...systems, expansion of empires through conquest due to having expendable people and growth in military powers. Although not a foreign concept to the first wave civilizations, the second-wave civilizations in need of space and resources, left a global footprint more tremendous than previously seen. Deforestation was commonplace. Another changing aspect of society is the concept of citizenship and inclusion, as demonstrated by the Greeks, who gave free people some political power. Social hierarchies experienced some modification from that of the first-wave civilizations. India’s caste system, for instance, became more elaborate, focusing less about race and more about culture and economy. Another particular occurrence introduced in second-wave civilization was an increase in uprisings and rebellions, such as that of Roman slaves or Chinese peasants in the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Women in particular saw a new form of power, developing leadership opportunities created by second-wave religions, such as women gaining autonomy in the monasteries. In general, women were less restricted in the developmental phases of civilizations. The states and empires that structured the second-wave civilizations grew in size, making the tribe-like structures of the first civilizations seem small. The Roman Empire, for example, started as small city-states, and grew to conquer many lands around the Mediterranean Sea. Rome is a good example of how most empirical systems worked; a single political system...
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...Outline of Ancient Greece Paper 1. Introduction to Ancient Greece * What is ancient Greece? * How long did Ancient Greece last? * How did Ancient Greece impact western civilization? 2. Archaic period * Duration of the Archaic period * Characteristics of the Archaic period * Impact of the Archaic period on Greece’s culture 3. Classical Greece * Duration of the Classical period * Characteristics of the Classical period * Impact of the Classical period on Greece’s culture 4. Hellenistic Greece * Duration of the Hellenistic period * Characteristics of the Hellenistic period * Impact of the Hellenistic period on Greece’s culture 5. Roman Greece * Transition to Roman Greece * Characteristics of the period under Roman rule * Impact of the Greek culture on Rome 6. Political structure of Ancient Greece 7. Social structure of Ancient Greece 8. War in Ancient Greece 9. Religion in Ancient Greece 10. Impact of Ancient Greece on today Introduction to Ancient Greece I chose to write about Ancient Greece because my heritage is from that area of the world and that makes it very interesting to me. The period of time that ancient Greece covers spans for about one thousand years and includes several stages of cultural, economic, and political development. This period was also very important because many consider it the time when western culture was born and developed. However, before ancient...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...that may be completely different from yours, it will also help you predict and understand what sort of behavior is accepted or shunned. Furthermore, having a firm understanding of the liberal arts of another country is extremely useful in the business setting, as businesses are naturally influenced by the culture of the people who run them. Any business person working in international settings should develop some sort of understanding of the culture of the country they are working with – it will help in...
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...because of their religion, war, and agriculture. The Aztecs gained an infamous reputation for their bloodthirsty human sacrifices with explicit tales of the beating heart being ripped from the still-conscious victims, decapitation, skinning and dismemberment. All of these things did happen but it is important to remember that for the Aztecs the act of sacrifice was a strictly ritualized process that gave the highest possible honor to the gods and was regarded as a necessity to ensure mankind’s continued prosperity. The Aztecs were not the first civilization in Mesoamerica to practice human sacrifice; human sacrifice was practiced to some extent by many peoples in Mesoamerica and around the world for many centuries. But it was the Aztec empire that really took the ritual to new heights. Although early reports undoubtedly exaggerate the number of human sacrifices that happened during the Spanish Conquest, probably to justify the Spaniards own brutal treatment of the indigenous peoples. Nevertheless, it is thought that hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of victims were sacrificed each year at the great Aztec religious sites and it cannot be denied that there would...
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...origins of agriculture, written language, and cities. It was known as the land between two rivers, the Tigris to the north and the Euphrates to the south. Rains were seasonal in this area, which meant that the land flooded in the winter and spring and water was scarce at other times. Farming in the region depended on irrigation from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In ancient times, many resources in Mesopotamia were scarce or absent, which stimulated trade within the region and beyond. Supported by lucrative trade with its neighbors, Mesopotamia grew to become a powerful empire. Life in Mesopotamia Prehistory The settlement of humans in the Near East began with the movement of Homo erectus off the African continent roughly 2 million years ago during the Paleolithic period. Over the course of several thousand years, Homo erectus spread rapidly throughout the Near East and then into Europe and Southeast Asia. The first three phases of the Paleolithic period (Lower, Middle, and Upper) extend from roughly 2.5 million years BC through 14,000 BC. Each phase is defined by changes in human habitat, stone tool technology, and diet. During most of that time, humans lived in open-air campsites and in small natural caves. They hunted wild animals and fished, gathered wild plants, and wandered over a large geographic area. During the Epipaleolithic period, between 14,000 BC and 9000 BC, humans lived in circular or semi-circular structures called pit houses. These houses often had hearths...
