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Business Regulation /Torts and Liability

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Business Regulation /Torts and Liability
Pedro A. Díaz Ramírez
BUS/415
10 de octubre de 2011
University of Phoenix
Profesor: Jesús Rivera Delgado

Business Regulation /Torts and Liability
Daños y Perjuicios
Kmart vs. Colón
Hechos del caso:
La Sra. Colón sufrió daños a su cuerpo porque una mercancía en el pasillo de deportes de la tienda Kmart de Cayey le cayó encima mientras ella pasaba por allí. En dicho pasillo había cajas y carritos con mercancía en medio del pasillo y que dichas cajas estaban colocadas más altas que la estatura de la cliente.
A causa de esto, la Sra. Colón sufrió daños a su salud y quedó incapacitada de trabajar, jugar con su hijo, y hasta relacionarse con su esposo, según ella declara y lo certifican los ortopedas que la atendieron en el hospital.
En vista de esta situación la Sra. Colón demanda a dicha tienda y el Tribunal determina que KMart violó la ley de seguridad para los clientes de su tienda e indicó que “el incidente acaecido era claramente previsible. Por tanto, le impuso responsabilidad a Kmart al amparo del artículo 1802 del Código Civil, 31 L.P.R.A. sec. 5141. Además, como argumento alterno, el TPI sostuvo que, en todo caso, su fallo se justificaba al amparo de la doctrina res ipsa loquitur. Finalmente, resolvió que Kmart actuó temerariamente al haber negado su negligencia y responsabilidad. La condenó, por tanto, al pago total de $81,064.28, más costas y $2,000.00 de honorarios de abogado. La sentencia se dictó el 25 de febrero de 2000”.
Inconforme con la decisión del Tribunal, el 19 de abril de 2000, Kmart presentó una apelación alegando que las cantidades de indemnización eran excesivas, que él se hizo una mala interpretación de la doctrina res ipsa loquitur para hallarlos responsables de los daños, que no fue temeraria su actitud y que los cómputos por los intereses fueron incorrectos.
Luego de las investigaciones y narraciones de las partes el Tribunal desestima la demanda de la Sra. Colón alegando lo siguiente:
-Que las cajas estibadas en sí no producen un accidente.
-No se demostró que estuvieran mal estibadas o representaran un peligro.
-No se probó que las cajas cayeran por negligencia de la tienda o por alguna razón justificada de negligencia. Las cajas pudieron caer a causa de alguna otra persona.
-No se demostró que Kmart tuviera conocimiento de dichas cajas y nada impide que un negocio estie cajas en los pasillos.
El 22 de diciembre del 2000, la peticionaria acude a apelar mediante el recurso de certiorari. En dicho recurso se alega que el Tribunal erró en lo siguiente:
-Descartar la inferencia de Kmart en el incidente.
Se utilizó la siguiente ley para establecer la responsabilidad del comerciante ante la peticionaria: “El artículo 1802 del Código Civil, supra, establece que la persona que por acción u omisión cause daño a otro interviniendo culpa o negligencia, estará obligada a reparar el daño causado, siempre que concurran tres elementos básicos: 1) la presencia de un daño físico o emocional en el demandante; 2) que haya surgido a raíz de un acto u omisión culposa o negligente del demandado; y 3) que exista un nexo causal entre el daño sufrido y dicho acto u omisión. Cintrón Adorno v. Gómez, res. el 22 de febrero de 1999, 147 D.P.R. __, 99 T.S.P.R. 18, 99 J.T.S. 20”. Reconociendo que el “deber de previsión es el criterio central de la responsabilidad extracontractual”, la negligencia por omisión surge al no anticipar aquellos daños que una persona prudente y razonable podría racionalmente prever que resultarían de no cumplirse con el deber.
Aunque el comerciante no puede tener la responsabilidad absoluta de lo que suceda en su establecimiento si es responsable de prever situaciones que puedan dañas al público que lo visita. Para establecer culpas, el demandante debe probar la omisión por parte del comerciante fuera de toda duda y que esa omisión fue la causante de los daños sufridos.
Decisión del Tribunal:
“…El TPI concluyó que Kmart incumplió su deber legal de mantener condiciones de seguridad razonables en su establecimiento, y de prever que dichas condiciones tenían un alto potencial de causarle daño a sus clientes. Asimismo, Kmart actuó negligentemente al permitir que el personal de su tienda colocase unas cajas llenas de mercancía, en estibas, en el mismo medio de un corredor entre dos estantes, por donde transitaban diariamente cientos de sus clientes, y en plena época navideña. Ciertamente ello constituía una condición peligrosa que Kmart conocía, o debió conocer, y que previsiblemente pudo ocasionar daños a sus clientes, como en efecto ocurrió.
A más de esto, incumplió su deber cuando no tomó medidas provisionales de protección para evitar que las cajas, por acción de otras personas o por su propio peso o desbalance, se cayeran y causaran daño a sus clientes”. Además, “El TCA concluyó en su sentencia que el foro de instancia resolvió que Kmart es responsable de los daños ocasionados a la peticionaria, a base de la aplicación de la doctrina res ipsa loquitur; y que debido a nuestra decisión en el caso Admor. F.S.E. v. Almacén Román Rosa, supra, donde invalidamos el uso de dicha doctrina en nuestra jurisdicción, dicho fallo de instancia no puede justificarse. En consecuencia, el TCA desestimó la demanda, resolviendo que Kmart no fue negligente, ya que la parte demandante, aquí peticionaria, nunca logró demostrar la causa por la cual se cayeron las cajas que le causaron el daño. Erró el TCA al así resolver”.
Sentencia:
En San Juan, Puerto Rico, a 26 de junio de 2001.
“Por los fundamentos expuestos en la Opinión precedente, se dicta sentencia para revocar la sentencia emitida por el Tribunal de Circuito de Apelaciones el 31 de octubre de 2000 y se deja en vigor la dictada por el Tribunal de Primera Instancia el 25 de febrero de 2000.
Lo pronunció, manda el Tribunal y certifica la Secretaria del Tribunal Supremo. La Juez Asociada señora Naveira de Rodón y el Juez Asociado señor Fuster Berlingeri concurren sin opinión escrita”. “La indemnización concedida se distribuyó de la siguiente manera: (1) a la codemandante, Sra. Colón González, la suma de $60,000 por los daños y angustias físicas y mentales ocasionadas por el accidente, más $5,200.00 por concepto de lucro cesante; (2) a su esposo la suma de $15,000.00 por concepto de sufrimientos y angustias mentales y (3) a la sociedad legal de gananciales la suma de $864.28 por concepto de los gastos incurridos en tratamientos médicos y medicamentos”.

