...Amongst the most commonly used would be the light bulb. Furthermore, as Prof. Seeram thought of the project by looking at items found in everyday usage, I would assume that the light source in question would be the compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulb. It consists of glass vacuum tubing coated inside with luminophore; this tube contains mercury and argon with an electrode on each end, which is coated in an emission material (Mishra) (Acton). There is also ballast, ballast housing and its base but we will be focusing on the vacuum tube, electrode and ballast housing in this project. Fig 1. Inner workings of CFL bulb Types of material used Looking at the vacuum tube electrode and ballast housing, Table 1 below shows the materials used for each component (Hengdian Group Tospo Lighting Co.,Ltd.). Table 1. Materials used in a CFL bulb Material used in a CFL bulb | Component | Material | Vacuum tube | Soda lime glass | Electrodes | Tungsten covered in (BaO, CaO, SrO) + ZrO2 | Ballast Housing | PBT (Polybutylene-terephthalate) or PET (Polyethylene- terephthalate) | Critical material properties and testing standards for components Table 2 below shows the critical material properties for the components used as well as the general standards used in the United States of America for testing if any. Table 2. Critical material properties and testing standards Critical material properties and standards used in a CFL bulb | Component | Critical material properites...
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...In today's homes people are worried on the economy and what expenses are being used. Compact fluorescent light bulbs are often mentioned as one of the easiest ways to shrink your power bill. The compact size of these CFLs allows them to fit into many existing incandescent light fixtures, including table and floor lamps commonly found in households. They present the quintessential green-green situation: saving money and helping the environment. There's the higher retail price. CFLs also have a very long lifespan, typically 6000- 15,000 hours compared to the 750-1,000 hours for a normal incandescent bulb. But the CFL can last up to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, meaning you'd have to buy 10 of them during a single $3.00 CFL's lifespan. Each CFL saves about $30.00 during its tenure, according to the U.S. Energy Star program, and pays for itself in about six months. One of the most potent threats to CFLs' superiority isn't their cost, but their contents. It is the use of this small amount of mercury that allows any fluorescent lamp to produce visible illumination at much higher efficiency levels than incandescent lighting. Typical household CFLs contain less than 5 mg of mercury, which is a sphere about the size of the tip of a pen. CFLs do not emit mercury as they operate. The only way mercury could be emitted from a CFL would be if the outer glass tubing that contains the mercury were to break. Care should be taken not to break a CFL. If you break one, you...
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...ATHARVA NATURALS 3/25, Kondaji Bldg, Jerbai Wadia Rd, Parel, Mumbai – 400012 Tel : 022 – 24171122 Mob: 09869066677, 09869025588 Email : atharvanaturals@yahoo.com ; jyoteecolours@yahoo.co.in Website: www.athravanaturals.com TRADE PRICE LIST FOR DEHYD. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS |Nos |NAME OF PRODUCTS |RS. |STANDARD PACKING | | |Dehy. Onion Flakes/Kibbled White. |205/- |14 Kg in a P/Bag, 2 bags in a carton. | | |Dehy. Onion Minced White. |215/- |15 Kg in a P/Bag, 2 bags in a carton. | | |Dehy. Onion Fried White |215/- |15 Kg in a P/Bag, 2 bags in a carton. | | |Dehy. Roasted Onion Kibbled White |215/- |12.5 Kg in a P/Bag, 2 bags in a carton | | |Dehy. Roasted Onion Minced White |225/- |12.5 Kg in a P/Bag, 2 bags in a carton | | |Dehy. Onion Powder White |200/- |20 Kg in a P/Bag with outer carton. | | |Dehy. Roasted Onion Powder White |205/- |20 Kg in a P/Bag with outer carton. | | |Dehy. Onion Flakes/Kibbled...
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...Lab 2 Problem 4: Resistors and Light Bulbs Ruth Nyagitari March 8, 2016 Physics 1202W, Professor: Thomas Walsh, TA: Joshua Hitbrand Abstract In order to determine the similarities and differences of the electrical properties of light bulbs and resistors the relationship between the voltage across a light bulb and the current through the light bulb was compared to a resistor. A power source was used as a source of potential difference. The change in resistance was observed as well as change in the applied voltage. The voltage versus the current was analyzed using ohms law it was predicted that if voltage across a resistor increases the current through the resistor will increase as well. Introduction While debating about the role of electric circuits in biological systems it was argued that a light bulb may not be a good model for biological electrical energy transfer. A light bulb is easy to observe difference in energy transfer rates by observing the change in brightness. However in order to give light it’s raised to temperature higher than biological systems. Instead a resistor was suggested to be a better model for biological systems because its transfers energy out of the electric circuit without extreme behavior of a bulb. To determine the similarities and difference between use of bulbs and resistors a graph is drawn depicting the relationship between the voltage across a light bulb to the current through the light bulb and then compared to a resistor. In the experiment...
