...http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-byzantine-art.htm - Source C Byzantine paintings and icons are often recognized for their relatively two-dimensional representations. The emphasis of the artists was not on realism but on forms that could be easily identified to transmit stories from the Bible and Christian history. In this style, painted figures often look stiff and awkward. In some paintings, the subjects appear to be weightless, floating in golden ether. Typically rich in color, Byzantine artists often used deep gold, blues and greens. The use of gold expressed the glory and richness of the faith. Bright colors helped make figures in paintings and mosaics identifiable from a distance. In secular art, those colors helped to distinguish the ranks of the subjects being depicted. For many Byzantine pieces, those colors have withstood centuries of exposure and remain vibrant today. http://archaeology-travel.com/photo-album/byzantine-mosaics-in-the-art-institute-of-chicago/ Mosaic traditions in the Middle East begin in late Antiquity, and one of the largest and best preserved Roman mosaics is the now well-travelled Lod Mosaic found not that long ago in Israel. From the fifth century on, from Syria to Egypt mosaics were used to decorate both religious and secular, public buildings. The tradition comes to an end in the eighth century, after the fall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750: churches fell into disrepair and were later destroyed. The only surviving examples are...
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...Tessellations: Mathematical Art San Juanita Cramer Southern New Hampshire University The Heart of Mathematics Professor Anca Parrish Abstract This paper discusses the historical background of tessellations, the mathematics of tessellations, and the applications of tessellations in the real world. Tessellations are found everywhere. M.C. Escher is the father of tessellations and his style and examples are discussed as well as the Islamic tessellations. There is an overview of the mathematics that is involved in tessellations and the polygons that can be tessellated and those that can’t. Finally, tessellations are used in real world applications. Examples are given of tessellated buildings and tessellations found in nature. Tessellations: Mathematical Art What is a term used for the tiling a surface without gaps or overlaps? The term is Tessellation. The Math Forum states that “ a tessellation is created when a shape is repeated over and over again covering a plane without any gaps or overlaps” (“What is a Tessellation?”, n.d) Early cultures used tessellations to cover the floors and ceilings of buildings, many of its artistic elements can be found in many early cultures (Hoopes-Myers, 2010). Tessellations are also found in the nature. A perfect example of nature’s tessellation is the honeycomb of the honeybee; there are no gaps or overlaps in its hexagonal shapes. In Ireland, a volcanic episode created tessellations in the landscape of The Giant’s Causeway (“Giant’s...
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...Europa Green/Roman Mosaics during the Third Century A.D. were one of the most common attributes of private homes and communal buildings during the rein of the Greek/Roman Empire. Nonetheless, mosaics are not just aesthetic works of fine art but merely are an indispensable memoir of substantial myths, stories, and legends of the past, whether it may be depicting a heroic scene of one of the greatest battles of time to a royal celebration of some sort. The intricate details and time put into creating such a piece of work reveal so much about the Greek/Roman culture. They revere and honour all the hardship they went through and then develop these fascinating life changing events into works of art, which, we now read about in books or view in museums. One specific work of art, which, portrays so much is The Abduction of Europa mosaic, now placed in the National Museum of Beirut. Nevertheless, most Greek/Roman mosaics were used and created to strengthen and support the Greek/Roman social structure and their societal reputation in the empire. They were not only created for societal purposes, but also to keep consequential evocations alive throughout history. The mosaics of the Greek/Roman culture have been said to be influenced vastly from Hellenistic art - some of the most common subject matters artists liked to capture and portray were scenes of the sea and Greek myths, such as Gods and Goddesses and the encounters they endured. This explains clearly, the mosaic we encountered in...
