis * Emphycema * Lung Cancer Signs and Symptoms Lung Cancer * Chronic Cough - A cough that you have had for a month is chronic. This is an important early symptom. It tells you something is wrong with your respiratory system. * Shortness of Breath - Shortness of breath that doesn’t go away after exercising, or that you have after little or no exertion, is not normal. Labored or difficult breathing – the feeling that it is hard to breathe in or breathe out - is also a warning sign. * Chronic Mucus Production - Mucus, also called sputum or phlegm, is produced by the airways. It is a defense response to infections or irritants. If your mucus production has lasted a month, this could indicate lung disease. * Wheezing - Noisy breathing or wheezing is a sign that something unusual is blocking your lungs’ airways or making them too narrow. * Coughing up Blood - If you are coughing up blood, the blood may be coming from your lungs or upper respiratory tract. Whatever the source of the blood, it is a sign of a health problem. * Chronic Chest Pain – Unexplained chest pain that lasts for a month or more – especially if it gets worse when you breathe in or cough – can also be a warning sign. Choronic Bronchitis * Chronic bronchitis, a long-term inflammation of the bronchi (large airways), is characterized by coughing productively over a long period of time. Emphycema ...
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...small amount of mucus, shortness of breath (which made her decided to go to the ER). b) Her tests showed that she was positive for Influenza A (which is the most common cause of pneumonia in adults), also her x-ray findings stated there were scattered small patches of density shown in the lungs which indicates there was a lot of mucus. c) Ways Evelyn could have prevented getting pneumonia was to get a flu vaccination, wash her hands often, stay away from people who are sick, and to keep her hands away from her face. d) Although antibiotics won’t help treat pneumonia the doctor sent her home with antibiotics to keep the flu virus from spreading in her body. e) The doctor would most likely check and see if Evelyn may have bronchitis or tuberculosis. Why he would check on theses diagnosis is because coughing up blood and a month later still having the same symptoms is not a normal thing. 2. Soccer Cough a) Symptoms Jeremy displayed were coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue during exercise, and poorer than expected athletic performance. Medical tests that helped the doctor confirm that Jeremy has EIA were the spirometry tests and the oximetry tests. b) It is estimated that 80 to 90 percent of all individuals who have allergic asthma will experience symptoms of EIA with vigorous exercise or activity. For teenagers and young adults this is often the most common cause of asthma symptoms. (AAFA, 2005). c) Goals to help EIA are to do a 10-minute warm-up...
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...Advances in the understanding of the natural history of COPD and the development of strategies to assess COPD in its early stages make prevention a reasonable, if ambitious, goal. Prevention can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary (Rennard, Drummond, 2015). The term COPD is used to describe certain diseases that partially block airflow in the lungs. The most common kinds of COPD include: Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis and other diseases. Emphysema can cause damage to the alveoli that cannot be cured; this is the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen is put into your blood. With emphysema your lungs become less able to take in good air and get rid of carbon dioxide. Chronic bronchitis occurs when the airways in the lungs become swollen; this causes more mucus than normal to be made in the lungs. The swelling and increased mucus can cause the airflow to become partially blocked. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema often occur together. Other diseases that may cause long-term airflow problems in the lugs include asthmatic bronchitis, which is also called chronic asthma, and cystic fibrosis. Smoking or being around smokers causes the most cases of COPD. The more you smoke, the more you cause irreversible damage to your lungs. Children of heavy smokers can also have an...
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...disorders? Taking over the counter medications for any condition can be dangerous, but particularly so for pulmonary disorders. Three problems that stand out and must be addressed are, overdose, side effects and adverse reactions to other medication or treatments one may be taking. Some are minor in nature and others are extremely serious and dangerous and may in extreme cases result in death. Overdose may be the most serious. The phenomenon that many think spurs this. Serious overdoses and abuse of medications occur as a result. Medications for temporary relief of coughs caused by bronchitis, and other breathing illnesses works by thinning and loosening mucus in the airways, clearing congestion, and making breathing easier. Some side effects and adverse reactions to over the counter pulmonary medications are addressed here. For example, Musinex D is used to treat bronchitis but may cause GI problems such as upset stomach, nausea and diarrhea. Another is Guafenesin, used to thin mucus may result in drowsiness, headaches, and anxiety attacks which may increase heart rate, caused breathing difficulty and dizziness insomnia. Naturally one must be careful and aware of such adverse effects before using any over the counter medications. Because as mentioned earlier there are definite dangers. Some impair work performance, driving and equipment operation. These conditions may result in serious mistakes in judgment, or accidents which may be fatal. References: http://www...
