...DAVID DUNLAP v. THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY The legal issue in the case involved a 52 year old African American male with 20 years of boilermaker experience named David Dunlap. Mr. Dunlap filed claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) discriminated against him for employment with the organization. He had been employed as a temporary employee and had applied several times for a position with TVA has a boilmaker and was never offered a position or an interview. The court ruled in Mr. Dunlap favor that he was subjected to discrimination by both disparate treatment and disparate impact analyses. (Walsh, 2010) The court concluded that (TVA) hiring process was subjective and allowed racial discrimination against the Plaintiff and African American applicants. (Walsh, 2010) The Plaintiff’s claim of disparate impact failed because TVA employment practices lack discriminatory content, but affected one group more than others. In this case affect the African American applicants. During Dunlop claim of disparate treatment was succeed because the different treatment had to only show difference on the individual’s race, religion, national origin, disability, sex, age. Dunlop was equally qualified for the position, but was not hired because of his race. The TVA should make the selection process more efficient by gathering information electronically rather than by...
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...Public organisations should be more business-like. Introduction There is no lacking of support in the society advocating that public organisations should be heading towards into a manner that is more business-like, in other words, to adopt the business model that private companies operate. However, there are also people in the public suggests that the public sector should keep its operating model for public and private organisations are operating to achieve different goals in the society. This article is aimed to examine whether organisations in the public arena should be run more business-like through situational examination, literature reviews and detail market analysis. In this paper, the author will discuss the difference between the public sector and the private companies in terms of business objectives, the uniqueness of public services offer by the public sector before the discussion of whether public organisations should run more business-like. Public Sector Vs Private companies By their very nature, public and private sector businesses are very different organisations operating to fulfil different objectives. The public sector has public accountability and therefore institutions in this sector is usually are owned and operated by the government. Organisations operate in the public sector, for example, the Royal New Zealand Police is under a mandate to provide a public service to safeguard the safety and wellbeing of the residents in New Zealand. The service is...
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...Public Relations Program for OVAL International Business Contest for Students I. Situation OVAL International Business Contest for Students is a competition of creative business ideas for university students from China, Japan and Korea. Once a year, the committees of the three countries take turns to hold the Contest in Beijing, Tokyo and Seoul. During the seven-day contest, participants join in intercultural communication, develop a comprehensive understanding of different cultures and adopt an international outlook while writing a complete business plan of a designated subject. The Contest’s participants mainly come from top universities such as Peking University, Tsinghua University, Renmin University of China, Beijing Normal University, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing Foreign Studies University in China, University of Tokyo, Waseda University, Keio University in Japan and Seoul National University, Korea University, Yonsei University in Korea. Only 30 participants from each country can take part in the final contest after the selection organized by the three committees respectively. As a university famous for business studies, University of International Business and Economics has been a major source of participants for the Contest. According to statistics provided by Program Manager of 11th OVAL China Committee, 636 participants applied for the Contest in 2011 among which 195 participants were from University of International Business and...
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...Issuance of a Library Card Author (s): _ Date: __11-5-2012__ Version: ___2______ USE CASE NAME: Issuance of a Library Card USE CASE TYPE & LEVEL USE CASE ID: 001 SCOOTS LC Business: PRIORITY: Low System: Requirements SOURCE: Analysis PRIMARY BUSINESS ACTOR: Library Administrator Design OTHER PARTICIPATING ACTORS: • Customer/Patron • System OTHER INTERESTED STAKEHOLDERS: • Out of District Customers • Children under 14 with Guardians DESCRIPTION: This Use Case is to describe the process for Customers to get a library card and become Patrons PRE-CONDITION: A customer must provide valid ID for application to become a patron TRIGGER: Desire to check out an asset of the library TYPICAL COURSE Actor Action System Response OF EVENTS: Step 1: Customer requests to apply for a Library Card Step 2: Library Administrator asks customer for valid ID – Driver’s License or State ID showing Scooterville community of proof of residency Step 3: Customer provides required proof of identification. Step 4: Library Administrator completes application process on SCOOTS terminal and asks for $5.00 cash fee. Step 5: Customer pays $5.00 cash Step 6: Library Administrator issues receipt. Step 7: Customer becomes a Patron and waits for card to be printed. Step 8: Library Administrator prints and hands Library card to the new Patron with an expiration date of 2 years and issues PIN using the last 4 digits of the customer’s phone number for card usage. Step 9:...