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...Byzantine Leonardo Lins Professor: AFSHIN HAFIZI Strayer University Byzantine Art and Architecture Byzantine art was developed in the Eastern Roman Empire between 330AD and 1453AD. It was the first ever Christian empire its capital was Constantinople, now known as Istanbul. This period produced remarkable works in history, fine poetry, much religious prose, and the visual arts flourished too. The term, however, refers more to a style associated with Byzantium than to its area. Byzantine art was a religious art, the orthodox subjects were chosen according to traditional themes and theological meanings. Christianity had an immense influence on Byzantine art. Most of the artists remained anonymous working as servants of the court or belonged to religious orders. Panel painting, frescoes, Ivory carvings, Byzantine crosses, illuminations, metal work and mosaic decoration attest to their skill. Byzantine art was intended as religious lessons, they were presented clearly and simply in order to be easily learned. The Byzantine era lasted for an immense time period so it is difficult to make concrete generalizations about this diverse period. Byzantine art can clearly be seen in direct relation to foreign ideas and radically different styles, both architectural and artistic. Byzantine artist continued that which his predecessor had taught him, demonstrating the style of a particular region or school. This uniform made it challenging for artists to demonstrate their individual...
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.....3 1. Create a Tile Images List.......................................................................................................4 2. Set the parameters of the Mosaic..........................................................................................6 3. Select the Main Image...........................................................................................................7 4. Create the Mosaic..................................................................................................................7 User Interface Language .........................................................................................................9 Different Program versions ......................................................................................................9 Load/Save Settings...................................................................................................................9 Main Image to reproduce as a Mosaic.....................................................................................9 Size Parameters.......................................................................................................................9 Mosaic Size ............................................................................................................................10 Mosaic Resolution...................................................................................................................10 Tile Size................................
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...ARTISTIC IDEAS OF BYZANTINE Byzantine art is the artistic products of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from Rome's decline and lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward. A number of states contemporary with the Byzantine Empire were culturally influenced by it, without actually being part of it (the "Byzantine commonwealth"), such as Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Rus, as well as some non-Orthodox states the Republic of Venice and Kingdom of Sicily, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire despite being in other respects part of western European culture. Art produced by Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire is often called "post-Byzantine." Certain artistic traditions that originated in the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church architecture, are maintained in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day. Byzantine Mosaics (c.500-843) Using early Christian adaptations of late Roman styles, the Byzantines developed a new visual language, expressing the ritual and dogma of the united Church and state. Early on variants flourished in Alexandria and Antioch...
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...CHAPTER 9 – Test Bank Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The “Middle Ages” in Western Europe includes which of the following time periods? a. the beginning of the Early Christian period through the 13th or 14th centuries b. the end of the Roman Empire through the Byzantine period c. the beginning of Byzantine period through the end of the Roman Empire d. A.D. 300–A.D. 1600 Answer: a 2. The new religion that entered Europe in the 8th century was a. Buddhism. b. Hinduism. c. Islam. d. Judaism. Answer: c 3. Which of the following cultures influenced Islamic art? a. Byzantine b. Archaic Greek c. Early Christian d. both the Byzantine and Early Christian Answer: d 4. The Christian recovery of Moorish strongholds was called the a. Reformation. b. Rebellion. c. Revolution. d. Reconquest. e. Renaissance. Answer: d 5. Which is true? a. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 622. b. Muhammad claimed to be the son of Allah. c. The Hijra marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. d. Muslims are required to pray six times a day. Answer: c 6. The hadj refers to a. the Islamic calendar. b. a pilgrimage. c. a leader. d. a mosque. Answer: b 7. Jihad is a a. religious sentence. b. priest. c. holy book. d. holy war against sin, in oneself and in the world. Answer: d 8. Muslims must pray a. in a mosque. b. facing west. c. facing Mecca. d. facing a qibla. Answer:...
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...Islamic and Byzantine Civilizations Worksheet Part I: Timeline Create a timeline of the Islamic and Byzantine civilizations, listing any major events in each civilization’s history. Islamic Civilization • ca. 570- Birth of Muhammad • 622- Beginning of the Muslim calendar • 632- Death of Muhammad • 644-656- Rapid conquests in Egypt and Iran • 656-661- Contested Caliphate of Ali • 680- Second civil war begins with the death of al-Husayn Byzantine Civilization • 313- Emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan • 410- Rome invaded by Visigoths under Alaric • 451-453- Europe invaded by the Huns under Attila • 488- Theodoric establishes kingdom of Ostrogoths in Italy • 732- Charles Martel defeats Arabs at Tours You may create your own timeline using Microsoft® Word or you may use any of the timeline creators online. However, if you use an online resource, you must provide a web link to the completed timelines or a screenshot of your timelines. You may also use the University of Phoenix Timeline Builder. Part II: Cultural Contributions Complete the following matrix with at least one element for each category. |Civilization |Intellectual |Artistic Forms or |Architecture |Religious Beliefs |Traditions | | |Contributions |Contributions | | | | |Byzantine ...
