...Advantages of a successful buffer-stock scheme: Stable prices help maintain farmers’ incomes and improve the incentive to grow legal crops Stability enables capital investment in agriculture needed to lift agricultural productivity Farming has positive externalities it helps to sustain rural communitiesStable prices prevent excess prices for consumers – helping consumer welfare Problems with buffer stock schemes In theory buffer stock schemes should be profit making, since they buy up stocks of the product when the price is low and sell them onto the market when the price is high. However, they do not often work well in practice. Clearly, perishable items cannot be stored for long periods of time and can therefore be immediately ruled out of buffer stock schemes. Other problems are: Cost of buying excess supply can cause a buffer stock scheme to run out of cash A guaranteed minimum price might cause over-production and rising surpluses which has economic and environmental costs Setting up a buffer stock scheme also requires a significant amount of start up capital, since money is needed to buy up the product when prices are low. There are also high administrative and storage costs to be considered. The success of a buffer stock scheme however ultimately depends on the ability of those managing a scheme to correctly estimate the average price of the product over a period of time. This estimate is the scheme’s target price and obviously determines the maximum and...
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...Evaluate the case for and against using a buffer stock scheme to stabilise the price of a commodity such as sugar or tin. A buffer stock scheme is an intervention carried out by the government which aims to limit fluctuations in the price of a commodity. It involves the government and/or local authorities buying these storage stocks and selling them back to the famer. Price stability is indicated by low inflation whereby the value of money is also stable. A buffer stock is an attempt at stabilising the prices of key commodities. Extract C states that ‘when prices fall governments are more likely to be concerned’ this may be because more people are likely to buy them so the government is more likely to have to buy more from the farmer. The free market usually determine the prices of commodities such as sugar and tin, yet, without intervention, the prices of coffee and sugar have been unstable as Extract A shows a significant increase in the price of coffee in 2008 and sugar in 2005. Should there be a large rise in supply due to better than expected yields at harvest time, the market supply will shift out – putting downward pressure on the free market equilibrium price. In this situation, the intervention agency will have to intervene in the market and buy up the surplus stock to prevent the price from falling. It is easy to see how if the market supply rises faster than demand then the amount of wheat bought into storage will grow. The stable prices help maintain...
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...Evaluate the case for and against using a buffer stock scheme to stabilise the price of a commodity such as sugar or tin. A buffer stock scheme is an intervention carried out by the government which aims to limit fluctuations in the price of a commodity. But is it the best way to stabilise the price of a commodity like sugar or tin? Consider what would happen if there was no intervention in a commodity market, such as sugar: In the diagram, the Supply for Year 1 is S, which gives a Price of P and Quantity of Q. This is deemed by the government to provide a price which is fair to both consumers and producers and an adequate supply of the commodity. In Year 2 there is a bumper harvest (shown as S2 on the diagram). Without a buffer stock system then price will fall to P2 and Quantity rises to Q2. This could present a problem to producers, who may consider P2 is too low a price for their commodity. In Year 3 there is a poor harvest (shown as S3 on the diagram). Without a buffer stock system then price will rise to P3 and Quantity fall to Q3. Also, P3 could be deemed an unfair price for consumers to pay by the government. The buffer stock system works by minimising fluctuations in the supply of a commodity to help to stabilise price. When there is a good harvest, the government can choose to buy and store the excess supply (Q-Q2). This will keep the price at P and Quantity at Q. However, if there is a bad harvest, the excess commodity from Year 2 can be used to boost supply...
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...LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY HOME WORK – I DOA: 9/7/2012 DoS: 9/17/2012 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Assignment COURSE- Modern Web Programming Tools and Techniques-I COURSE CODE- CAP618T SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO: Anil Kumar Miss. MANDEEP KAUR Roll-A24 Reg. - 11013165 Sec- D1R05 Q: 1 Take a JavaBeans Object named “Profession” with properties domain and expertise. Show the use of all 4 scope types on this object. Ans:- You just need to create a domain object as a JavaBeans property and the corresponding getter and setter methods. The framework will automatically initialize the domain object and transfers the form data. The UserAction class contains the following code. Public class UserAction extends ActionSupport { Private User user; Public UserAction() { Public String execute() { Return SUCCESS; } Public User getUser() { Return user; } Public void setUser(User user) { this. user=user; } } To refer the user attributes like name, age etc. we need to first get the user object and then access its properties. For example to access the user's age in the Action you need to use the following syntax. getUser().getAge(); public class User...
