...Notes on Business Organization Centralisation and Decentralisation Centralisation implies the concentration of authority at the top level of the organisation while decentralisation means dispersal of authority throughout the organisation According to Allen Centralisation is systematic and consistent reservation of authority at central points within an organisation. Decentralisation applies to the systematic delegation of authority in an organisation context. Advantages of Decentralisation * Decentralisation reduces the workload of top executives. * It improves job satisfaction and morale of lower level managers by satisfying their needs for independence, participation and status. * Decision making is quicker. * It facilitates growth and diversification. As each product division is given sufficient autonomy for innovation and creativity. * It gives opportunity to subordinates to exercise their own judgment. They develop managerial skills which will be useful to the organisation in the longer run. * Decentralisation requires wider span of control and fewer levels of organisation. It speeds up communication. * Decentralisation increases the administrative expenses and each division or department has to be sufficient in terms of physical facilities and trained personnel. * As each department or division enjoys substantial autonomy it might lead to co-ordination problems. * There might be lack of uniformity and inconsistent procedures as each...
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...sectors. Mission Statement: • Many organisations have a mission statement. A mission statement is… • The wording may be different depending on the sector. For example in the private sector… • In the public sector… • In the not-for-profit sector… (Use examples of mission statements from the three organisations you are using) Aims and Objectives: • Aims are… (definition, time to achieve, examples are profit maximisation, break-even, survival, service provision, sales, growth, market share, relationships with other businesses) • Objectives are…(definition, time to achieve, how do they relate to aims) • Objectives have to be SMART because… This means…(explain each element) Private Sector Aims and Objectives: • The organisation that I will write about is…(identify main products/services provided) • The aims of the organisation are… • To achieve these aims, the organisation can set objectives such as… Public Sector Aims and Objectives: • The organisation that I will write about is…(identify main products/services provided) • The aims of the organisation are… • To achieve these aims, the organisation can set objectives such as… Not-for-Profit Sector Aims and Objectives: • The organisation that I will write about is…(identify main products/services provided) • The aims of the organisation are… • To achieve these aims, the organisation can set objectives such as… P2...
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...any stockholders, the workers, or the management. Without customers, there is no business. So the main purpose of the business organization is to serve and satisfy its customers. The organization’s vision statement provides the future state of the organization to strive to reach. With the good leaders in the organization, it will create synergy and vision. An organisation is an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department. A business organization is an individual or group of people that collaborate to achieve certain commercial goals. Some business organizations are formed to earn income for owners. Other business organizations, called nonprofits, are formed for public purposes. These businesses often raise money and utilize other resources to provide or support public programs. Here are some examples of organisations. • A multinational car manufacturer (eg Toyota) • A local authority • An accountancy firm (eg Ernst and Young) • A trade union (eg TUC (trade union congress) • A charity (eg Oxfam) • An army An organisation is an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department. A business organization is an individual or group of people that collaborate to achieve certain commercial goals. Some business organizations are formed to earn income for owners. Other business organizations, called nonprofits, are formed for public purposes. These businesses...
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...Business Environment Ahmed Thahuseen Business Environment Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 1 P 1.1. The purpose of different types of organisation. .................................................................................. 2 P 1.2. The extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. .................. 3 P 1.3. The responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. .......................... 4 P 3.3.The business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of an organisation ........................ 4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Reference ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Business Environment Executive Summary This report pertains to purpose of different types of organisation and their responsibilities towards stakeholder. Additionally, this report analyse the effects of business and cultural environment to organisation. This repots is based upon one the largest financial institution in the Maldives, Bank of Maldives PLC. PAGE 1 Business Environment P 1.1. The purpose of different types of organisation...
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...Integration and Global Markets to Uk Business Organisations International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. The exchange includes import that the countries buy goods or services from other countries outside and export that the countries sell goods or services overseas. Trading of goods is available with clothes, food, stocks, wines, jewellery and many more products. Trading of services is also done like banking, consulting, tourism, or transportation. The international trade play an important role in the development of a country’s economy in general and in the development of an individual organisation in particular. Essentially, international trade help a country become richer because rather than the country tries to produce every products which encompass products with no comparative and absolute advantages by itself, it could specialise some particular products which have the absolute and comparative advantages. Many countries are gifted with natural resources; therefore, they can manufacture products with cheaper production cost and sell at cheaper prices. International trade allows countries and customers have more chances to expose services and goods that are not available in their own country. There are many benefits which international trade can bring to organisations. They are as follow: - It helps organisations expand its competitiveness and market shares in both domestic market and foreign markets. - Organisation will be provided new segments...