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...FACTORS INFLUENCING ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG BUSINESS MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF PUBLIC HIGHER LEARNING INSTITUTIONS (PHLIs) Norlia Mat Norwani Abstract PHLIs provide education that will maximize individual potential especially in disseminating knowledge that will enable graduates to perform their job effectively. However, not much research that studies factors influencing academic achievement of Business Management students especially in Malaysian context have been undertaken. This research can provide a perspective on how to look into academic and social contexts and the effect of individual differences towards students academic aspect. Astin’s Input-Environment-Output (I-E-O) model is adapted to explain relationships between academic achievement and students input and learning environments. The model allows analysis of of each component’s contribution on academic achievement which is based on students’ cummulative grade point average (CGPA) on a four point scale. Involvement theory which posits that students development is related to the quantity and quality of their involvement in various academic and social activities are explored in the research. Inferential statistics involve in the analyses are t-test, ANOVA and step-by-step multiple regression. Overall academic achievement of the students is Second Class Lower. Regression analyses for all students and for high and low achievers show that input factors are the major contributor for academic achievement...
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...After carefully reviewing the information presented by my colleagues, my recommendation would be to increase government spending and lower taxes which would make up for the decline in investment spending and leave more money in the citizens’ pockets so they can reinvest it back into the economy. If the government does not intervene, the recession can grow into a depression. The ongoing cycle of less spending into the economy can continue to grow and the difference from consumer spending needs to come from somewhere. The government does not have control over monetary policies, but I would advice the President to look out for policies from the Federal Reserve that would lower interest rates, which makes credit available and promotes investment in the economy. According to Raymond Burke, an economic consultant, an appropriate step would be for the President to lower interest rates because it promotes investment in the economy by making money more easily available. However, this step is done by the Federal Reserve and not the President. Kathy Lee, a former advisor to the President, has a very conservative approach of increasing taxes and reducing government spending. I think this path could be problematic because increasing taxes reduces money supply which will negatively impact the economy. Higher taxes mean less money available to invest back into the economy. As far as reducing government spending, I do not agree with this approach because in a recession the government...
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...Responsibility for Business The purpose of this recommendation report is to help enterpriser to recognize the importance of corporate social responsibility for the business. There is more intense scrutiny from public toward business since the past thirty years because business caused many problems that are criticized much by public and society such as unacceptable ethical behaviors, deteriorating environment cased by business activities and so on. As a result, a concern of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) had generated during that time. Many people believe CSR is good for business based on the socioeconomic view of social responsibility (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2005). This report is in favour of the view that the CSR is good for business by considering the economic, legal, ethic and philanthropic advantages of CSR in business. From the impacts of CSR to business’ economic positions, there are three advantages for business, which are secure long-run profits for companies, improvement of shareholder’s interests in the long run, superiority of avoidance of negative social or environmental impact and Improvement of public image and supports from public expectations respectively. • Secure long-run profits for companies CSR can help companies maintain long-range self-interest. That is to say, many of social problems caused from business activities seriously deteriorate the social condition that may become unhealthy climate for business’ performance, but SCR...
