1. What followed Smith’s departure is known as the “starving time.” The winter of 1609-1610 was the worst the colonists had seen. Weakened by hunger and disease, the Jamestown settlers become an easy target for hostile natives. After arriving in Virginia, John Rolfe began cultivating a variety of tobacco that Europeans found appealing due to its mild flavor. Tobacco had become the cultural rage in England, and anyone who could afford its smoked or sniffed the dried leaves of the plant, and demand for the variety grown in Virginia was especially high. By 1619 the Jamestown colonists had exported ten tons of tobacco to England, and the Europeans demanded more. The little colony was prospering and nearly everyone in Virginia grew cash crop. The prosperity signaled the permanence of the English in the New World. At last stockholders and the monarchy found it profitable to invest in the colonies. Tobacco was profitable because the English government forbade the colonists from selling their tobacco anywhere except London, where each shipment was charged with a heavy excise tax. By taxing each shipment, England shared in the profits. Still, tobacco garnered enough profits so the colonists prospered.

2. Puritanism and Quakerism were both religious reform movement in the United Kingdom and in the early American colonies. Although these two religious movements were concurrent and were formed for similar reasons, the movements have very different ideas about God and religious practices. Both Quakers and Puritans sprung from movement in England that attempted to purify the Church of England. Both religious movements spread to America during the early Colonial times. Puritans believed in predestination and that God had an “elect” – people who were saved. Puritan sermons emphasized the judgment of God and the need for constant vigilance against evil. Quakers were also