“En dicho caso resolvimos abandonar la utilización de la doctrina de res ipsa loquitur en nuestra jurisdicción, por estimarla innecesaria. Indicamos que, en todo caso de daños y perjuicios, será suficiente referirse al derecho positivo –es decir, al artículo 1802 del Código Civil, supra, y a las Reglas de Evidencia de Puerto Rico, 32 L.P.R.A. Ap. IV”.
E.L.A. vs. Malavé
Hechos del caso:
Debe probarse que el establecimiento abrió sus puertas durante las horas que se establece no se puede operar (antes de las 11:00 AM) y que se vendieron los artículos que prohíbe la ley. También hay que probar que las barreras que el negocio ha diseñado para separar las áreas de dichos artículos que no pueden venderse durante el tiempo designado por la ley no son apropiadas para que el cliente pueda identificar dichos artículos.
Fundamentos legales:
El señor Lucas Malavé, h/n/c Supermercado Jardines de Caparra, había violado el Art. 5 de la Ley de Cierre, 29 L.P.R.A. sec. 304, el Art. 3(a) de la Ley de Monopolios, 10 L.P.R.A. sec. 259(a), y el Reglamento sobre Competencia Justa Núm. VII. Esta violación constituye el haber abierto el establecimiento el día domingo 21 de agosto de 1994 a las 8:10 de la mañana. Por esta falta se le impuso una multa administrativa de diez mil dólares ($10,000), más el pago de dos mil dólares ($2,000) por concepto de honorarios de abogado a favor de la Oficina de Asuntos Monopolísticos. Además, se le ordenó cesar y desistir de incurrir en la práctica antes referida. El agente del Negociado de Investigaciones Especiales del Departamento de Justicia, el Sr. Ismael Cintrón Cintrón, fue el testigo en este caso. El Sr. Malave alegó que su negocio estaba diseñado como dos negocios; un supermercado y una panadería-cafetería, pero se estableció entonces que no había divisiones que separaran las aéreas. Por esta razón se establece que el negocio es uno solo. Además las tarjetas de ponche de los empleados presentaban horas de trabajo en horas anteriores a las que establece la ley, por lo cual se establece que el negocio abrió antes de lo acordado por la ley. Inconforme con la decisión del Tribunal, el señor Malavé acudió al tribunal de Circuito apelando la decisión del DACO. Este tribunal no favoreció al Sr. Malavé por considerar que no pudo probar que su negocio tenía diseñado una buena división para diferenciar sus funciones. El Sr. Malavé acudió entonces al Tribunal Supremo y de esta investigación se determinó lo siguiente: 1- El Sr. Malavé tenía un negocio doble (cafetería-panadería (exento) y supermercado (no exento); esto relacionado a el Art. 5 de la Ley de Cierre, 29 L.P.R.A. sec. 304. 2- Se estableció que el negocio debe poner barreras para evitar que el público tenga acceso a los artículos que no pueden comprar. Como el Secretario del DACO no ha identificado las clases de barreras que deben adoptar los comerciantes para evitar el acceso del público, cada caso deberá evaluarse a la luz de sus hechos particulares para determinar si las medidas adoptadas son adecuadas o no. 3- EL Tribunal determinó lo siguente: [D.A.C.O. determinó que se violó la Ley de Cierre porque se abrió al público, a las 8:10 de la mañana, un solo negocio, compuesto de un supermercado, una panadería y una carnicería. Esta fue la posición adoptada por el Departamento de Justicia. El Tribunal de Circuito avaló esta conclusión. Todos se equivocaron en su análisis. En E.L.A. v. Frig. y Alm. del Turabo, Inc., supra, pág. 69 expresamos que no debíamos “aplicar los términos de esta Ley de manera rígida e inflexible.” Reiteramos lo resuelto en dicho caso: los negocios mixtos pueden “abrir sus puertas los domingos antes de las 11:00 a.m., lo que no pueden hacer es vender productos [no exentos] antes de dicha hora.” ] Determinación: Como el DACO no probó que se vendieran los productos prohibidos por la ley, tampoco ofreció prueba fehaciente de que no existieran barreras en el negocio apropiadas, a pesar de que el comerciante abrió antes de las 11:00 AM. “Bajo estas circunstancias, no se probó que el señor Malavé hubiese violado la Ley de Cierre”. La juez determinó que “En vista de todo lo anterior, se revocan tanto la Resolución del Tribunal de Circuito de Apelaciones como la de D.A.C.O., y se desestima la querella presentada contra el señor Malavé”. Sentencia:
En San Juan, Puerto Rico, a 28 de junio de 2002
“Por los fundamentos expuestos en la Opinión que antecede, se revocan tanto la Resolución del Tribunal de Circuito de Apelaciones como la del Departamento de Asuntos del Consumidor, y se desestima la querella presentada contra el señor Malavé”.