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...Labs Unit 4 Labs NT1210 8/4/14 Unit 4 Labs Lab Review: 4.1 – Page: 82 and 83 1. To eliminate the crossover issue, lower the amount of equipment and cost. Simplify a network. 2. To increase the maximum distance for a signal. If put after the maximum distance the signal may degrade. 3. The connection and processing speed. It also depends on the number of connections the computer or laptop will allow. Lab Review: 4.2 – Page: 85 1. A. Bend Radius: The minimum radius that a fiber optic cable can be bent without loss of light or impairment. A general rule that it be no less than 15 times the cable diameter B. To not affect a signal sent down the line. 2. The core/Glass Filament, Cladding, Buffer, Strengthener and Outer Jacket. Lab Review: 4.3 – Page: 90 1. Ease of installation, lack of certified fiber optic specialists and changes to the physical design of the network later on. 2. By limiting the devices needed depending on the distance and need of each network. Verify the number of access points needed before the start. Lab Review: 4.4 – Page: 95 1. By selecting a specific layer and testing the health you can definitively say the problem lies either below or above that layer. Example: test the Transport layers health if it is ok you know the problem is in the Application layer. 2 A. B. If the cable is damaged in any way it should be checked. -----------------------...
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...CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Design This research is an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of treatment of Cassia alata as antioxidant effects in cardiovascular system of hyperglycemic rats. The antioxidant activity was tested from the leaf of Cassia alata using its aqueous extract. For this study, 30 Wistar rats weighing between 180 to 200g were used. They were housed in standard cages in a room with a 12 hour light/dark cycle and 50 to 60% relative humidity at a temperature of about 30°C. The animals had fed with standard food and water without limit. This study was conducted in two groups of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats in which each group will consist of 15 rats. For the first group of STZ induced diabetic rats had fed with Cassia alata aqueous extract for 20 days meanwhile for the second group of STZ induced diabetic rats had fed with normal saline as a negative control for 20 days. The two groups of STZ induced diabetic had divided into 2 batches. First batch of diabetic rats was consisted of 6 rats for both groups while the second batch was consisted of 9 rats for both groups. All of the rats in two groups had fasted for 12 hour before induced diabetic via STZ injection. After an injection, the rats with level of fasting blood sampling (FBS) above 200 mg/dl will take for further investigation. Henceforth, the treatment was began in which the Cassia alata aqueous extract will administer orally after 48 hour diabetic...
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...there for your entire family. Both work and family come with obligations and it is often difficult to prioritize between the two as both are very important and rely on each other. There are certain buffers that help dissipate work and family conflict. One of them is family composition. There is a lot covered under a family’s composition. Having close family and friends nearby can help a single working mother or father or even dual working parents juggle their work and family lives. Extra hands on deck are always a plus with busy families. Depending on the ages of the children of a family, younger children tend to provide more stressors while older children who need less are more stable and can do a lot for themselves which relieves potential stress off the parents. If both parents work, having set chores for each of them is a good way to even the playing field making sure neither parent is more overloaded than the other. A housekeeper would also be a great option to take some of that stress of their shoulders. The traditional gender roles are where the husbands work the long hours and the wives stay at home and take care of the children and do the housework. Sometimes conflict is created because of the work stress that the husband goes through where the wife does not. A good buffer for this is for the wife to enter the workforce as well, even if it’s simply...
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...para-nitrophenol (PNP). Question: What is the rate of reaction for the hydrolysis of PNA? What is the rate constant k? How are the rate of reaction and the rate constant k affected by varying (1) substrate PNA concentration, and (2) changes in pH (OH- base concentration) and addition of different nitrogen-containing base compounds (i.e.catalysts)? Hypothesis: I hypothesize that the rate of reaction and the rate constant for the hydrolysis of PNA can be determined experimentally to be first order. Also, in the reaction, the experiment will develop as follows: PNA +H2O --> PNP (yellow) + Ac Materials and Methods: The following solutions will be used in the experiment. 1. 0.2 M Phosphate Buffer, pH 6.5 (13.6 g KH2PO4 / 0.5 L, adjust to pH 6.5) 2. 0.4 M Phosphate Buffer, pH 6.5 (27.2 g KH2PO4 / 0.5 L, adjust to pH 6.5) 3. 2 M Potassium Hydroxide (11.2 g KOH / 100 ml solution) 4. 4(para)-nitrophenyl acetate (PNA), 0.0005 M (0.045 g /500 ml), store in 4 oC fridge. 5. Imidazole, 0.025 M (0.17 g Imidazole /100 ml); 6. Super 10x Imidazole, 0.25M (1.7 g /100 ml) 7. 2-Methylimidazole, 0.025 M (0.21 g...
