...C PROGRAMMING Section 1. Topics: Functions Statements Input Output Variables Introduction The C programming language has been the most popular high level language used for engineering applications for the last 20 years. It shares many common structures with other procedural languages, such as Pascal, and can be used for general purpose programming of a PC. However, it is also particularly good for development of embedded application programs such as those found in phones, video recorders and so forth. The term procedural language refers to the fact that the language uses procedures to do particular tasks such as printing on the screen. In C these procedures are known as functions and are described below. What is so good about a language like C? The basic reason such languages were developed was to make it easier for humans to program computers. The alternative is the language of the computer, i.e., binary codes. Clearly such ‘low-level’ languages are not very appealing for humans, although sometimes necessary for detailed engineering work. (In fact C is often ‘mixed’ with such languages for engineering applications.) C uses words and symbols that are part of, or similar to, normal language. This makes it easier for programmers to develop code. The C code is converted to the machine code by a special program called a compiler. See note 1. But perhaps the most useful thing about such a language is that it provides the developer with a library of ‘mini-programs’...
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...C++ PROGRAMMING: FROM PROBLEM ANALYSIS TO PROGRAM DESIGN FIFTH EDITION D.S. MALIK Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition D.S. Malik Executive Editor: Marie Lee Acquisitions Editor: Amy Jollymore Senior Product Manager: Alyssa Pratt Editorial Assistant: Zina Kresin Content Project Manager: Matthew Hutchinson Art Director: Faith Brosnan Print Buyer: Julio Esperas Cover Designer: Roycroft Design/ www.roycroftdesign.com Cover Photo: ª Guntmar Fritz/Masterfile Proofreader: Green Pen QA Indexer: Elizabeth Cunningham Compositor: Integra ª 2011 Course Technology, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be...
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...C Programming assignment 1/10 APS106 2012 Project An adapted version of Chain Reaction The objectives of this project are twofold: (i) to strengthen your programming skills, and (ii) to provide you an opportunity to develop a complex project as a team. You are required to implement material covered in the APS106 course in a large C program that fulfills the requirements described below. Students will work together in teams, and students (even on different teams) are encouraged to learn from one another. However, each team is expected to develop its own project, and no teams should share code. The evaluation process at the end of term will include an automated and sophisticated comparison of codes that will identify instances of similarity. Such instances will be examined closely. Violations of the above rules will be dealt with in accordance with the University of Toronto’s Code of Behavior on Academic Matters. In case of ambiguities or errors in these instructions, we (the APS106 instructors) may clarify/modify them as the term progresses. IMPORTANT DATES ? March 5 -team registration ? April 9-11 -contest (optional) ? April 13 at 3:00 -submission deadline (report and code) PROJECT COORDINATOR: Babak Samareh (aps106ta@mie.utoronto.ca) -make sure you begin the subject line with “APS106”, as he’s going to get a lot of email. LOGISTICS Students will work in teams of 3-4 people. No exceptions. Teams may be composed of students from any of the five lecture sections of the course....
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...True or False (Circle T/F if you think the statement is true/false) (Each question worth 5 points) 1. In C#, a project is a set of files and a solution is a set of projects. T 2. Every object you create or use in C# programming has a specific type usually. When a method doesn’t return anything, there is no return type defined for the method. F 3. In C#, some of the objects, variables or constants don’t have a specific type. F 4. The continue statement skips the remaining statements in the loop (any loop) and transfers control to the test condition. T 5. A smaller type must be explicitly cast to a compatible larger type. F 6. Assume you declared a constant when you’re programming. Although it is called a “constant”, its value can be changed when the program is running. F 7. The members in class A that are marked by private are accessible to methods of class A and also to methods of classes derived from class A. F 8. In C#, when you declare a variable without initializing it, the system will initialize the variable to 0 automatically as VB does. F 9. The system will execute a mathematical formula from left to right; you don’t have to consider the issue of operator precedence in C#. F 10. Implicit casting sometimes runs the risk of data loss. F Multiple Choice questions: (Circle all that applies. If all of your choices are correct but you missed the other correct choices, you will receive partial...