Viña vs. Pueblo
Hechos del caso:
Caso de José Viñas y su esposa Francisca Casañas de Viñas como los demandantes, Supermercados Pueblo de Puerto Rico Inc. y Great American Indemnity Company como parte recurrida. La tercera parte, Pérez Collazo propietario de la gasolinera Esso.
La demandante sufrió una caída en el estacionamiento del supermercado Pueblo, mientras caminaba de su vehículo hacia el supermercado. Se comenzó un pleito en contra del supermercado y su compañía de seguros, a su vez la compañía de seguros interpone una denuncia contra la gasolinera Esso. Según la compañía de seguros la razón por la cual la dama sufrió la caída fue porque el área en el estacionamiento donde ocurrieron los hechos había caído agua y grasa procedente de la gasolinera Esso.
Sentencia:
"Las defensas conocidas en el derecho común como asunción de riesgo, negligencia contributoria y la doctrina del coempleado (fellow servant rule) se originaron y desarrollaron conjuntamente. Aunque no se concibieron en idénticas formas, se unieron y confundieron al dársele aplicación a las mismas. Al confundirse, primeramente oscurecieron y luego crearon una confusión que sirvió solamente para crear mayor confusión; con el tiempo las tres defensas, en vez de distinguirse una de otra, se hicieron indistinguibles. Y la defensa de asunción de riesgo, aldársele un nombre incorrecto, ocupó grandes zonas de la ley de negligencia." (Viña vs. Pueblo, 1962). En el Tribunal de Primera Instancia, el Sr. Pérez Collazo de la gasolinera Esso alegó que el demandante fue negligente, por el hecho de que habían otros medios más seguros para pasar y ella por su cuenta decidió pasar a través del área peligrosa. La sentencia de este tribunal fue que a pesar que el Supermercado Pueblo y la Estación de Servicio Esso habían sido negligentes, el demandante pudo haber pasado por una zona más segura, pero decidió asumir el riesgo que conducía el pasar por esa zona en el área del accidente.
En la Corte Suprema, la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo fue que el supermercado Pueblo y la gasolinera Esso tenían la culpa de su negligencia, y que a pesar de que esto no era problema del demandante, esto no excluye a los acusados de sus responsabilidades. El Tribunal Supremo acordó también que dado que el demandante tenía alguna responsabilidad, la indemnización concedida seria de la mitad de lo que se había dicho anteriormente en la demanda. Este caso fue muy interesante porque puedes ver un ejemplo en el que todas las partes tienen su responsabilidad en la situación, pero el tribunal entiende que la ley establece claramente las responsabilidades de todos los empresarios en sus acciones y operaciones.
Acosta vs. DACO
Hecho de los casos: DACO impuso una multa a Luis Acosta Inc., por la distribución de paquetes de arroz de tres libras que pesaban menos. Y el demandado solicita al tribunal supremo una revisión.
Acosta Alega lo siguiente:
Acosta va al foro y alega que DACO conflige con las disposiciones de la ley federal que permitan variaciones en el peso del paquete en aquellos productos de naturaleza higroscópica.
Tal disposición decreta:
"Será ilegal vender, ofrecer o exponer para la venta cantidad menor que la indicada para cualquier artículo o servicio. . .(fin de nota al calce) (Acosta vs.Daco,1983).
DACO hace unas visitas a los supermercados para verificar que están cumpliendo con la ley y en una muestra de dos de diez paquetes de arroz revelaron variaciones de 1/16 a 1/4 de onza de menos y en una de las muestras, dos paquetes tenían 1/2 onza y 7/16 de onza de más.
Por tal razón entra la multa impuesta por DACO porque deben dar cero. La F.D.C.A. se aplica en Puerto Rico como en cualquier estado de la unión americana, el arroz es un alimento dentro de los términos de la ley. Ibíd.
“A food shall be deemed to be misbranded-
(e) if in package form unless it bears a label containing (1) the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor; and (2) an accurate statement of the quantity of the contents in terms of weight, measure, or numerical count: Provided, That under clause (2) of this subsection reasonable variations shall be permitted, and exemptions as to small packages shall be established, by regulations prescribed by the
Secretary. 21 U.S.C.A. sec. 343(e). ” (Acosta vs. DACO, 1983).
Jones, Supra enfrentó a esta última tarea en un contexto análogo, y perdiéndolo porque en california hay un estatuto que multa la venta de productos mal marcados.
Según consta de autos, lo que hace la agencia es utilizar, tan solo a modo de guía, un manual del Departamento de Comercio, National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 67, publicado el 20 de marzo de 1959. La acción de DACO en este caso se funda en ese manual y se asemeja al método californiano.
En el Caso de Méndez & Co vs. DACO El caso de autos contiene cuatro elementos distintos a los hechos que analizamos en Méndez, supra.
1-En Méndez el producto concernido, habichuelas, fue empacado en PuertoRico.
2- En el pleito actual, el empacado ocurrió en Estados Unidos.
3-Aligual que en Jones, supra,
4- Méndez no se penalizó
5- El sobrepeso original es quien compensa el fenómeno higroscópico.
6- Los márgenes de error presentados en Méndez eran irrazonables.

