...For over a half of a century in Rwandas history, the Tutsi and Hutu tribes fought over power in a ethnic battle fueled by discrimination and harsh persecution. The Tutsi and Hutu tribes were pushed against eachother by foreign imperialistic powers until finally in 1994 a large scale incedent was finally sparked. The blame of this incedent cannot be put unto anyone without looking into the years of hatred that built up to it. Before the European occupation of Rwanda, The Tutsis and Hutus lived coexistent lifestyles. Tutsis and Hutus were separate ethnic groups that lived peacefully. Some Tutsis and Hutus were local chiefs within Rwanda, and at this time there was no organized discrimination or Clashes between the groups. After World War 1, Belgium overtook Rwanda as a colony and established the Tutsis as the natural born leaders of the Nation. The once peaceful lifestyle that existed in Rwanda was no more, As all Tutsis were given Identity cards to distinguish them from the Hutu Subclass. During this period racial tensions mounted as the Hutus were oppressed. During the 1950s, the Tutsi Elite began to strive towards independence and lash out against the centralized belgian rule in Rwanda. In an attempt to silence this movement, the Belgian Government shifted their support towards the Hutu Majority who lacked experience in domination. Soon after, with the Communist nations in the United Nations supporting Rwandan Independence, Clashes between the weaker Tutsis and the now...
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...INTRODUCTION Burundi, situated in the Great Lakes Region, has experienced cycles of war since independence was attained on 1 July 1962. Of these, two major conflicts have caused the greatest political and social upheaval. In April 1972, Hutu rebels from the south, using Tanzania as a springboard, invaded the country through the province of Bururi, where they systematically slaughtered Tutsis. The repressive reaction of the Burundian Army (FAB) took the form of equally brutal reprisals against Hutu members of the population, including members of the elite. The war resulted in the first manifestation of internally displaced people (IDP) within Burundi and refugees outside the country’s borders, after thousands of Burundians had fled to neighbouring countries. In October 1993, the first democratically elected Hutu president, Ndadaye Melchior, was murdered. When Ndadaye’s successor, President Cyprien Ntaryamira, and Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana were killed in a plane crash in April 1994, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) described the reaction that followed as an act of genocide against Tutsis and moderate Hutus. It is estimated that more than 300 000 people were killed during the massacre. EFFORTS TO RESTORE PEACE An agreement reached in September 1994, the Convention of Government (CG), made provision for the establishment of a coalition government led by a president from FRODEBU and a prime minister from UPRONA, among other transitional...
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...INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSESSMENT: Table of Contents I History and Introduction …………………………………………………………………….3 II Economic Overview …………………………………………………………………………..5 III Business Culture ……………………………………………………………………………….7 A. Business Ethics ……………………………………………………………………7 B. Greetings and Courtesies …………………………………………………….7 C. Meetings …………………………………………………………………………….8 D. Business Attire …………………………………………………………………….8 E. Women in Business ……………………………………………………………..8 F. Business Advisory …………………………………………………………………9 a. Politics and Graft ………………………………………………………9 b. Fraud ………………………………………………………………………..9 IV Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………10 V Endnotes ……………………………………………………………………………………………11 I Hisotry and Introduction The pygmy race known as the Twa were the original settlers in the Rwanda region, and they have lived there since prehistory. The Hutu tribes arrived in numbers during the 1st century A.D. During the 14th century, the Tutsi invaded from the north and successfully dominated the more numerous Hutus as well as the nomadic Twa. During the next centuries the Hutu became the agrarian providers for the warrior Tutsis, who in turn provided defense for the Hutus. This partnership lasted until the arrival in 1897 of an even more dominant tribe: the Germans. Along with Burundi, Rwanda became part of short-lived German East Africa. In 1923, the territory became a protectorate under Belgium’s...