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...olfactory system. Inside the nasal cavity, the turbinates direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region, the surface of which is covered by a mucus layer. Though only a few centimeters wide, there are an estimated 6,000,000 bipolar olfactory receptor cells (or neurons) inside the olfactory epithelium. There are about 347 related and various olfactory receptor types and a typical receptor cell contains only one type. Astonishingly, one cell is responsible for a range of odorants, the reason for which will be discussed in the later part. The olfactory cells step into the olfactory mucus with 10-30 receptor bearing cilia, and extend a long axon through the epithelium and cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb, a signal relay center. For detection, odorants, essentially volatile and non-reacting chemicals, have to pass through the 10–40μm thick mucus layer, which is achieved by either diffusion or the aid of odorant binding proteins which escort lipophilic molecules through the aqueous mucus medium. Note that the mucus, mainly secreted by Bowman’s glands, contains a number of enzymes which can kill bacteria and inactivate virus. The odorant then come into contact with one of the many cilia...
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...Technical Explanation: I Smell Memories… Purpose: To inform my audience about the connection of smells to memories. Audience Analysis: This process is difficult to this particular group of students because most of this class consist of business majors so most likely the highest biology class they have completed is BIO 1101. This information, which I will present in a cause/effect structure, is complex and involves critical thinking. Introduction I. “Six years ago, on an early morning in September, Molly Birnbaum was out for her regular jog when she was hit by a car. Her pelvis was shattered, her skull fractured, her knee torn. Yet for her, the most serious damage was far less visible: she lost her sense of smell. Birnbaum, now 29, was an aspiring chef, and the loss meant the end of her career. It also meant something else, something that was potentially even more life-changing. "I felt like I lost a dimension of my memory," she says. "It made me worried about the future. If I couldn't smell ever again, was I losing this important layer”? (Konnikova) A. This was a story told by Maria Konnikova. B. She is a contributing writer for The New Yorker with a Ph.D. in Psychology from Columbia University told this story in an article called, “Smells like Old Times”. II. After reading this article I started thinking about how certain smells trigger different memories. A. Like how the smell of Beautiful, a perfume by Estee Lauder, reminds me of my great grandma’s house and her...
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...Term Paper Marketing Management (MKT201) Sec: 6 Topic: Marketing plan for Energypac Energy Saving Bulb Submitted To: Afreen Choudhury Lecturer Department of Business Administration Submitted By: Date of submission: 8th August [pic] Table of Contents |Topics |Page | |Executive Summary |4 | |Industry Analysis |5 | |Company Background |5 | |SWOT Analysis |6 | |Porter five Analysis |7 | |Product Description |8 | |Market Analysis |9 | ...
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...The Light and the Electron The Light and the Electron The discovery of the electron and the invention of the incandescent light bulb are among the most exciting and valuable innovations in human history. The incandescent light bulb produces light, and it is a very durable version of the earliest of light sources. Light bulbs and electrons go hand in hand as the electron plays a very important role in producing light. Both came into fruition during the 19th century, and our knowledge of both has improved greatly since their arrival into human history. The discovery of the electron today has paved the way for unparalleled advances in particle sciences, while the light bulb has come a very long way in the advancement of energy conservation and efficiency. The incandescent light bulb, which many inaccurate accounts of history credit Thomas Edison with the invention of, actually had several inventors who built models of it before Edison. In 1809, Humphry Davy invented the first electric light bulb. He connected wires to a battery, and subsequently connected a strip of charcoal to the opposite ends of the wires. Miraculously, the tiny amount of charcoal produced light, and became known as the arc lamp. However, the arc lamp was not what historians deem as a true incandescent light bulb. The first true incandescent light bulb was invented by a German watchmaker named Henricg Globel, and he used carbonized bamboo as a filament (Bellis, n.d.). Leading historians have actually...
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...BankofAmerica.com 2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning Adding insulation to your walls and attic, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heat while you're sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Setting your thermostat just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each year. 3. Change a Light Bulb Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL will save you $30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. If every U.S. family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road. 4....
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...standardized system applied to the scientific process. I will present a brief example of what the scientific method is and how to apply it to a real life issue. Scenario 1: You arrive home late at night. You walk up to the front door, unlock it, and reach in to turn on the light switch located just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what? Oh, no. It's dark and difficult to see. Why isn't the light going on? Let's see. What could be the problem? Well, let me use my scientific method to see if I can figure this out. Step 1. Define the problem: The light will not go on. Why might this be? It could be lots of reasons. Maybe the bulb is out. Maybe the switch is broken. Maybe the circuit breaker has been shut off. Maybe we're having a power outage. 2. Gather information about the question. The bulb is old and often the bulb may go out. There hasn't been any storm recently that might have blown the power lines down. The man was working on the doorbell repair and may have shut down the circuit breaker when he was working. Hmm...there are many reasons why the light may not be going on, but let me start with the circuit...