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...1. What do we call the process of sub-dividing a problem into smaller sub-problems? This process is called Top-Down Design. 2. What is the purpose of a function prototype? It tells the return type of the data that the function will return. It tells the number of arguments passed to the function. It tells the data type of each of the passed arguments. It also tells the order in which the argument is passed to the function. 3. What is the purpose of the function definition? A function definition specifies the name of the function, the types and number of parameters it expects to receive, and its return type. A function definition also includes a function body with the declarations of its local variables, and the statements that determine what the function does. Chapter 3 Self-Check Exercises (p. 123) number 1a-d, 2a-e 4. 1a) root = u + v * pow(w,2) 1b) root = cube(x – y) 1c) loge=pow(x, y) 1d) absolute = (x*y) – (w/z) 2a) 20.0 2b) 17 2c) 22.0 2d) 3.0 Chapter 3, Review Questions (p. 167), numbers 3-6, 3. A function is executed after the function prototype in a source program. A function prototype and a function definition appear on separate lines in a source in a source program. 4. For a team of programmers working together on a large program, function subprograms make it easier to apportion tasks. They simplify programing tasks. Functions can be utilized more than once in a program. 5. Functions are more efficient for computer and programmer. When...
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...C++ CIS328 Professor Vijayakumar Kumarasamy 06/18/2014 Classes Classes are an expanded concept of data structures: like data structures, they can contain data members, but they can also contain functions as members. Object An object is an instantiation of a class. In terms of variables, a class would be the type, and an object would be the variable. Abstraction Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details. Data abstraction is a programming (and design) technique that relies on the separation of interface and implementation. Encapsulation Encapsulation is an Object Oriented Programming concept that binds together the data and functions that manipulate the data, and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Data encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of data hiding. Data encapsulation is a mechanism of bundling the data, and the functions that use them and data abstraction is a mechanism of exposing only the interfaces and hiding the implementation details from the user. Inheritance One of the most important concepts in object-oriented programming is that of inheritance. Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms of another class, which makes it easier to create and maintain an application. This also provides an opportunity to reuse the code functionality and fast implementation...
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...C Programming on Linux What You Need for This Project * A Kali Linux virtual machine. You could use other operating systems too, if they have a C compiler. Writing the hello.c Source Code In a Terminal window, execute this command: nano hello.c The nano editor opens. Type in the program shown below. #include <stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello World!\n"); } Save your file with Ctrl+X, Y, Enter. Compiling hello.c to Create the hello File In a Terminal window, execute these commands: gcc hello.c -o hello ./hello These commands compile the hello.c program, creating an executable machine language file named hello, and run the hello executable. You should see "Hello World!", as shown below. This program works, but it would be nicer if it greeted you by name, and if it put a couple of newline characters after the greeting to make it cleaner-looking. The next version, hello2, will add these features. Writing the hello2.c Source Code In a Terminal window, execute this command: nano hello2.c The nano editor opens. Type in the program shown below. #include <stdio.h> main() { char name[10]; printf("What is your name?"); scanf("%s", name); printf("Hi, %s\n\n", name); } ...
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...(Package Inheritance Hierarchy) Package-delivery services, such as FedEx, DHL, and UPS, offer a number of different shipping options, each with specific costs associated. Create an inheritance hierarchy to represent various types of packages. Use Package as the base class of the hierarchy, then include classes TwoDayPackage and OvernightPackage that derive from Package. Base-class Package should include data members representing the name, address, city, state, and ZIP code for both the sender and the recipient of the package, in addition to data members that store the weight (in ounces) and cost per ounce to ship the package. Package's constructor should initialize these data members. Ensure that the weight and cost per ounce contain positive values. Package should provide a public-member function calculateCost that returns a double, indicating the cost associated with shipping the package. Package's calculateCost function should determine the cost by multiplying the weight by the cost per ounce. Derived class TwoDayPackage should inherit the functionality of base-class Package, but also includes a data member that represents a flat fee that the shipping company charges for two-day-delivery service. TwoDayPackage's constructor should receive a value to initialize this data member. TwoDayPackage should redefine member function calculateCost so that it computes the shipping cost by adding the flat fee to the weight-based cost calculated by base-class Package's calculateCost...