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...Rwanda For over a half of a century in Rwandas history, the Tutsi and Hutu tribes fought over power in a ethnic battle fueled by discrimination and harsh persecution. The Tutsi and Hutu tribes were pushed against eachother by foreign imperialistic powers until finally in 1994 a large scale incedent was finally sparked. The blame of this incedent cannot be put unto anyone without looking into the years of hatred that built up to it. Before the European occupation of Rwanda, The Tutsis and Hutus lived coexistent lifestyles. Tutsis and Hutus were separate ethnic groups that lived peacefully. Some Tutsis and Hutus were local chiefs within Rwanda, and at this time there was no organized discrimination or Clashes between the groups. After World War 1, Belgium overtook Rwanda as a colony and established the Tutsis as the natural born leaders of the Nation. The once peaceful lifestyle that existed in Rwanda was no more, As all Tutsis were given Identity cards to distinguish them from the Hutu Subclass. During this period racial tensions mounted as the Hutus were oppressed. During the 1950s, the Tutsi Elite began to strive towards independence and lash out against the centralized belgian rule in Rwanda. In an attempt to silence this movement, the Belgian Government shifted their support towards the Hutu Majority who lacked experience in domination. Soon after, with the Communist nations in the United Nations supporting Rwandan Independence, Clashes between the weaker Tutsis and...
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...On April 1994, Rwanda suffered from genocide and it was lasted for 100 days. It was a conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic group. It was primarily carried out by “Hutu supremacist militia groups, co-perpetrated by the state government of Rwanda, the Rwandan Army, and Rwandan civilians in compliance with the “Hutu Power” movement” (World without genocide). Which shows that the Hutu ethnic group name Parmehutu led this social revolution or started genocide which overthrew the Tutsi ruling class which was a minority group. This resulted into “20,000 Tutsis and the exile of another 200,000 to neighboring countries” (World without genocide). As a result the population of the Tutsi group got reduced and in 1985 a political group formed by Tutsi...
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...It takes a village to rise a child, it takes a politician to kill that child. The genocide in Rwanda was a result of European Imperialism, those who studied abroad in Europe brought back the ideals of an empire. These were the same ideals that lead to many genocides in European countries, including of course the Holocaust. As Hatzfeld stated, " Learning is necessary to enlighten us about the world. But it does not make man better, it makes him more efficient. " As you told us in class the Europeans favored those that looked and acted more like themselves, so in turn many who became educated can be assumed to buy into the idea of superiority of one race other another and through their education they found better ways to communicate, argue,...
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... There is many times in history when there was ethnically motivated violence. Some of those include, the Holocaust (the jews involved), and Richard Nixon. One of the most well known genocides in history would be the Rwandan Genocide (the Hutu’s and the Tutsi’s). The Rwandan Genocide caused fear to shape the identities of those around it because of violence, it caused the Tutsi’s to flea, and jealousy between the Hutu’s and the Tutsi’s. Violence was a big part of fear shaping people’s identity in Rwanda. The Rwandan Genocide was mostly the ethnic group (Hutu’s) murdering and causing violence to the Tutsi’s. According to the article, “Under the cover of war, Hutu extremists launched their plans to destroy the entire Tutsi civilization population.” (United Human Rights Council) This caused fear to shape the Hutu’s identity because the Hutu’s feared that the Tutsi’s would gain more power so they thought violence and murder would be the answer. A lot of families were killed so more and more people were murdered and soon the Tutsi population would be demolished. Since more people were finding out about this “genocide” they had a great plan to just flee the country. This topic now leads us into the fleeing of the many people that survived. The Tutsi’s then began to flee so that means other countries were involved in the “genocide”. According to the reading, “ Tutsi and people suspected of being Tutsi were killed in their homes and as they tried to flee at roadblocks set up across...
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...Analyse the causes of the Rwandan genocide Genocide has been seen as one of the worst moral crimes in the world. In this essay I will be analysing the causes of the Rwandan genocide by taking into account factors such as the history of Rwanda, the environmental, cultural, political and the role of the media and how they contributed to the mass killings of the Rwandan population. Raphael Lemkin has defined genocide as the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group. Moreover the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide has stated that acts such as intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group all account for genocidal acts. In 1994 Rwanda witnessed the unleashing of the genocide of the Tutsi by the ruling Hutu led government. It had been stated that Rwanda erupted into one of the most appalling cases of mass murder the world has witnessed since the Second World War. From 1894 until the end of World War 1, Rwanda was part of German East Africa. An estimation of half a million people was killed. The killings in Rwanda fell into three categories; combatants killing combatants, Hutu citizens, parliamentary and military forces killing Hutu citizens because the victims were either moderate or were willing to live and work with Tutsi and the Hutu killing Tutsi because they were Tutsi. The population of Rwanda is made up of three ethnic groups. One percent of the population are Twa (pigmy hunters)...