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...Exchange (p. 431) 4. maritime (p. 402) 5. manumission . (p.467) 6. coerced labor systems (p.475) 7. plantation cash crop (p.470) 8. tariffs (p.469) 9. indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople; end of Byzantine 1450s Gutenberg’s Printing Press; Portuguese expand trade in West Africa: Benin, Kongo 1483 Babur conquered northern India, and founded the Mughal Empire 1492 Reconquista completed; Columbus claimed Americas for Spain 1498 Vasco da Gama attacked Calicut 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 theses...
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...HUM 1000: WORLD CIVILIZATIONS NOTES BY DR. KAKAI P.W THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA Definition of key terms As we begin this course, it is crucial to first discuss our understanding of the concept ‘civilization’. This is a comparative term which is usually applied in comparison to such words as ‘barbarian’ ‘savage’ and ‘primitive’. In classical antiquity the Europeans used the word ‘barbarian’ to refer to a foreigner who was regarded as inferior (Ogutu and Kenyanchui, An Introduction To African History, 1991 p33). Do you think this is still the way we use the word barbarian? The Latin speakers referred to hunters, food-gatherers as savage. In the 17th century this term ‘savage’ referred to a person without art, literacy, or society who lived in fear of existence and death. ‘Primitive’ on the other hand, in Latin meant ‘the first or original’. Europeans used these words interchangeably when referring to non-Europeans while the word civilization was preserved to describe historical developments of European people (ibid). Now the term civilization is no longer confined to the above development but also extends reference to non-European communities. Attributes of civilization includes observance to law, belonging to an organized society, having a society of literate people with advanced developments in urbanization, agriculture, commerce, arts and technology. The French thinkers of the 18th century referred to a person of the arts and literature...
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...Engineering Victoria University PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Australia, 8001 E-mail: graham.thorpe@vu.edu.au Structured Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give an example of how the flow of knowledge and the circulation of information can transform urban design and architecture, and rapidly change the nature of a city. It also shows how this transformation can produce an environmentally sustainable city through collective intelligence gained from interactions with geographically dispersed cultures. The city under consideration is the Persian Gulf city of Bushehr th th during the 18 and 19 centuries. During this time the city transformed from being a naval base into a trading and information hub, and this had a strong impact on its popular culture and architecture. Approach – The approach is to examine how the flow of knowledge affected urban design and architecture before the emergence of rampant globalisation. The changes in Bushehr are interpreted in the light of Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizomatic view of knowledge as being unstructured, cross-disciplinary and serendipitous. For example, it is suggested that the encroachment of modernist architecture has not completely destroyed the rhizomatic nature of Bushehr because the ‘asignifying rupture’ ensures that the city continues to grow and develop along new and existing lines. The position of Bushehr as a trading port and information hub led to its adopting architectural styles from east Africa, the...
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...scholarly, went to a flea market in ancient city of Athens. He saw an old lady was selling coins with strange markings; it was not normal Greek language on coin and coin wasn’t wedge shape. Evans asked where she got it, she repeats “Minos” a lot to him; actually, she meant “The Legend of King Minos”: the wife had bestiality with a bull, people sent people as sacrifices. Legendary King Mino was minotaur. In 1893, Evans began his journey to search of the legendary kingdom of Minos. He went to largest island, Crete, in Mediterranean Sea with couple 1,000 men. He went and paid with own money to search for kingdom of Minos because Evans was very rich. Once he dis, he was arrested with the men because Crete was owned by Turkish empire, Ottoman Turks; they were on foreign soil. He was on his own, not with his country since he paid for the trip himself); he bought his way out of prison by purchasing North East section of the island of Crete. In 1899, he continued the actual dig and spent about 40 years there. Finally, he discovered oldest Greek and European civilizations: “Minoans”. In1936, he wrote a book with 4 volumes. The achievements and characteristics of Minoan civilization were: there were over 250 rooms, littered with palaces. The society of palaces was a very urban society dotted the country side. There was legendary palace and maze where the bull from story roamed. Its capital city was Knossus which was the biggest city, palace of King Minos. It had 7-12 major palaces...