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...M´moire de stage de recherche e Vision et Audition Etude des processus cognitifs de reconnaissance et de diff´renciation e dans les domaines visuel et sonore Nicolas Esposito nik@niksnews.com www.niksnews.com ` Universit´ de Technologie de Compiegne e — Printemps 1998 Parce que chacune des douze notes a une position, un titre, une fonction propre, l’œuvre que nous entendons est plus qu’une simple masse sonore : elle d´veloppe devant nous une action. e (Milan Kundera, [13], p. 272) Ce m´moire a ´t´ r´alis´ a l’UTC1 dans le cadre du mineur PHITECO2 e ee e e` pour l’obtention de l’unit´ de valeur SC023 suite au s´minaire JIOSC 974 . e e Il est aussi disponible en version ´lectronique ` l’adresse suivante : e a www.niksnews.com/sc02/ Je tiens a remercier cordialement Bruno BACHIMONT, Charles LENAY, ` Fran¸ois SEBBAH et V´ronique HAVELANGE pour leurs pr´cieux enseignements. c e e ´ Je remercie ´galement Renaud SIRDEY, Andr´ GOASDOUE et Nicolas SALZMANN e e pour l’aide qu’ils m’ont apport´e, et toutes les personnes qui ont eu la e gentillesse de r´pondre ` mon enquˆte. e a e 1 Universit´ de Technologique de Compi`gne e e PHIlosophie, TEchnologie, COgnition 3 Stage de recherche 4 Journ´es Interdisciplinaires d’Orsay sur les Sciences Cognitives e 2 R´sum´ e e Le monde visuel et le monde sonore peuvent chacun ˆtre ´tudi´s en tant e e e que signal avec les mˆmes outils math´matiques5 (s´ries de Fourier...
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...Was hat Ihnen am Werk /an den Werken des von Ihnen gewählten Dramatikers / Dichters besonders gut gefallen? Aus welchen Gründen? Ich habe viele Filme gesehen, die von Tom Tykwer inszeniert wurden. Sie sind nicht die Art Filme, die ich normalerweise mag, aber sie gefallen mir. Sie haben sehr interessante Charaktere und Tykwer nutzt viele Techniken. Mein Lieblingsfilm ist „der Krieger und die Kaiserin“ und der seltsamste Film, den ich gesehen habe, ist „die tödliche Maria“. Normalerweise mag ich Filme, die dem typischen Erfolgskonzept eines Hollywoodfilms folgen. Ich würde sagen, dass Tom Tykwer Filme nicht zu dieser Kategorie gehören. Stattdessen haben sie sehr interessante Geschichten und komplizierte Charaktere, aber sie haben meisten glückliches Ende, aber die Reise dahin ist bizarr und schwierig. Ich war überrascht, wie viel ich sie genossen habe. Die Charaktere, die er geschaffen hat, sind Leute, die am Rande der Gesellschaft leben. In „der Krieger und die Kaiserin“ ist die Heldin Sissi. Sie wird in einem psychiatrischen Austalt geboren. Ihre Mutter war eine Krankenschwester und ihr Vater ist ein Insasse. Sie ist in dem Irrenhaus aufgewachsen. Deshalb ist es alles, das sie kennt. Sie wird auch eine Krankenschwester und wir sehen Sissi, wie sie weit über ihre Pflichten hinausgeht, als sie einen Insasse sexuell begriedigt. Maria in „die tödliche Maria“ hat eine ebenso merkwürdige Kindheit. Ihre Mutter ist gestorben, als Maria geboren wurde. Ihr Vater hat einen Herzinfarkt...
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...BONJOUR TRISTESSE – Une Version Le roman ‘Bonjour Tristesse’, écrit par Françoise Sagan quand elle était elle-même adolescente, a lieu pendant les années cinquante. L’action de l’histoire se déroule dans le sud de la France à la côte méditerrannéenne, en été, quand il fait vraiment chaud tous les jours. En fait la chaleur joue un rôle important dans l’histoire, d’une part érotique quand les personnages s’abandonnent aux plaisirs de l’amour, et d’autre part pour peut-être expliquer la lassitude qui sert d’excuse pour des pensées déraisonnables et des actions égoïstes. En général il s’agit de cinq personnages. Cécile, la narratrice, a dix-sept ans. Elle est fille unique de son père, qui s’appelle Raymond et qui est veuf. Cécile a passé sa jeunesse dans un couvent et à l’âge de quinze ans elle est allée à Paris avec son père afin de goûter la vie, puisque Raymond aime vivre, a plusieurs maîtresses et, en fin de compte, est libertin et homme de femmes. On va passer des grandes vacances près de Cannes dans une villa, que son père avait louée pour quelques mois, avec une de ses maîtresses, qui s’appelle Elsa. Mais cette situation idéale et insouciante est bouleversée quand une ancienne amie de son père, qui s’appelle Anne, arrive. Anne est une femme de classe, une dame plus âgée, respectable et intelligente. Sa confiance et froideur déconcertante attire la jeune Cécile qui, comme adolescent typique, est toujours à la recherche d’un sens d’identité et de comprendre qui...