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...Prejudice and Discrimination Rwanda: The Batwa Mary Barley Axia College of University of Phoenix May 21, 2011 Walter James The Batwa Driving through Rwanda one would think it was one of the most beautiful countries they had ever seen with all the green mountains, lakes, and hills. The people that lived there were farmers tending their crops and it was a clean peaceful country. No one would ever think Rwanda had such a horrible tragedy happen in 1994 to a country such as this. Rwanda is a small rural, over populated, and extremely poor country that is in east central Africa. Burundi is to the south of Rwanda, Tanzania is to east, Uganda is north and to the west of Rwanda is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The cause of the genocidal civil war in 1994 was ethnic, regional, and class differences. This war took about one million lives (Gordon, 2011). The country of Rwanda consisted of three divisions of ethnic groups. They were the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa, or also known as Batwa. The reason why there was a division of ethnicity was the perception that they were from different origins. They all looked very similar with minor physical differences, so in regards to race, they were the same. One of the differences of physical features was height. The Hutu and Batwa were considered short, with the emphasis of being inferior. The Tutsi were regarded as powerful, as they were taller and considered handsome. These were the stereotypes when the conflict between...
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...independence. This happened in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1962, however, Rwanda became independent (“Rwandan Genocide”). Despite speaking the same language and following the same traditions, there have always been disagreements between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Animosity has increased greatly since the Colonial Period. The Hutus had attacked the Tutsis in 1959, and attacked again in 1963 from Burundi. The Hutus took the Tutsis’ land and power. Then, in 1990, the Hutu government killed thousands of Tutsis. In 1993, there was a ceasefire. The president and the RPF agreed to form a new government in August of the same year. The United Nations would help make peace; however, this plan did not happen (Harmon). In 1988, the Tutsis in Uganda formed the RPF political party. Starting in October of the same year, the Hutus were attacked by the RPF. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) is a Ugandan-based Tutsi-led rebel group. They have launched many attacks against the Hutu-led government (“Rwandan Genocide”). On April 6, 1994, the president of Burundi died in a plane crash. The plane was shot down. The president was a Hutu, so the Hutus blamed the Tutsis for the assassination. Although the Tutsis said they were not responsible, the Hutus said every Tutsi should be killed. The next day, the prime minister was killed. All of this led to the start of the Rwandan Genocide (Harmon). During this period of fighting, soldiers and police officers encouraged...
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...The Rwandan Genocide In April and July of 1994, around “800,000 Tutsi and Moderate Hutus(ethnic groups that lived in Rwanda) were slaughtered” when they tried to rebel against the Hutu extremist-led government. He was trying to murder all the Tutsi minority and willing to kill anyone who stepped in the way. The genocide is one of the worst moments in human history. This genocide went down in history as the quickest killing spree the world has ever seen. The Hutu extremist-let government made a plan to kill and wipe out all the Tutsis in the country. The Hutus blamed the Tutsi people for the country’s increasing social, economic, and political pressures. On October 2, 1990, a civil war broke out between Hutus and Tutsis. The tutsi rebel group, Rwandan Patriotic Front, invaded Rwanda from the north. The main perpetrators were the Hutu extremists. The main reason for the for the genocide in Rwanda was because of the colonialism and the fact that the country was split. The Hutus and Tutsis split not because of “religious or cultural differences, but economic ones.” After the independence of Rwanda, colonial divide-and-conquer type strategies occurred.THe Hutus won the first election of the country because there were way more of the Hutus in the country than Tutsis. Violence began to stir up between the Hutu and the Tutsis and eventually ended in this genocide. The Rwandan Genocide was carried out by mostly “Hutu supremacist militia groups, co-perpetrated by the state government...