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...is a Public Limited Company, and Bridal Makeup & Hair by Sarah Elizabeth Abbott, which is the chosen Sole Trader. This essay covers the differences on different aspects of business ownership between Debenhams and Bridal Makeup & Hair, such as their conditions, benefits and risks, which differ considerably. Debenhams Debenhams, a Public Limited Company, is a dominating international and multi-channel British brand, which branches out to 240 stores across 28 nations. Debenhams provides its international customers an exclusive variety of both local and international brands and concessions. Debenhams has been contributing in British design for 20 years through its exclusive Designers at Debenhams portfolio of brands. Bridal Makeup & Hair by Sarah Elizabeth Abbott Sarah Elizabeth Abbott is a sole trader specializing as a freelance makeup artist and hairstyling. She offers a one-on-one consultation for customers to meet their needs and wants for their wedding. Sarah also provides services for other special occasions, such as proms and balls. Bridal Makeup & Hair is based on UK mainly at Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Sussex and Surrey. Liabilities The sole trader has no partner to share the responsibility of running the business with, hence a sole trader has unlimited liability. In this case, Bridal Makeup & Hair by Sarah Elizabeth Abbott is subject to unlimited liability. Unlimited liability means the owner of the business is entirely...
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...A business undertaking is an organisation which is engaged in some industrial or commercial activity. It represents an institutional arrangement for carrying on any kind of business activity. It may be owned and controlled by a single individual or by a group of individuals who have entered into a formal or informal agreement to jointly conduct the business. Every business undertaking is a separate and distinct business unit. It has its own identity and separate ownership. It can be distinguished from other undertakings on the basis of its ownership, management and control. According to Wheeler, a business undertaking is a concern, company or enterprise which buys and sells, is owned by one person or a group of persons and is managed under a specific set of operating policies". Thus, a business undertaking may be defined as an organisation operating under separate ownership, management and control and carrying on any business activity with independent risk- bearing. All business undertakings are directly or indirectly engaged in the transfer or exchange of goods and services for value. They deal in goods and services on a regular basis. Their main motive is to earn profits and they are exposed to various types of risks. Characteristics of a Business Undertaking The basic features of a business undertaking are as follows: 1. Separate identity: Every business undertaking has a separate identity. It has a distinct name and separate existence. Its assets and...
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...A business undertaking is an organisation which is engaged in some industrial or commercial activity. It represents an institutional arrangement for carrying on any kind of business activity. It may be owned and controlled by a single individual or by a group of individuals who have entered into a formal or informal agreement to jointly conduct the business. Every business undertaking is a separate and distinct business unit. It has its own identity and separate ownership. It can be distinguished from other undertakings on the basis of its ownership, management and control. According to Wheeler, a business undertaking is a concern, company or enterprise which buys and sells, is owned by one person or a group of persons and is managed under a specific set of operating policies". Thus, a business undertaking may be defined as an organisation operating under separate ownership, management and control and carrying on any business activity with independent risk- bearing. All business undertakings are directly or indirectly engaged in the transfer or exchange of goods and services for value. They deal in goods and services on a regular basis. Their main motive is to earn profits and they are exposed to various types of risks. Characteristics of a Business Undertaking The basic features of a business undertaking are as follows: 1. Separate identity: Every business undertaking has a separate identity. It has a distinct name and separate existence. Its assets and liabilities are...
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...to delivering sustained success to businesses, in this instance public services, by improving the performance of the employees by developing the capabilities of team and individual contributors. A performance management system sets out to establish organisational goals and objectives to ensure that a business is successful and employees perform to the highest possible standard. The system also identifies any problems with a pubic service and monitors progression in the form of improved performance. It is important to establish whether performance management systems will improve public services because they affect every individual in the UK. A good example of where a performance management system is needed for better quality of safety, reliability, punctuality, and comfort is on UK railways and on the London Underground. This essay aims to establish whether the successful implementation and use of performance management systems will lead to a higher quality of education, health, police force and public transport system. The Prime Minister’s Speech in 2001 stated that UK public services were still in need of modernisation and change in order to meet the changing needs of a 21st century public. He suggested that investment alone was not enough to increase the quality of public services and he believed that society was driving the focus away from the 1980s financial focused businesses to focus on successful public orientated businesses. Tony Blair also explained that teachers,...