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...Chronic Bronchitis HCS/245 02/01/15 Cheryl Meaux Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation, or irritation, of the airways in the lungs. Airways are the tubes in your lungs that air passes through. They are also called bronchial tubes. When the airways are irritated, thick mucus forms in them. The mucus plugs up the airways and makes it hard for you to get air into your lungs. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include a cough that produces mucus or sputum, trouble breathing and the feeling of tightness in your chest (FamilyDoctor.org, 2014). This form of bronchitis is considered chronic because it can last for a long time. Cigarette smoking is most likely the reason for you getting chronic bronchitis also if you have been exposed for a long time to other things that irritate their lungs, such as chemical fumes, dust and other substances, can also develop chronic bronchitis (FamilyDoctor.org, 2014). If chronic bronchitis does not get the treatment needed it can turn into emphysema and the two diseases form together to be called Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD. It is common that the signs of Chronic Bronchitis can be ignored and most likely recognized when it worsens. The longer you wait to get treatment, the worse your lungs are get. After doing research, I found that Chronic Bronchitis alone is neither primary, secondary, nor tertiary but is actually described in each form. Primary prevention is accomplished by elimination of exposures that...
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...Blaser 3. SCRAPBOOK Antibiotics works well against COPD exacerbations Nurse.com published on Sept. 5, 2011 published findings of a study funded by the National Heart and Lung Institute.(http://news.nurse.com/article/20110905/ED02/309050030) The clinical study found that by adding the antibiotic Azithromycin, 250 mg daily in addition to the daily treatment regimen of the COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary) patient; acute COPD exacerbations decreased; which was the objective to the study. COPD Exacerbations: are sudden and present with labored breathing, wheezing, coughing accompanied with excessive phlegm production, precipitated by either viral or bacterial infections. This was an experiment; a longitudinal (in a one year time span) observational study. The population was the total of COPD participants in the study. One group of the population; 570 patients was prescribed 250 mg of Azithromycin daily plus their regular regimen. The other group; 572 COPD patients, only received their usual care and regimen. The objective was addressed. The 570 participants taking Azithromycin and receiving usual care averaged 1.48 acute exacerbations. The 572 participants, who received only their usual care without antibiotics, averaged 1.83. The reduction in...
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...It does this through the blood streams which contain red blood cells which collect and transport the oxygen to the cells. Bronchitis is a disease that can affect the respiratory system. There are two types of bronchitis; acute which affect you for 2 to 3 days and chronic bronchitis which can affect you for 3 months and 2 years straight and that means you have been diagnosed with (COPD) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bronchitis interferes with the respiratory system by narrowing the air passage by inflaming the air way which means a greater amount of mucus will be produced. Too much mucus built up can block the passage which results in complicating breathing. To prevent acute or chronic bronchitis is that if you smoke quit or if you don’t smoke then don’t start. You can also inhale steam or have a warm bath or take a tablet of paracetamol, another way is to have a teaspoon of honey at night. Acute bronchitis can be treated with antibiotics and steam for block noses so you could breathe and also drink a lot of water and rest. Chronic bronchitis can be treated by antibiotics that include and...
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...Bronchitis HCS 245 June 6, 2014 Michelle Clemons There are two different types of bronchitis, acute and chronic. They include inflammation of the airways leading to the lungs, but have different causes and, durations. Chronic bronchitis is a lifelong condition that results from continued exposure to lung irritants, such as smoke. While they have similar names, acute and chronic bronchitis are different illnesses. A person with chronic bronchitis can have flare ups of the disease and can even get acute bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is a relatively short illness that results from an infection. Acute bronchitis is usually due to an infection and generally lasts for no more than a few weeks and will resolve either with treatment or on its own. In most cases, short-lived, or acute Bronchitis follows a viral respiratory infection of some kind, and usually will go away on its own within a week. It can be caused by the same viruses that cause the common cold and could be a complication of the cold or flu. Symptoms of acute bronchitis include; dry cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, and fatigue. This respiratory disorder may be a short-lived disorder, or in some cases a long-lived, chronic, disorder. The order in which this disorder spreads through your body is as follows, your nose, sinuses, throat, and then spreads to the lungs. In other cases, there is a possibility you may get second bacterial infection in your airways. Some people that are at a higher risk...
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...Patho 370 Signature Assignment 1. What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? Clinical findings in R.S. as a consequence of COPD, would be difficulty breathing (dyspnea), chronic cough, excessive sputum production. R.S. has chronic bronchitis, or Type-B COPD, in which “…The inflamed bronchi produce a lot of mucus. This leads to cough and difficulty getting air in and out of the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause. Breathing in other fumes and dusts over a long period of time may also cause chronic bronchitis. Treatment will help your symptoms, but chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition that keeps coming back or never goes away completely. (Chronic Bronchitis 2015) In fact, one of the signs of chronic bronchitis is a chronic cough that lasts anywhere from three months to two or more years....