Sentencia: El Juez Asociado Señor Negrón García se inhibió y el Juez Asociado Señor Rebollo
López concurrió en el resultado, sin opinión.

Referencias
Lexjuris. (2001). DTS 095 COLON V. TIENDA KMART 2001TSPR095. Retrieved from http://www.lexjuris.com/ (lexjuris, 2001).
Lexjuris. (2002). DTS 096 E.L.A. V. MALAVE 2002TSPR096. Retrieved from http://www.lexjuris.com/
Viña vs. Pueblo. (1962). Retrieved from https://classroom.phoenix.edu/afm215/secure/view-attachment.jspa?ID=21468157&messageID=127380862&name=Viña v. Pueblo.pdf&view=inline (“Viña vs. Pueblo”, 1962).
Acosta vs. Daco. (1983). Retrieved from https://classroom.phoenix.edu/afm215/secure/view-attachment.jspa?ID=21468190&messageID=127380862&name=Acosta v. DACO.pdf&view=inline ("Acosta Vs. Daco", 1983).

CERTIFICADO DE ORIGINALIDAD: Certifico que el documento adjunto es mi trabajo original. Yo afirmo que cualquier sección del documento que se ha presentado con anterioridad se le atribuye, y citó como tal, y que este documento no ha sido presentado por nadie más. Confirmo que he citado todas las fuentes de las que he usado el lenguaje, las ideas y la información, si la cita literal o paráfrasis. Cualquier ayuda que recibió, mientras que la elaboración de este documento ha sido reconocida en la sección Referencias. He obtenido un permiso por escrito o han incluido una versión del titular de los derechos de autor de cualquier material de marca, logotipos, imágenes de Internet, o de otras fuentes. También acepto que mi nombre escrito en la línea de abajo se destina a tener, y tendrá la misma validez que mi firma manuscrita.
Firma del estudiante (nombre escrito aquí es equivalente a una firma): Pedro A. Díaz Ramírez

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