...archeologists, Bubonic plague may have originated from Egypt and not in Asia as originally thought. The disease is termed ‘Black Death’ and is said to have also begun in North Africa. Archeologists and fossil insect experts report that the disease may have distributed as a result of the flooding of River Nile that forced the rats to infest the human populated areas during the 3500 B.C. The causative agents of Bubonic Plague are known as Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) that are normally classified as Gram-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. The coccobacilli are either rod or oval shape, and they is short. The Y. pestis metabolism is fermentative just like the other enterobacteriaceae, and they produce a thick antiphagocytic capsule that prevents the white blood cells from the ability to ward off the Y. pestis infection. In this paper, the disease Bubonic Plague will be discussed in details, including its causes, and the place where the recent outbreak has occurred. Introduction Bubonic Plague is brought by the Yersinia pestis, which is a Gam-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. As learned in classes, the coccobacilli are rod or oval in shape, and normally short in size. Just like other Enterobacteriaceae, the Yersinia pestis has a fermentative type of metabolism, and they produce antiphagocytic capsule, which prevents white blood cells from wedding off the Y. pestis infection. The Y. pestis is a causing agent to a number of diseases including bubonic, septicemic and...
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...bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, usually going between rodents and thier fleas zoonotic is a disease that is infectious to both man and animals the term bubonic plague derived from a greek word meaning "groin" mainly because lymphnodes usually swell in the armpit and groin area signs and symptoms of the black plague are muscle cramps Acral gangrene: gangrene of toes nose lips fingers and/or toes Chills High fever around 102 degree Fahrenheit Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling , commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) seizures the bubonic plague was usually transmitted through the bite of the rat flea called Xenopsylla cheopis, this flea that are mostly found on rats and mice, seek out other prey when their host dies. the plague harmlessly lives in the fleas stomache but agrivates the flea causing them to regurgitate ingested blood which is now infected while biting a human or rodent host the bubonic plague was believed to have started in china or central asia before spreading west and estimated to have kill 25 million people in china or 30% of its population. the oriental fleas, that were infected with the bubonic plague, were living on black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships and trader that went along the mediteranian and the silk road spreading it through out asia and europe. the mongols cut off the trade route of the silk road...
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...The Bubonic Plague Analysis Contents I. Abstract II. Introduction III. Background Information IV. Discussion V. Diagnosis Test VI. Prevention VII. Conclusion VIII. Bibliography Abstract According to archeologists, Bubonic plague may have originated from Egypt and not in Asia as originally thought. The disease is termed ‘Black Death’ and is said to have also begun in North Africa. Archeologists and fossil insect experts report that the disease may have distributed as a result of the flooding of River Nile that forced the rats to infest the human populated areas during the 3500 B.C. The causative agents of Bubonic Plague are known as Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) that are normally classified as Gram-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. The coccobacilli are either rod or oval shape, and they is short. The Y. pestis metabolism is fermentative just like the other enterobacteriaceae, and they produce a thick antiphagocytic capsule that prevents the white blood cells from the ability to ward off the Y. pestis infection. In this paper, the disease Bubonic Plague will be discussed in details, including its causes, and the place where the recent outbreak has occurred. Introduction Bubonic Plague is brought by the Yersinia pestis, which is a Gam-negative, bipolar-staining coccobacilli. As learned in classes, the coccobacilli are rod or oval in shape, and normally short in size. Just like other Enterobacteriaceae, the Yersinia...
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...The Black Death Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague is a highly infectious and fearsome disease that attacks the lungs and lymph nodes. It is also called the Black Death or black plague. The bubonic plague is caused by Pasteurella pestis, a bacteria which resides within infected fleas and rats. Victims of the bubonic plague develop early symptoms, such as shivering, vomiting, headache, intolerance to light, back and limb pain, and a white coating on the tongue. Eventually, they develop black egg-sized swellings (buboes) filled with blood and pus under the armpits and in the groin. As the disease progresses, internal bleeding leads to black patches on the skin, and the victim may die in three to five days. Invasion of the lungs by the bacterium causes an equally fatal form of the plague called pneumonic plague, which can be transmitted from person to person by air droplets and saliva. Historical records document outbreaks of the plague as early as 430 b.c., when an epidemic struck Athens, Greece; but the most notorious bubonic plague epidemic began in Europe around 1346, reportedly when a ship of sick and dying sailors arrived at the Black Sea port of Caffa. This plague lasted four years and killed about one-third of the population of Europe, or approximately 20 million people. For hundreds of years after, epidemics of bubonic plague would sweep across the world killing millions more. The disease was so lethal that some victims supposedly would go to bed healthy and die in...