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...Asthma Paper on Asthma September 10, 2010 Abstract Chronic bronchitis is a preventable disease highly linked to smoking. Once a patient is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis through pulmonary function tests and other exams, it is not curable but there are medications that may help in alleviating symptoms. Chronic bronchitis patients are often referred to as “Blue bloater.” In chronic bronchitis, there is a marked increased in the proliferation of the goblet cells that results in excess mucous production. There is marked inflammation of bronchial mucosa due to infection or chemical inhalation. There is excessive mucus production occurring on most days for at least three consecutive months for two consecutive years. Some medications that are use in the treatment of chronic bronchitis are: adrenergic agents, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids agents and antibiotics. Since there is no cure for chronic bronchitis at the present time, the prognosis is fair in regards to when the diagnosis is made. If detected early enough steps can be taken to prevent further damages to the lungs. Smoking cessation is a key factor in stopping the progression of the disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation including exercise training and education about the disease and the harmful effect of smoking is an essential component of chronic bronchitis therapy. Paper on Chronic Bronchitis Introduction Chronic Bronchitis belongs to a part of a larger group of diseases called COPD (Chronic...
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...Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema Compare and Contrast Essay University Composition and Communication 1 Deborah Karahalis June 9, 2013 Thesis Statement Chronic bronchitis (COPD) and emphysema are both chronic diseases that affect a great deal of people in our everyday lives. Chronic bronchitis (COPD) and emphysema are diseases people normally don’t realize they have until further down the line when it generally gets more severe; simply from living uneducated on symptoms of it. There have been over 12 million cases of people in the Unites States being diagnosed with either Chronic Bronchitis or emphysema. According to health experts there may be another 12 million people out there who have not been diagnosed. Generally people find out they have these diseases in their middle ages or when they are considered to be elders. It’s very important to know your potential risks and symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema because these diseases are irreversible and they slowly progress over time, and there is no cure for it. Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema can be referred to the term known as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder). In order to understand how chronic bronchitis or emphysema works you must have a thorough understanding of how the lungs work. When you inhale the air enters your windpipe and goes through your bronchial tubes, which enter the lungs. Your airways look like branches on a tree and at the end of each...
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...worldwide. In 2009 asthma caused 250,000 deaths globally. Despite this, with proper control of asthma with step down therapy, prognosis is generally good. Reaction: Suggestion: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic airflow limitation (CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD), refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs causing shortness of breath. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests. In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly from tobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung. The inflammatory response in the larger airways is known as chronic bronchitis, which is diagnosed clinically when people regularly cough up sputum. In the alveoli, the inflammatory...
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...Tobacco Tobacco is A plant originating from South America. There are more than 70 species of tobacco and was first used by the Indians. Tobacco is a plant that is well known for its use. It’s used to make cigars and cigarettes. Because of its addictionality it is very well known. Tobacco is a flower which is grown on large scales in South America. They prepare the tobacco by cutting of the leaves and letting them dry in the sun. then they grind the crunchy leaves into a kind of powder which then later on is used in cigars and cigarettes Tobacco was first brought to Europe by Columbus. The same one as the one who discovered America. He found some of the people smoking and wanted to try it himself, so he brought the cigars to Europe. First when he arrived in Spain everyone thought that they returned from hell, because they were all smoking. Later they discovered that Columbus had discovered a new continent with new plants and people. In the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century People thought that smoking was very healthy for you. They thought it opened the airways to let more air in for quicker recover. Of course nowadays we know that it isn’t it puts tar into your lungs, making it easier for disease to settle, giving you a higher chance for lung diseases and granting you a shorter life. Asthma Asthma is one of the best known lung diseases out there. It’s one of those diseases that will always leave a trace. You can’t get asthma any other way then to be born...
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...Case 1 R.S. has smoked for many years and has developed chronic bronchitis, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He also has a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease. His arterial blood gas (ABG) values are pH = 7.32, PaCO2 = 60 mm Hg, PaO2 = 50 mm Hg, HCO3- = 30 mEq/L. His hematocrit is 52% with normal red cell indices. He is using an inhaled ß2 agonist and theophylline to manage his respiratory disease. At this clinic visit, it is noted on a chest x-ray that R.S. has an area of consolidation in his right lower lobe that is thought to be consistent with pneumonia. Discussion Questions 1. What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? How would these differ from those of emphysematous COPD? Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema are two clinical findings as a consequence of COPD. 2. Interpret R.S.’s laboratory results. How would his acid-base disorder be classified? Respiratory acidosis = PaCO2 > 40mmHg and it is caused by decreased in minute ventilation (hypoventilation). Respiratory acidosis is a condition that causes an excess of carbonic acid. Metabolic alkalosis = HCO3 > 24mEq/L and it is caused by acid loss or HCO3 retention. 3. What is the most likely cause of his polycythemia? COPD/chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis/COPD results in chronic inflammation and swelling of the bronchial mucosa resulting in scarring as a consequence there is no proper oxygenation and a potential airway obstruction...
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