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...Preparation of Buffers for Use in Enzyme Studies (by G. Gomori) The buffers described in this section are suitable for use either in enzymatic or histochemical studies. The accuracy of the tables is within ± 0.05 pH at 23 ºC. In most cases the pH values will not be off by more than ± 0.02 pH even at 37 ºC and at molarities slightly different from those given (usually 0.05 M). The methods of preparation described are not necessarily identical with those of the original authors. The titration curves of the majority of the buffers recommended have been redetermined by the writer. The buffers are arranged in the order of ascending pH range. 1. Hydrochloric Acid-Potassium Chloride Buffer. Stocks solutions A: 0.2 M solution of KCl (14.91 g in 1 L) B: 0.2 M HCl 50 mL of A + x mL of B, diluted to a total of 200 mL x 97.0 78.0 64.5 51.0 41.5 33.3 26.3 20.6 16.6 13.2 10.6 8.4 6.7 jun 14, 2004 pH 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pag.1 2. Glycine-HCl Buffer. Stocks solutions A: 0.2 M solution of glycine (15.01 g in 1 L) B: 0.2 M HCl 50 mL of A + x mL of B, diluted to a total of 200 mL x 5.0 6.4 8.2 11.4 pH 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 x 16.8 24.2 32.4 44.0 pH 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 3. Phthalate-Hydrochloric Acid Buffer. Stocks solutions A: 0.2 M solution of potassium acid phthalate (40.48 g in 1 L) B: 0.2 M HCl 50 mL of A + x mL of B, diluted to a total of 200 mL x 46.7 39.6 33.0 26.4 20.3 pH 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 x 14.7 9.9 6.0 2.63 pH 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4. Aconitate Buffer. Stocks solutions...
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...Abstract: Introduction: Materials: 12 x 5 cm3 plastic tubes 2 x 5 cm3 graduated pipette 1 x 20 cm3 of stock NADH (80 g cm-3) 1 x 20 cm3 of 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 2 x semi micro cuvettes Distilled water wash bottle Access to a Whirly mixer Access to Novaspec digital spectrophotometer 1 x 5 cm3 of a solution of NADH of unknown concentration. Method: 1. Using the protocol depicted in Table 1 set up 6 standard concentrations of NADH in buffer ranging from 0 to 80 µg cm-3. Table 1: Protocol for NADH standard curve. Tube Number. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Volume of Stock NADH (cm3 ) | 0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | Volume of Buffer (cm3 ) | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0 | 2. When you have prepared 1 to 6, mix the contents of each tube with a Whirlymixer. 3. Set up and "blank" the Novaspec with buffer ready to read absorbance at 340 nm (see Introduction, page 3). If the spectrophotometer is not set on 340nm, ask a demonstrator to help. 4. Read the absorbances of each tube at 340 nm using buffer as the blank. 5. Record the A340 readings for each series of tubes in Table 6. Calculate the concentration of NADH in each tube by using the following : 7. Enter the concentrations you have calculated into Table 2 8. Plot the mean A340 against the concentration of NADH on the graph paper to produce a calibration curve. NB you should get a straight line that passes through the origin and the point for tube 6 Results: ...
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...Introduction & Hypothesis: Enzymes are important for every living organism, because they are the reason that reactions occur. Although most reactions would take place without enzymes, enzymes allow these chemical reactions to happen at a much faster rate, therefore making cells more efficient (Reece, 2011). Enzymes are catalysts, and almost always proteins, that speed up the rates of reactions by lowering the activation energy without being consumed in the reaction (Helms, 1998). Throughout this experiment, four procedures will be performed to indicate the factors that alter the functioning of enzymes, and the importance that these factors are to be in correct levels in order for a cell to function properly. Proteins are macromolecules with unique polypeptide chains that make up their structure (Reece, 2011). The functions of proteins are dependent on their structure, and since enzymes are almost always proteins, the structure of the enzyme is very important for the enzyme to function. However, there are factors that can disrupt the structures of enzymes. These can be environmental factors such as temperature and pH, or they can be concentration changes, such as an increase or decrease in enzyme or substrate concentration (Eed, 2013). Temperature is an environmental factor that can alter enzyme activity (Reece, 2011). An increase in the kinetic energy of a solution results in an increase in temperature (Reece, 2011). As the temperature increases, the molecules in the...