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...Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is spread by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. These bacteria remain in a dormant state primarily in a rat flea’s foregut. Once the flea has bitten a victim it regurgitates the contents in its foregut into the bite location. Once the bacterium has entered into a mammal’s warm body it begins to reproduce and spread throughout the mammal’s body. The reproduction of this bacterium creates large painful swollen lymph nodes which are called buboes. Once these buboes get large enough they begin to ooze infected body fluid so that any contact between an infected person and a healthy person will facilitate the spread of this disease. (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012) The areas where the buboes form are the neck, armpits, upper femoral, and groin. Once a person has been infected with Yersinia pestis it usually takes 2-5 days until they begin to show signs and symptoms of the illness. These symptoms include acral gangrene which is gangrene of the extremities to include fingers, toes, lips, and tip of the nose. Total body chills that also comes with severe uncontrollable shakes. A high fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit that induces muscle cramps. Seizures are another common symptom as well as pain begins before the buboes begin to form. In very extreme cases the victim will begin to change skin color to a pinkish hue. Some more less common symptoms are the vomiting of blood, heavy breathing, aching limbs, extreme pain, and coughing. With cases that the...
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...In Unit 731, the production of bacteria firstly focused on the survival of cultures for further study. Each disease had its own process of being cultivated and relied heavily on precise measurements to avoid spreading of plague, dysentery, typhoid, and others to the doctors’ accidentally. In his entire affidavit, Ishii denies his knowledge of the use of biological weapons used offensively during the war. Though it is hard to believe that the leader of an entire unit knew nothing about non-defensive uses of the diseases he cultivated while in control of Unit 731. The outright denial of most of the experiments performed in Unit 731 did not fool the interviewer since Col. Smirnov had testimony from others in the unit. However, Ishii’s interrogation did not yield enough critical evidence to force him to trial since he ordered most physical evidence of Unit 731 destroyed once Japan declared their official...
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...LONDON IN 1665: THE GREAT PLAGUE Ellery Kamp HIST 4300: Junior Seminar December 7, 2015 In 1665, Londoners experienced their last, and most detrimental, wave of the Bubonic Plague; this specific outbreak is known today as The Great Plague. Population analyses provided by the Office of National Statistics along with the Bills of Mortality that were published on a weekly basis during the plague have concluded that around one hundred thousand people living in England died due to the plague, which was extremely significant because the estimated population of England at the time was under four hundred thousand people. The devastation that Londoners experienced during this outbreak was unexpected and far worse than any previous outbreak, leading many people to search for both an explanation for the plague’s occurrence and a successful way to stop it. Although modern research has attributed the origin of the bubonic plague to fleas and rats, medical and scientific technology was not advanced enough in 1665 to come to that conclusion; the invention of the microscope was necessary in order to study the specific mode of infection. At the time of the Great Plague, there was no revelation of the real cause of the transmission and infection of the plague; there were only general ideas of “pestilential miasmas” and “corrupted air” that were largely attributed to religious causes, such as being a punishment sent from God. Just as during other outbreaks of the so-called pestilence...
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...for war purposes. For example, the development of chemical and biological warfare was being attempted during this time period. The Japanese during WWII had a disturbingly particular interest in the development of biological weapons. According to the documentary “Unit 731: Nightmare in Manchuria” the Japanese conducted research on unknowing human participants in order to develop biological weapons. In 1940 and 1941, Unit 731 bred bubonic plague infested fleas that were then spread by low flying planes over Chinese...
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...Overview of Bioterrorism This course has been awarded two (2.0) contact hours. This course expires on November 12, 2014. Copyright © 2008 by RN.com. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction and distribution of these materials are prohibited without the express written authorization of RN.com. First Published: Updated: November 12, 2008 Nov 12, 2011 IMPORTANT INFORMATION RN.com strives to keeps its content fair and unbiased. The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose. The planners of the educational activity have no conflicts of interest to disclose. (Conflict of Interest Definition: Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which he/she has a financial relationship.) There is no commercial support being used for this course. Participants are advised that the accredited status of RN.com does not imply endorsement by the provider or ANCC of any products/therapeutics mentioned in this course. The information in the course is for educational purposes only. There is no “off label” usage of drugs or products discussed in this course. Acknowledgements RN.com acknowledges the valuable contributions of… Material protected by Copyright …The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (www.cdc.gov), the key government agency responsible for disseminating knowledge about various biological agents. …U.S. Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases...
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...Mahatma ("Great Soul"), Father of the Nation, Bapu ("Father"), Gandhiji Gandhi's Childhood Mohandas Gandhi was the last child of his father (Karamchand Gandhi) and his father's fourth wife (Putlibai). During his youth, Mohandas Gandhi was shy, soft-spoken, and only a mediocre student at school. Although generally an obedient child, at one point Gandhi experimented with eating meat, smoking, and a small amount of stealing -- all of which he later regretted. At age 13, Gandhi married Kasturba (also spelled Kasturbai) in an arranged marriage. Kasturba bore Gandhi four sons and supported Gandhi's endeavors until her death in 1944. Off to London In September 1888, at age 18, Gandhi left India, without his wife and newborn son, in order to study to become a barrister (lawyer) in London. Attempting to fit into English society, Gandhi spent his first three months in London attempting to make himself into an English gentleman by buying new suits, fine-tuning his English accent, learning French, and taking violin and dance lessons. After three months of these expensive endeavors, Gandhi decided they were a waste of time and money....