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...Near terry hills Subd. Zone 10 Bulua CDOC Water with Salt in Bottle As Solar light Bulb Researchers: Ivette Claire Eduave Maricris Aliwate Merlo Tagolimot Reymart Baquirquir September 2, 2014 Introduction A Light Bulb is a a glass bulb inserted into a lamp or a socket in a ceiling, that provides light by passing an electric current through a filament or a pocket of inert gas. Without this invention we would still be spending our days and nights in darkness.Unless you prefer the use of candle light, oil lamps, camp fires and the such all the time, light bulbs are an important part of our daily lives because simplyspeaking they provide the light we need in order to see.The invention enables us to be able to conduct work at night. This greatly improves productivity, enhances the quality of our life, and reduces crime rates. Statement of the Problem 1. Will the water with salt inside the bottle be able to retract sunlight? 2. What is the effect of the amount of salt to the brightness of the solar light bulb? Hypothesis Is the water with salt can retract sunlight then it is possible for us to make a solar light bulb? Secondly, if the amount of salts affects the brightness of the solar light bulb then we can consider the quantity of salt as the brightness of the salt. Review of Related Literature Alfredo Moser got the idea of a solar bottle bulb as he was figuring out a way to illuminate his workshop during one of the frequent power...
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...>_ . - k;,&.$&.+f4rtrtil Clzapteu 3: Case Studies The Westin Hotel San Francisco h r p o r t S u n Francisco, Cal$ynia Key Purchases Long-life light bulbs and electronic ballast. the vear, stores are remodeled for both current and new tenants. During this process, construction barricades are used to cover the storefront entrance and limit access to the area under renovation. The change to reusable construction barricades was initiated in 1995. 2 . Who Initiated the Change and Why? The management of MissionValley Center wanted to find a construction barricade that was durable, attractive and most importantly, inexpensive.The standard practice was to use construction barricades made of plywood, metal or gypsum. This type of barricade was used once and disposed of along with other materials generated during renovation.The average cost of the single use barricades was $45-50 per liner foot. Who lnitiated the Change and Why? In 1995, the Westin Hotel San Francisco Airport developed a comprehensive Environmental Plan. Based on this plan and cost savings calculations, the Hotel's Facility Engineer initiated the purchase of long-life light bulbs and installation of electronic ballast. Although they cost more initially, long-life light bulbs use less energy, generate less waste and need to be replaced less frequently thereby cutting labor costs. The electronic ballast were used to replace magnetic ballast, leading to increased lighting efficiency and reduced...
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...promotion. b. The product is the LED (light-emitting diode), which is a semi-conductor diode that glows when a voltage is applied. c. The product can be used in outdoor lighting, mp3 players, DVD players, computers and televisions. III. A marketing plan that addresses product modification, pricing, promotional programs, distribution channels, and e-business in your chosen country. a. LED modifications include, but not limited to: incandescent flashlight replacement bulbs (everLED). b. Use in the traffic lights and outdoor signs of some cities. c. Many automotive manufacturers are beginning to use LEDs for their headlights. d. Pricing- varies depending on the type of bulb. 1. Can cost anywhere from $20 to $75 for a bulb that projects the same amount of light as a normal 60 watt incandescent bulb. 2. The cost savings is noticed per year compared to the normal light bulbs. e. Promotional programs include, but not limited to; internet and television. f. Distribution channels and e-business- 1. Handing the business through a joint partner. 2. Manufacturing in China. 3. Formosa Epitaxy (FOREPI), LED chipmaker trying to gain more LED lighting distribution channels in China 4. Internet usage for ordering products...
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... |PRICE PER PIECE | |1 |Single Arm Lamp Post (10ft) | | | 2000 | | |70 Watts Sodium / Metal Hallide |30 watts single chip LED Bulb |699 | | | | |w/ heat sink | | | |2 |Double Arm Lamp Post (10ft) | | | 2000 | | |70 watts Sodium / Metal Hallide |30 watts single chip LED Bulb |122 | | | | |w/ heat sink | | | |3 |Five Arm Lamp Post (10ft) | | | 2000 | | |70 watts Sodium / Metal Hallide |30 watts single chip LED Bulb |70 | | | | |w/ heat sink | | | |4 |Single Arm Lamp Post (40ft) ...
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...Assignment 1.1: Industrialization after the Civil War Thesis and Outline Amiah-Mone Parker The Industrial Revolution was of great importance to the economic development of the United States. The new era of mass production kindled in the United States because of technological innovations, a patent system, new forms of factory corporations, a huge supply of natural resources, and foreign investment. The growth of large-scale industry in America had countless positive results, but also negative results as well. Industrialization after the Civil War affected the United States in several ways including poverty, poor labor laws, and the condition of the people. Between 1865 and 1920, Industrialization had many positive effects on society which caused change in people’s daily lives. The first major innovation that was beneficial was the new railroad system. Railroads out west played a huge part in the successful expansion of our country. Prior to the development of a more efficient railroad system, the movement of people and freight were slow, difficult, and cost efficient. Most goods had to be produced and provided locally on a small scale. As a result, prices for products were costly. Despite that, with the help of federal grants, railroad developers were able to build a more efficient railroad system that would connect the established east with the unsettled west. After the completion of the new railroads system, farmers were in practical distance...
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