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...some beans. Transportation was improved with the safer roads and better vehicles. Foodstuff could be moved farther and faster. Seaborne trades were expanded, facilitated sea travel development .Trade road blocked by snow, rain, mud and robbed led to travel difficulties. No one can change the weather.( page 228-229). 3-Forms of Enterprise: Agricultural specialization became common. Cultivation was growing because of suit with condition climate local. In Toulouse, Blue and yellow dyes were made. The central regions of France focused on cereal grains, Bordeaux and Burgundy regions produced wine, Northern Germany specialized in cattle was raising, Northern England favored sheep. Italian wines and olive oil were move from countryside to the city. French wines were prized throughout Europe. English wool and Flemish cloth were carried far and wide. Salt fish from the Baltic. Lumber traveled across the Mediterranean to Muslim world. Spain produced warhorse. Southern Europe supplied the northern demand for spices, oranges, raisins, figs, almonds, and other exotic foodstuffs. Beautifully colored and textured stone was moved to England for the construction of churches and monasteries....
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...Case study analysis: "Walmart's Strategies in China" Introduction: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (NYSE: WMT), branded as Walmart, is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the world's third largest public corporation, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2012, the biggest private employer in the world with over two million employees, and is the largest retailer in the world. Walmart remains a family-owned business, as the company is controlled by the Walton family, who own a 48 percent stake in Walmart. It is also one of the world's most valuable companies. The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, incorporated on October 31, 1969, and publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. Walmart is also the largest grocery retailer in the United States. In 2009, it generated 51 percent of its US$258 billion sales in the U.S. from grocery business. It also owns and operates the Sam's Club retail warehouses in North America. Walmart has 8,500 stores in 15 countries, under 55 different names. The company operates under the Walmart name in the United States, including the 50 states and Puerto Rico. It operates in Mexico as Walmex, in the United Kingdom as Asda, in Japan as Seiyu, and in India as Best Price. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. Walmart's investments outside North America...
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... around 900 AD their society collapsed and cities abandoned.While their social structure disappeared, the Mayans did not. | | 11,000 B.C. The first hunter-gatherers settle in the Maya highlands and lowlands. 3114 or 3113 B.C. The creation of the world takes place, according to the Maya Long Count calendar. 2600 B.C. Maya civilization begins. Olmec figurine 2000 B.C. The rise of the Olmec civilization, from which many aspects of Maya culture are derived. Village farming becomes established throughout Maya regions. 700 B.C. Writing is developed in Mesoamerica. 400 B.C. The earliest known solar calendars carved in stone are in use among the Maya, although the solar calendar may have been known and used by the Maya before this date. Mayan Calendar 300 B.C. The Maya adopt the idea of a hierarchical society ruled by nobles and kings. 100 B.C. The city of Teotihuacan is founded and for centuries is the cultural, religious and trading center of Mesoamerica. 50 B.C. The Maya city of Cerros is built, with a complex of temples and ball courts. It is abandoned (for reasons unknown) a hundred years later and its people return to fishing and farming. Teotihuacan 100 A.D. The decline of the Olmecs. 400 The Maya highlands fall under the domination of Teotihuacan, and the disintegration of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the highlands. 500 The Maya city of Tikal becomes the first great Maya city, as citizens from Teotihuacan make their way...
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...Mughal Miniature Paintings The Mughal Empire was born under the reign of Emperor Babur in the early 16th century. He was a direct decedent of Timur and was affected by Persian culture, which significantly influenced his reign and those of the Mughal emperors that followed in the Indian subcontinent. Babur seized power of India from a previous Islamic dynasty known as the Lodis on his arrival from eastern Iran. Islamic rulers had a stronghold on the central areas of north India since the late 12th century. However, much of the northern subcontinent was under Hindu rule. The Hindu kingdoms were heirs to India’s rich artistic history even though the minimal Islamic presence discouraged non-Muslim artistic traditions. Most of the Hindu states were ruled by Rajput’s and contained painters working under royal, priestly, or merchant patronage. Majority of the paintings were of the God Krishna. Real people were not found in pre-Mughal paintings. In these paintings bright and flat colors were without any shading while the figures were highly stylized. Manuscript illustration from the Bhagavata Purana, 1525. Manuscript illustration from the Bhagavata Purana, 1525. Artists from different areas interacted with one another and sought employment without concern for the religious affiliation of the patron. A family or two local artists satisfied painting needs. Once Emperor Babur took control, he established painting workshops. Babur hired artists from Iran as well as those from...
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