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...A Quick Reference to C Programming Language Structure of a C Program #include(stdio.h) /* include IO library */ #include... /* include other files */ #define.. /* define constants */ /* Declare global variables*/) (variable type)(variable list); /* Define program functions */ (type returned)(function name)(parameter list) (declaration of parameter types) { (declaration of local variables); (body of function code); } /* Define main function*/ main ((optional argc and argv arguments)) (optional declaration parameters) { (declaration of local variables); (body of main function code); } Comments Format: /*(body of comment) */ Example: /*This is a comment in C*/ Constant Declarations Format: #define(constant name)(constant value) Example: #define MAXIMUM 1000 Type Definitions Format: typedef(datatype)(symbolic name); Example: typedef int KILOGRAMS; Variables Declarations: Format: (variable type)(name 1)(name 2),...; Example: int firstnum, secondnum; char alpha; int firstarray[10]; int doublearray[2][5]; char firststring[1O]; Initializing: Format: (variable type)(name)=(value); Example: int firstnum=5; Assignments: Format: (name)=(value); Example: firstnum=5; Alpha='a'; Unions Declarations: Format: union(tag) {(type)(member name); (type)(member name); ... }(variable name); Example: union demotagname {int a; float b; }demovarname; Assignment: Format: (tag).(member name)=(value); demovarname.a=1; demovarname.b=4...
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...1. CPU (Computer Processing Unit): the key component of a computer system, which contains the circuitry necessary to interpret and execute program instructions. 2. RAM (Random Access Memory): computer memory available to the user for creating, loading, or running programs and for the temporary storage and manipulation of data, in which time of access to each item is independent of the storage sequence. As a storage medium, RAM is volatile, so its contents are lost when the power fails or is turned off 3. ROM (Read Only Memory): computer memory in which program instructions, operating procedures, or other data are permanently stored, generally on electronic chips during manufacture and that ordinarily cannot be changed by the user. 4. Firmware: a microprogram stored in ROM, designed to implement a function that had previously been provided in software. 5. Operating system: the collection of software that directs a computer's operations, controlling and scheduling the execution of other programs, and managing storage, input/output, and communication resources. 6. Application program: a program used for a particular application 7. Machine language: a coding system built into the hardware of a computer, requiring no translation before being run. 8. Binary: A system of numerical notation to the base 2, in which each place of a number, expressed as 0 or 1, corresponds to a power of 2 9. Main memory: program-addressable storage that is directly controlled...
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...Yourself C in 24 Hours Previous | Table of Contents | Next Hour 1 - Getting Started A journey of a thousand miles is started by taking the first step. —Chinese proverb High thoughts must have high language. —Aristophanes Welcome to Teach Yourself C in 24 Hours. In this first lesson you'll learn the following: What C is Why you need to learn C The ANSI standard Hardware and software required in order to run the C program What Is C? C is a programming language. The C language was first developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs. Ritchie called his newly developed language C simply because there was a B programming language already. (As a matter of fact, the B language led to the development of C.) C is a high-level programming language. In fact, C is one of the most popular general-purpose programming languages. In the computer world, the further a programming language is from the computer architecture, the higher the language's level. You can imagine that the lowest-level languages are machine languages that computers understand directly. The high-level programming languages, on the other hand, are closer to our human languages. (See Figure 1.1.) Figure 1.1. The language spectrum. High-level programming languages, including C, have the following advantages: Readability: Programs are easy to read. Maintainability: Programs are easy to maintain. Portability: Programs are easy to port across different computer platforms. The C language's...