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...Mémoire à la Commission Bouchard-Taylor Guy Durand septembre 2007 Identité québécoise et accommodements raisonnables RÉSUMÉ (2 pages) L'histoire, la culture et l'identité du Québec sont marquées, non seulement par la langue française, mais aussi par la tradition et la culture chrétiennes. Le respect et la promotion de cette identité remet en cause la pratique actuelle des "accommodements raisonnables". Cette thèse repose sur l'analyse de trois notions: la laïcité, l'intégration citoyenne et les droits de la personne. I - La culture et l'identité du Québec La notion de culture et d'identité Au sens social, par opposition à la culture personnelle (humaniste ou/et scientifique), la culture est cet ensemble de valeurs, de normes, de symboles, d'institutions et d'artéfacts qui caractérisent un groupe ou un peuple. Elle comprend donc de multiples aspects qu'il est opportun de détailler: langue, institutions, valeurs, paysage architectural, paysage artistique, toponymie, rythme du temps. La culture chrétienne Au Québec, cette culture et cette identité ont été forgées et restent largement marquées par la tradition judéo-chrétienne. Le fait est indéniable, en dépit des critiques que l'on peut faire à l'Église catholique. Les valeurs chrétiennes (ou les valeurs développées par le christianisme) sont devenues les valeurs communes dont on a oublié l'origine. C'est dire que tous les aspects de la culture, signalés précédemment, en portent la marque. L'ouverture au monde n'amoindrit...
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...Erläuterungen zum Perspektivenschema der kritisch-konstruktiven Didaktik nach Wolfgang Klafki 1. Aspekte der Planung und Gestaltung von Unterricht 1. Voraussetzungen eines Konzepts von Unterricht Als allgemeine Voraussetzungen eines Unterrichtskonzepts gelten hierbei ( Klafki 1987 ) ➢ Die generelle Zielbestimmung des Unterrichts ist, Hilfe zu geben bei der Ent-wicklung von Selbstbestimmungs- und Solidaritätsfähigkeit. Hierzu zählen auch die rationale Diskursfähigkeit ( = Fähigkeit zur Begründung und Reflexion ) sowie die entwickelte Rationalität und die Handlungsfähigkeit. ➢ Der Zusammenhang von Lehren und Lernen wird als Interaktionsprozess verstanden, in dem Lernende mit Unterstützung von Lehrenden zunehmend selbstständig werden in der Aneignung und Verarbeitung von Kenntnissen und hierbei auch die Fähigkeit zu weiterem Lernen gewinnen. ➢ Unterrichtliches Lernen muss in seinem Kern entdeckendes, sinnhaftes und ver- stehendes Lernen sein, dem die reproduktive Übernahme und das Üben sowie Trainieren nachgeordnet sind. ➢ Lehren muss als Vollzug für den Lernenden und mit ihm gerechtfertigt und geplant werden, d.h. Mitplanung und Mitgestaltung des Unterrichts durch Schüler ( offener und schülerorientierter Unterricht ). ➢ Unterricht ist ein sozialer Prozess, in den Biografien von Lehrern und Schülern einfließen. Soziales Lernen steht im Mittelpunkt und sollte funktional und intentional...
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...erforderlich um professionelle Anwendungen sowie Datenbanken zu Themen wie Biologie, Patente, Haarfarbe und Laborsicherheit zu schützen. In einem so großen Netzwerk, fällt es den Teams schwer, miteinander zu kommunizieren. Es besteht die Möglichkeit, dass Teammitglieder das Interesse an gewerblichen Tätigkeiten verlieren, weil eben viel Energie und Aufwand in die Kommunikation investiert wird. Um diese Hürde zu überwinden und diese Herausforderung erfolgreich zu meistern, entschied sich L’Oréal den Share Point Portal Server zu verwenden. Weitere Herausforderungen für die Managementabteilung: • Eine globale Wissensmanagementplattform zu schaffen. • Kosten der Internet-Anwendung zu reduzieren • Internationale Plattform für E-Business zu erstellen • Wie vorher schon erwähnt eine reibungslose Kommunikation zwischen allen Abteilungen sowie auch international herzustellen neue Herausforderungen der Managementabteilung von L’Oreal: • Wachstum aufrecht zu erhalten, auch wenn die globalen Märkte sehr wackelig sind...