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...through the Gothic eras. There are four classification in the development of Cristian art: Early Christian and Byzantine, Early Medieval, Late Medieval—Romanesque and Late Medieval—Gothic. Art and architecture from these periods all tell stories from that specific time in life, they give factual knowledge on the information that we have today, allowing us to relate to these time periods. The first era in which is going to be spoke about is the Early Christian and Byzantine time period of 500-1000. In the Early Christian and Byzantine time...
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...The Hagia Sophia and The Notre Dame de Paris The Hagia Sophia is a beautiful and important monument of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. This magnificent architectural structure once served as a church, then served as a mosque, and now is an amazing museum at the Turkish Republic. The Hagia Sophia has always been considered a jewel of its time and is home to many. The mystical city Istanbul hosted many civilizations and religions over the centuries, and the Byzantium and Ottoman Empires were two of the most famous ones. Today, the city play host to this main tourist attraction, which carries the characteristics of both the Byzantium and Ottoman cultures and surely Hagia Sophia is a perfect synthesis where one can observe both effects under one great dome. The Norte Dame de Paris The Notre Dame Cathedral Paris or Notre Dame de Paris which means, “Our Lady of Paris” in French, is a cathedral of the Catholic archdiocese of Paris. It is a monument is located on the eastern side of Île de la Cité, with its main entrance to the west. Located in Paris, France, it a major tourist attraction that holds the official chair – “cathedra”, of the Archbishop of Paris. Notre Dame de Paris is considered one of the best examples of French Gothic architecture in the world and was saved from destruction by one of France’s most famous architects – Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. The cathedral was one of the first buildings in the world to develop higher and higher walls, which required extra arch...
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...century when King Abas I was still reigning. It was founded almost at the same time with the Sanahin, another nearby monastery. Haghpat Monastery is a medieval monastery which was built by the Byzantines as a monastic complex in Haghpat, Armenia. The village Haghpat, where the monastery takes its name from, lies on plateau in region of Gouark. This plateau is dissected by deep cracks which were formed by the Debed and Pampak Rivers. Unlike other plateaus in Armenia, it has plenty of water and an abundance of vegetation. The book of Documents of Armenian Architecture says “In this natural setting, it is to be framed the simple, substantial volumetric massivity of the buildings of Haghpat built (as a typical in Armenian architecture) with local stones, such as stuff or eruptive rocks, these contributing to give an absolute homogeneity to the landscape. This process of communion with nature, springing maybe from a remote ancestral feeling of respect and almost veneration for one’s land intended as a mother, in whose “womb” one seeks for protection causes sometimes the buildings to compenetrate the landscape” . Besides, Haghpat Monastery catches the sight of the Pampak River in Northern region of Armenia that has boundaries with Georgia. The Byzantines did not establish it on a peak, but a verdant highland was chosen to build, because halfway of hillside is easier to afford protection and hiding from prying people than pinnacle. This situation not only shows both...
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...Ages began when Western Roman Empire collapsed. Byzantine and Islamic appeared before the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages is the middle period of three traditional division of Western history: early, the high, and the late Middle Ages. Middle Ages is an important part of Western Civilization. It through many different period of time of the Middle Ages helps Western Civilization development economy and political. Each period of Middle Ages affect to how Civilization changes and growth. Western Civilization had more strong and created many intellect men. Also, the last Pagan Europe was converted to Christianity with the Baltic people in the High Middle Ages, bringing them to Western Civilization as well. I. Byzantine and Islamic influence A. Byzantine influence In the textbook Humanities in the Western Tradition, First Edition Marvin Perry, Baruch College, City University of New York, Emeritus J. Wayne Baker, University of Akron Pamela Pfeiffer Hollinger, the University of Akron that discussion Byzantine and Islamic their cultural contribution to Western Civilization. * “The Byzantine and Islam have in common” by contributing writer that almost 700 years Byzantine and Islamic cultural fought the remains of the Roman Empire, but they also hared many cultural political and artistic that shape their societies in many ways. * Advantage: * Byzantine cultural contributions to Western Civilization Byzantine developed vital economy, sophisticated intellectual...