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...Learning about all three genocides has taught me that when belief systems of societies come into conflict it can easily escalate into tense situations. That can often lead to chaos if the conflict is not resolved. One example of this is the Rwandan Genocide. In this genocide the Tutsis were minority and were ruling over the majority, Hutus. This started a conflict among the Tutsis and Hutus because they could not come into agreement of equal ruling power. The Hutus then started killing a lot of the Tutsis and other Hutus that would not join them. This shows that even people with similar ethnicity kill each other if there is a difference in opinion. The Hutus would also kill their neighbors and friends that were Tutsis. If there was no disagreement and conflict, this mass killing wouldn’t have occurred and the Hutus and Tutsis would have been able to become friends. Another example is the Bosnian Genocide. In this genocide the Serbians took over Bosnia while killing most of the Bosnians. The Bosnians tried to fight back, but were overpowered and helpless. The Bosnians that did not die right away were sent to concentration or death camps. In this genocide the Serbians could have come peacefully and asked for a part of their land instead of taking it. The Bosnians might have said no, but at least they could come into an agreement and have a plan that did not involve a genocide. Lastly, the third genocide we learned about was the Darfur Genocide. This genocide also shows evidence...
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...Rwandan Genocide In the Beginning on April six nineteen ninety four Hutus began the process of murdering the Tutsis in the African country known as Rwanda. As the brutal slaughter went on , the people of the world watched on in horror as their fellow human beings were killed. The dark days of that year alone lasted a hundred days but the carnage they left behind would last a life time because more than eight hundred thousand of both Hutus and Tutsis were killed in those dark days. Before this all started ethnic tensions were high between the Tutsis and the Hutus because although the Hutus were the majority before the rebellion the Tutsis were in control of the government and from that time anger and fear was rising . An ideology of fear of the minority of taking control was in the air and not only was there fear of the Tutsis taking over but also that they would soon enslave the Hutus and that was one of the reasons they wanted to destroy there enemies. When the president of Rwanda’s plan was shot down that was the breaking point in what people say would be one of the saddest days in human history to be rivaled only by world war two when the Nazis murdered the minority Jewish population. When the world heard of the atrocities being committed in Rwanda the united nations quickly jumped to save the foreigners but of course a person had to be a white foreigner to be saved. Like many know if you are poor or non-white...
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...For many Rawandans, the genocide against the Tutsi became an integral and unforgettable part of their history. The slaughter of nearly a million people is usually associated with the medival times and one can only wonder how the Rawandan genocide could occur in our lifetime. Phillip Gourevitch’s essay “We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families” explores the mechanisms and motivation required for a mass genocide such as the Rawandan Genocide to occur in our lifetime. Taking the role of a journalist, Phillip Grouevitch brings the reader to ground zero of the genocide and brings awareness to the atrocities committed outside of our sheltered first world lives. Through the use of vivid imagery, objective approach, and victim testimonies of the events that lead to the genocide, Philip successfully brings awareness to the issues happening in the world and the motivations behind them. Philip’s essay begins with vivid imagery of the remains of the victims of the genocide. The victims were brutually slaughtered, most hacked apart with crude instruments such as machetes and homemade bats. How is a population of average people able to systematically carry out these acts of violence over the period of three months and slaughter nearly a million people with some being close neighbors or relatives? Philip concludes the scenario took place as a result of multiple factors of fear, education, and respect to authority. During the start of the genocide, all Hutus were...
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...called themselves the RPF, Rwandese Patriotic Front. The first days of the attack were successful, but suddenly the RPF started to lose ground. This was mostly because Habyarimana got help from the French military. So they started using guerilla warfare, which made them a little more successful. When the RPF did this it only made it much worse for the Tutsi and even the Hutu within Rwanda. Many of the Tutsi and Hutu political opponents were within Rwanda were arrested. The Tutsi were slaughtered in violent numbers throughout the country. This was true especially for the provinces by choice of Habyarimana. At least hundreds of Tutsi were killed from October 1990 to August 1994. In August 1994, Habyarimana and President Cyprien Ntaryamira of Burundi were in a plane, flying back from a meeting. Their plane was blown up over Kigali. Nobody knows who blew up the plane. There are different beliefs. Some say it was his own followers, because he signed a peace treaty with the RPF. Others say it was the Tutsi, but the day after various murders took place. Hutu who differed with the government and the Tutsi were both targeted. The murders were carried out by the Hutu official that took over the government. The RTLM (Radio Television des Mille Collines) announced to the population to keep an out out for the “enemies” and if they were to see them to kill them. Tutsi and Hutu who were able fled to other countries. While this was taking place, the RPF once again invaded Rwanda. In July 1994,...
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