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...College of Technology London Assignment 01 For Introduction Superdrug PLC is one of the biggest health and retail shop in Britain. Having more than 900 stores the Superdrug is a UK based company and since 2006 they includes the Republic of Ireland. With more than 16,000 employs the Superdrug has offered fragrance and pharmacy with their consultation rooms. Being the duty manager of one of these stores required some special personal and professional skills to maintain their highest quality. Background Managers need certain skills and knowledge in both personal and professional levels to run a super store smoothly. Personal skills can be grouped into three different categories; which includes self-management, independent learning and goal skills. Four skills from personal skills category and four professional skills as time management skills, leadership skills, negotiating conflicts skills and presentation skills will be discussed in this paper. Personal skills Self-management is the ability to control emotions so that they do not control us. It is the technique to guide to control emotions, to find out and avoid our emotional triggers and also find and prevent the ability of thinking which can guide to emotional breakdowns. (Mersino, 2007) Managers need to be considerable which build a good relationship with his employees. To be considerate and respectful and giving proper time to the employees to complete a job makes the employees feel good to their manager...
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...Primark is one of UK’s largest clothing retail stores with a reported revenues of £4,273 million, the store was first established in Ireland in 1969. Over the past ten years Primark has become extremely successful with its expansions into the United Kingdom where 165 stores are now available and more than 250 stores around Europe (Wood 2014). Earlier this year, Primark’s parent company announced its intention to enter the US market with a first store opening in Boston MA in 2015, the opening will be shortly followed by another ten new stores across the country (smith 2014). This can be a risky strategy as the shift towards a more globalised market means companies who have been successful in their home market (such as Primark) will find themselves competing with foreign businesses which are much bigger and more successful. However, International expansion offers businesses the opportunity to become recognised on a global scale, for example, companies such as Coco Cola, McDonalds and Microsoft could not have achieved global leadership within their industry without expanding abroad, therefore International expansion offers international reputation which is necessary when wanting to become a leader. Internationalization Theory The Uppsala model (a.k.a the Stage Model) is an important theory that explains how firms expand abroad, under this model, internationalization is seen as an incremental process whereby firms increase their international involvement in a stepwise manner...
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...Sole traders A sole trader describes any business that is owned and controlled by one person - although they may employ workers. Individuals who provide a specialist service like plumbers, hairdressers or photographers are often sole traders. A hairdresser trimming someone's hair Sole traders do not have a separate legal existence from the business. In the eyes of the law, the business and the owner are the same. As a result, the owner is personally liable for the firm's debts and may have to pay for losses made by the business out of their own pocket. This is called unlimited liability. Advantages * It is easy to set up as no formal legal paperwork is required. * Generally, only a small amount of capital needs to be invested, which reduces the initial start-up cost. * As the only owner, the entrepreneur can make decisions without consulting anyone else. Disadvantages * The sole trader has no one to share the responsibility of running the business with. A good hairdresser, for example, may not be very good at handling the accounts. * Sole traders often work long hours. They may find it difficult to take holidays or time off if they are ill. * They face unlimited liability if the business fails. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ Partnerships Partnerships are businesses owned by two or more people. Doctors, dentists and solicitors are typical examples of professionals who may go into partnership together and can benefit from shared expertise. One advantage of...
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...Accounting and Finance BSc Business Organisation & Policy Josephine Williams Introduction The aim of this assignment is to write a report on both the advantages and disadvantages in general of firms in a horizontally integrated (or focused) sector against those in more diversified businesses which are vertically integrated or conglomerates. In this report, I will be analysing and comparing how these integrations are being effectively deployed by various organisations in order to have the edge above their competitors in the sector. The second part of this report will focus on the clear definition of the types of business integration discussed as well as giving examples of each type. With the aim of using numerous examples and case studies, to show how these organisations are using the integration to gain more control and less competition in their sector. Horizontal Integration Horizontal Integration, according to Investopedia, this is defined as “When a company expands its business into different products that are similar to current lines”. However there are so many definitions to define horizontal integration but one thing all the definitions have in common is the coming together of two or more companies with the aim of becoming the dominant force in the sector and also generating more profit with less input compared to when these companies operate separately, but this is be done under single...
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