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...Dr. Lane Study Guide for Exam #1 Feb 2014 In brief, Exam #1 will cover two broad areas: (1) Everything we have covered in class on the Pentateuch. (2) The nature of covenants, and which OT covenant is which, so far. Here are the handouts the exam will cover: #12.2 Genesis 1–4, Creation & the Fall The exam will not ask about the different views of creation, but the other material is testable. #14 Essential Passages in the Pentateuch #16 Basic Nature of OT Covenants & ANE Treaties #17 Thirteen Propositions Re: . . . Covenants #19.1 Conclusions from the Pentateuch Be able to identify each of the five books we've covered, by way of main events (esp., the covenants), the main characters, and where the books fit into the redemptive-historical context of the Pentateuch. Know which sort of covenant is which (esp. H/O #16), and esp.(!) what are the specific covenants we have seen so far in the OT. What are their features, whom are they with, etc. A few must-know chapters & verses: (These are not the only ones; these are the must-know chapters). Gen 12, 15, 17 & 22 Exod 19, 20 & 24 Exod 34:6 Lev 26:12 Lev 26 Deut 7 Otherwise, be able to identify the chapters in boxes . Other items / ideas we have stressed: Israel's religion and cosmology and cosmogeny (vs.( that of pagan religions. Be able to answer...
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...Theodora and Justinian “There are two great gifts which God, in his love for man, has granted from on high: the priesthood and the imperial dignity" —Justinian I. What many emperors failed to do before him was to completely remake the Roman Empire. Justinian and Theodora were not the likely people to be granted such high status and power, to change the view of religion in Byzantium. The pair had many instances in their past that should have damage the duo as rulers, but through their determination they thrived. Byzantium the Eastern Roman Empire was focused in the center of Constantinople "City of Constantine". Today eminent for ancient Rome a Greek culture, portrayed by Christianity rather than Roman paganism and was primarily Greek-speaking society. During most of its existence, it remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, notwithstanding setbacks and territorial losses. Throughout the paper we will be considering how Justinian, Theodora, and their partnership flourished in the Byzantium era. Justinian commonly known as Justinian the Great was born in Tauresium around 482 to a peasant Latin speaking family. His uncle Justin later adopted him, guaranteed his education and allowing him to work under him. While his uncle was a ruler Justinian was an honorable confidant who during his rule until his uncle aged; Justinian was selected as consul and commander of the east until Justin’s death upon which Justinian...
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...Introduction Ever since I was born on April 15, 1980, I have been raised in a Greek environment, and being Greek-American has played a significant role in my life. In addition, I happen to have a friend named Mehmet, who is from Turkey. But I never knew any information about Turkey until I found this country on a world map. That’s when I learned the following facts: Turkey is located in both Europe and Asia, and it shares a border with Greece. So when I started taking the course Geography of the Middle East at Old Dominion University, I decided to select Turkey for my research paper. Perry Library and Larchmont Library were excellent places for literary materials. I also consulted Internet sources and my class textbook as additional resources. Turkistan, a region in central Asia, is a Persian term which means “Turks’ land” or “land of the Turks”. The Young Ottoman Turks considered this name for their country before they decided on “Turkiye, an adaptation of the European name” Turkey (Lewis 333). Although “[t]he name Turkey has been given to…Anatolia…since its first conquest by the Turks in the eleventh century,” the Turks officially referred to their country as Turkey when it won its independence in 1923. (Lewis 1). Turkey’s relative geographical position distinguished it from most of the other countries of the world. It is situated on two continents: (southeastern) Europe and (southwestern) Asia. European Turkey, or Eastern Thrace, constitutes only...
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