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...History of the world, 2012). Around this time science was making tremendous strides in identifying the causes of communicable disease. As science advanced; the need for public health was apparent. The foundation for public health was laid (The History of the world, 2012). Now days Americans have more access to education and public health resources than ever before. Public health is broken up into county, state, and national needs. The county public health system addresses issues within a community to assist members to become and stay healthy. A county public health is made up of educators, nurses, doctors, advocates, researchers, and volunteers (County of Ventura, 2012). Community health is a field of public health that focuses on the study of the health characteristics of a biological community. Community health mostly focuses on the geographic area not the people directly in that community (Wikipedia, 2012). State public health addresses the needs of the communities within the state. Some examples of state public health services are identifying community health problems, encouraging, and educating people to adopt healthier lifestyles, responding to public health emergencies, and enforcing laws and regulations to protect the health and safety of communities. The state public health also ensures competent public health services are provided at the county level (California Department of Public...
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...many diseases and illnesses. Today, our modern medicine can treat almost every disease out there. For example, the Bubonic Plague once killed millions of humans around the world. Once antibiotics were created to counter this disease, the mortality rate was lowered significantly. There has been a big war in this country for many years. It causes friction between families, husband and wives, and even doctors...
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...then moving westward. The Black Death has been extensively researched by thousands of historians, scientists, demographers and anthropologists and based on decades of research; the spread of the disease is believed to have originated from the Yersinia Pestis bacterium. The Yersinia Pestis bacterium is commonly found in flees which originates in the skin of various ground rodents. The bacterium comes in three forms bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. It initially spread from trading vessels and then to cities, villages, and eventually the countryside. The plague arouse so fast, people didn’t know what to do and assumed leaving their home was the best option, when in reality it caused even more of a problem. The effects of the plague lasted several decades after it was gone by causing major social, cultural, and economic problems all over the world. Despite all of the studies, researchers still have many questions on why and how the disease chose its victims and how it escalated so quickly. In order to understand the sexual mortality pattern of the Black Death plague one must look at two questions “did either sex face an elevated risk during the epidemic or were men and women at equal risk of dying?” (DeWitte 222) Beneficial for this information, one must understand the concept of selective mortality. Selective mortality is the belief that certain individuals are more likely to die than others based on their physical and mental status. It is commonly related to the Darwinian...
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...son of King Oswy and was appointed by his father as a sub-king of a region of the kingdom called Deira. Wilfred had an excellent social standing in the region and used that to his advantage when explaining the Easter tables. In a journal by Poole he supports this by mentioning that Dionysian calculus was brought forth by Wilfred, in reference to the Synod of Whitby. Wilfred also stood out from the other Roman clergyman when he spoke because he made sure the king was emotionally moved by his argument. According to Steel, “The argument was finally swung when Wilfred claimed the authority of Saint Peter, which much impressed Oswy, since he did not want to offend the keeper of the keys to the gates of Heaven”. Wilfred claimed that through his studies of the Easter tables, he had learned the way of the great Saint Peter. King Oswy was intimidated and accepted the Dionysian practice because he did not want to hurt his chances of getting into heaven. According to Bede, “When the king had spoken, all who were seated there or standing by, both high and low, gave up their imperfect rules and readily accepted in their place those which they recognized to be better”. King Oswy pleased the leaders of the Roman Church and very few members of his kingdom had objections after his ruling. The Synod of Whitby had resulted a large change in the kingdom of Mercia and in 655, Pope Vitalian sent King Oswy a letter that stated, “we know you have been converted to the true and Apostolic Faith by shielding...
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...whenever horror stories come to mind. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. His parents were David and Elizabeth Poe. He was one of three children including his brother Henry and his sister Rosalie. His mother separated from his father when he was about two years of age and took her children with her. She died about a year later, when he was two years of age. He was separated from his siblings and was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. John Allan; this is where his name became Edgar Allan Poe. John Allan was a successful merchant, so Poe grew up in good surroundings and attended excellent schools. When he was six, he was sent to school in England and attended for five years. He then returned to the United States to continue his studies. At seventeen, Poe went to the University of Virginia but dropped out less than a year later because he could not support himself. John Allan shunned him. He enlisted in the Army because he had no money and nowhere to go at the age of eighteen. He did reasonably well attaining, the rank of sergeant-major, and got accepted to West Point. During that year his step-mother died, and John Allan tried to befriend him. He was kicked out of West Point because he broke the rules and he could not pay the tuition. In 1834 when John Allan passed away, he did not mention Poe in his will. He married his wife, who was his cousin also, when he was twenty-seven; she was fourteen. He was in and out jobs his whole career all while he...
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