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...the growth of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) which was made based on the public business outrages. The WorldCom and The Enron issues, for instance, gave shareholders self-confidence in entities traded on the open markets throughout ’01 and ’02. Congress was very fast to answer to the political disaster and made the bill of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which eventually the bill was signed into edict by President Bush on July 30 to give self-assurance to shareholders (Carmichael, 2004). SOX quickly changed the way in how public business takes internal controls and reporting within accounting and finance and the way the public companies business being administered. One of the most important objectives of SOX is to oversee public accounting, publicity reporting business and the investment commerce. In order to follow SOX objectives and to watch the acts of public accountancy, SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). This particular board directs the accounting line of work and publicity reporting business with respect to reporting and audits (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers, & Langvardt, 2014). The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) members are enforced not to have any associations with the public companies or members of the companies so as to keep all terms of accountability fair and clear. PCAOB also generated rules made to guarantee that auditors of publicity reporting business are autonomous of the companies on which they report (Carmichael, 2004)...
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...AO1 - Type of Business Ownership Introduction There are many different types of ownerships that can indicate the size of the business. Businesses can range from small, being a one person business or a larger business such as a supermarket that have hundreds of employees. In this report I am going to discuss and research the different forms of business ownerships and the legal requirements that are required. I will be talking about what each type of owner ship in tales and what the advantages and disadvantages of each are. The main types of ownerships are: * Sole trader * Partnership * Private Limited Company * Public Limited Company * Franchise * Working Co-operative I am going to research the different types of ownerships using the internet and text books to gain an understanding of what each type of ownership consists of. This will therefore help me gain a wider and deeper knowledge and understanding of aspects of each ownership, for example the advantages and disadvantages. Sole trader A sole trader is the smallest and simplest form of business ownership and consists of very few legal requirements which is why it is one of the most common within the UK with over 3 million business running. Sole traders are businesses that are started by only one individual and they will be one legal owner of the business, however they may employee people to work for them. Being the only legal owner give great amount of freedom, they will be their own boss...
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...Unit 1: The business environment P1 In this report I am going to talk about 2 businesses, a private limited company and a public limited company. The businesses I have chosen are ASDA and Bradford royal infirmary. I will be describing the two businesses business types, purposes and ownership ASDA The Asquith family were butchers based in Knottingley, West Yorkshire. In the 1920s, their rising aspirations meant they expanded their business to 7 butcher’s shops in the area. The sons, Peter and Fred would later become founding members of ASDA. ASDA was founded on 19th September 1949. Bradford royal infirmary (BRI) The Bradford royal infirmary, also known as BRI, is a large teaching hospital and is in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, and is run by the Bradford teaching hospitals NHS foundation trust. The Bradford royal infirmary was built in 1936. BRI provides a full range of big and small services for the people of Bradford. Over the years, the hospital has expanded and has built a number of units for the hospital, and is has grown compared to hospitals 20 years ago. Private sector ASDA is a private sector business and its aims are to sell goods to customers such as groceries, clothes and, the more recent items in stock, electronics. Private sector companies, such as ASDA, are owned by one or more people and are not owned by the government so they are all-profit based companies. ASDA is a Ltd company...
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...BUSINESS STUDIES (CODE - 054) CLASS–XI (2013-14) One Paper Units Periods 100 Marks 3 Hours Marks Part A: Foundations of Business 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nature and Purpose of Business Forms of Business Organisations Public, Private and Global Enterprises Business Services Emerging Modes of Business Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics } } } } } 22 26 22 22 12 16 120 20 18 12 50 Part B: Finance and Trade 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Sources of Business Finance Small Business Internal Trade International Business Project Work 30 16 30 14 30 120 20 20 10 50 PART A: FOUNDATION OF BUSINESS Unit 1: Nature and Purpose of Business: • • • • • • • Concept and characteristics of business. Business, profession and employment -Meaning and their distinctive features. Objectives of business - Economic and social, role of profit in business Classification of business activities: Industry and Commerce. Industry - types: primary, secondary, tertiary - Meaning and sub types 120 Periods 22 Periods Commerce - trade: types (internal, external, wholesale and retail; and auxiliaries to trade: banking, insurance, transportation, warehousing, communication, and advertising. Business risks - Meaning, nature and causes. Meaning of business with special reference to economic and non-economic activities.Two or three definitions of business with one conclusive definition. Fundamental features of business which differentiate it with other activities of society. Meaning of profession and employment...
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