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...task. You are writing its definition. A function is a special type of module and most commonly referred to library functions which a made for different programming languages. 2. The three characteristics of a function in a IPO chart are: function header, function body, return statement. 3. The real number’s fractional part in a conversion function that is used to convert a real number to an integer usually shows up as a type mismatch error. A integer variable cannot hold fractional values. It’s better to convert the result of the math expression to an integer and then assign that integer to the variable. 4. A substring is a string within a string. The substring function typically accepts three arguments: (1) a string that you want to extract a substring from (2) the beginning position of the substring, and (3) the ending position of the substring. 5. The stringToInteger function accepts a string as an argument, converts it to an Integer, and returns the Integer value. The stringToReal function works the same way, but it converts a string to a Real, and usually then gets stored in the realNumber variable. 6. IsInteger function determines whether a string can be converted to a Integer and the isReal function determines whether a string can be converted to a Real. They use If Then Else statements. Programming Exercises 1....
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...ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Declare the class name as fn with data members and member functions.
STEP 3: Read the choice from the user.
STEP 4: Choice=1 then go to the step 5.
STEP 5: The function area() to find area of circle with one integer argument.
STEP 6: Choice=2 then go to the step 7.
STEP 7: The function area() to find area of rectangle with two integer argument.
STEP 8: Choice=3 then go to the step 9.
STEP 9: The function area() to find area of triangle with three arguments, two as Integer and one as float.
STEP 10: Choice=4 then stop the program.
PROGRAM:
#include
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...16/15=1.066666667 15%16=10 16%15=1 3a. i = 3 % 4=yes, 3 3b. i = ( 989 – MAX,_ I) / 3=no 3c. i = 4 % 3=yes 3d. x = PI * -1.0 3e. i = 3 / - 4=no 3f. x = 3 / 4= yes, 0.75 3g. x = 3% ( 3 / 4)=no 4a. i = 7 % 3=yes, 1 4b. i = ( 989 - MAX_ I) / 7= no 4c. i = 3 % 7=yes, 3 4d. x = PI * 2.0=no 4e. i = 7/ - 3=no 4f. x = 7 / 3=yes, 2.3333333333 4g. x = 7 % ( 7 / 3)=no p.102 3. What is illegal about the following program fragment? %lf%lf 4. Stylistically, which of the following identifiers would be good choices for names of constant macros? G Part 2 A. Int V Int I Int R V=I*R B. Int Area Int length Int width Area=length*width C. Int Rseries Int R1 Int R2 Int R3 Rseries=R1+R2+R3 D. Int Rparallel Int R1 Int R2 Int R1 Int R2 Rparallel=R1*R2/(R1+R2) Part3 a. 15.0 b. 7.5 c. 5.0,10.0,5,10 d. 15.0 e. 0.51.0 f. 0,3 Part 4 The month day and year are...
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...3. milling Section * In the milling section, the wheat is the only component arrives here. In this stge the wheat is processed and changed into flour. It passes the following steps. A. Breaker (B1-B5) In this step, the wheat will be broken down into pieces so that it will separate the bran from the endosperm. B. Reduction (R1-R7) In this step, the wheat that has been processed in the breaker stage will be rub-down or reflexology preceeds. Through this process, the bigger and smaller brans are separated. C. Scratch (C1-C7) At this step, the processed “somolina” and bran in the reduction stage (R1-R4) will be processed again and only the white component of the wheat will be extracted. And the extract white flour will be sucked out by high pressure fan to the plant sifter. Each pipe have their own siever. Then the flour which has passed the eighteen seieves will be the final product. The amount of wheat that has to be sieved shall be controlled by the airlock, the airlock will play a great role by determining the amount of wheat that has to be passed and seived. The end product or ther desired flour will be transported into silo via convier and elevator. The rest of the component which is not changed into flour will be transported back to the reduction process to be reprocessed (R1-R7 and C1-C7) until the bran and flour is competly separated. The milling process will be as follows. convier elevator scorer convier counter grinder pipe ...
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