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...Soil Fertility, Evaluation and Nutrient Management Major contributors to increased agricultural production * Fertiliser use * Plant breeding * Other cultural practises * (planting date, crop density, rotations etc) * Weed and pest control * Irrigation Future Challenges * World population continues to grow * Decrease in productive land due to industrial, residential, transport use and soil degradation * 2 degree increase in temperature over 100 years * Extreme weather conditions * Advances in agricultural production needed to feed population Factors for crop yield * Plant growth and yield are affected by over 50 factors * We cannot control many of the climate factors * Soil and crop factors can be managed for maximum and economical production * Table: major factors affecting yield potential The Law of the minimum * Crop yield is determined by the most limiting factor * Crop yield can only be increased by eliminating the most limiting factor * Yield cannot be increased by increasing the supply of other nutrients and factors * Challenge is to identify the limiting factors and eliminate them Sources of mineral nutrients for plant uptake * Plants take up mineral nutrients from soil solution * Amounts of nutrients in solution are small * Soil solution nutrients are replenished by there in soil/solid form Table: Nutrient dynamics in the soil that affect nutrient supply to plants The intensity...
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...C Programming on Linux What You Need for This Project * A Kali Linux virtual machine. You could use other operating systems too, if they have a C compiler. Writing the hello.c Source Code In a Terminal window, execute this command: nano hello.c The nano editor opens. Type in the program shown below. #include <stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello World!\n"); } Save your file with Ctrl+X, Y, Enter. Compiling hello.c to Create the hello File In a Terminal window, execute these commands: gcc hello.c -o hello ./hello These commands compile the hello.c program, creating an executable machine language file named hello, and run the hello executable. You should see "Hello World!", as shown below. This program works, but it would be nicer if it greeted you by name, and if it put a couple of newline characters after the greeting to make it cleaner-looking. The next version, hello2, will add these features. Writing the hello2.c Source Code In a Terminal window, execute this command: nano hello2.c The nano editor opens. Type in the program shown below. #include <stdio.h> main() { char name[10]; printf("What is your name?"); scanf("%s", name); printf("Hi, %s\n\n", name); } ...
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...General Chemistry II Professor: Dr. Yang Yang Turned in: April 9, 2014 Experiment #6 The Properties of Buffers Abstract In this experiment the pH of fours solutions was recorded and identified as acidic, basic, or neutral. A buffer system of 0.10 M ammonium ion (NH4+) and 0.10 M ammonia (NH3). This buffer was made three times: once with equal parts ammonium ion and ammonia, next it was diluted to double the volume, and finally it was prepared with an addition of HCl. The pH was recorded to calculate the Ka and pKa values. The most accurate Ka value recorded was the second from B2 which was 5.13x10-10. Using this Ka value the appropriate volumes of ammonium ion and ammonia were calculated to make a buffer solution with a pH of 8.7. The final volumes were 15.9 mL of ammonium ion and 4.1 mL of ammonia. Part A solution pH acidic, basic, neutral? 0.100 M NaHSO4 1.8 acidic 0.100 M Na2CO3 11.2 basic 0.100 M NH3 10.9 basic 0.100 M NaCI 6.8 neutral Net Ionic Reaction NaHSO4 Na+ + HSO4- + H2O --> Na+ (SO4)2- + H3O+ HSO4- + H2O --> (SO4)2- + H3O+ Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + H2O --> NaHCO3 + NaOH 2Na+ + CO32- + H2O --> Na+ + HCO3- + Na+ + OH- CO32- + H2O --> HCO3- + OH- NH3 NH3 + H2O --> NH4-+ OH- NaCI NaCI + H2O --> H2O + Na+ + Cl- NaCI--> Na+ + Cl- Part B calculations attached on next page Ka Values Part Ka pKa B1 6.3x10-10 9.2 B2 5.13x10-10 9.29 B3 3.98x10-10 8.4 Discussion: All of the Ka values were...
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...pH Measurement and Buffer Preparation Quilao, M.H., Regua, R., Reinoso, L.A., Rojas, K.J., Sabalberino, E.M. Abstract In this experiment, phosphate buffer solution was prepared and the pH of the buffer and samples were determined through different liquid indicators and the pH meter. Also, the buffer capacity of the prepared buffer solution was calculated. The group was tasked to prepare a 250 mL phosphate buffer solution of pH 8.0 using dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4) and primary sodium phosphate monohydrate (NaH2PO4.H2O). With the aid of 6.0 M HCl and 6.0 M NaOH, the pH of the buffer was adjusted while being recorded by the pH meter until it reached the desired pH. Afterwards, the buffer solution was introduced to Colorimetric Determination which used acid-base indicators. The buffer solution changed to color yellow when Thymol and Methyl red were added, blue when Bromophenol blue and Bromocresol green were included, purple for Bromocresol purple, pink for Phenol red and Phenolphthalein, and orange for Methyl orange. Introduction The measurement of the low concentration of hydrogen ions present in any biological process is expressed as pH. pH is used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of a solution. pH involves ionic activity, making it difficult to accurately predict the pH value of a solution. The pH is also known to greatly affect our biological system and any large changes could be dangerous, which is why there is a buffer present within our systems...
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