...Overview Hypercalcemia is the most common life-threatening metabolic disorder associated with neoplastic diseases, occurring in an estimated 10% to 20% of all adults with cancer. It also occurs in children with cancer, but with much less frequency (approximately 0.5%–1%).[1-3] Solid tumors (such as lung or breast cancer tumors) as well as certain hematologic malignancies (particularly multiple myeloma) are most frequently associated with hypercalcemia.[4] Although early diagnosis followed by hydration and treatment with agents that decrease serum calcium concentrations (hypocalcemic drugs) can produce symptomatic improvements within a few days, diagnosis may be complicated because symptoms may be insidious at onset and can be confused with those of many malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, diagnosis and timely interventions not only are lifesaving in the short term but also may enhance the patient’s compliance with primary and supportive treatments and may improve quality of life.[5] When a patient has a refractory, widely disseminated malignancy for which specific therapy is no longer being pursued, the patient may want to consider withholding therapy for hypercalcemia. For patients or families who have expressed their wishes regarding end-of-life issues, this may represent a preferred timing and/or mode of death (as compared with a more prolonged death from advancing metastatic disease). This option is best considered long before the onset of severe hypercalcemia or...
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...Cervical Cancer Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Valerie Allen | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer cells located in the tissues of the cervix. The cervix connects to the vagina at the bottom of the uterus. These abnormal cells can spread throughout the cervix and to other parts of the body. Evidence proves the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major cause of cervical cancer. However certain strains of HPV can cause cervical cells to become malignant. Fortunately only a small amount of people with HPV develops cervical cancer. In United States alone cervical cancer reports shows 12,360 new cervical cancer cases and 4,020 deaths in the year 2014.The risk factors of cervical cancer are, losing your virginity at a very young age, having too many sex partners, and contracting of sexual transmitted infections like herpes and HPV, which causes genital warts. Also smoking cigarettes can raise your risk of several cancers including cervical cancer. As a preventive of cervical cancer, screenings need to be done 3 years after sexual activity starts, but no later than 21 years old. At the age of 30 women should have a screening every year or every 2 years along...
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...Prevention of Breast Cancer Abstract Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American women according to the National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer research has found no cure and treatments vary in effectiveness. Objectives This paper will review some of the various conventional and natural prevention methods of breast cancer and evaluate the effectiveness and risks of each. Methods/Design Published studies on early detection , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical activity and diet were reviewed. Opposing studies and risks of each were also sought and reviewed. Major Findings All methods were found to have a positive effect on reducing the risk of breast cancer except for early detection. All methods were also found to have a negative effect on breast cancer risk or have risks of other health problems except for physical activity and thermography. Conclusion Studies show that early detection does not prevent breast cancer and moderate physical activity can reduce the risk of breast cancer. All other methods have conflicting studies . Early Detection: Early detection is the most recommend method for the prevention of breast cancer, however it does not prevent breast cancer but studies show it can reduce the death rate of breast cancer. Mammography the most used and accurate form of non-evasive early detection will be examined in this paper as well as thermography, a new alternative to mammogram screenings. ...
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...Advertisement Email Share Get Permissions Get Citation Figures Slideset (.ppt) PDF Reviews | 17 December 2013 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force FREE Stephen P. Fortmann, MD; Brittany U. Burda, MPH; Caitlyn A. Senger, MPH; Jennifer S. Lin, MD, MCR; and Evelyn P. Whitlock, MD, MPH [+] Article and Author Information See Also: Published Letter: Padayatty et al Published Letter: Dror et al Published Letter: Hemilä Published Letter: Bolland et al Published Letter: Fortmann et al Oral High-Dose Multivitamins and Minerals After Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Trial Long-Term Multivitamin Supplementation and Cognitive Function in Men: A Randomized Trial Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(12):824-834. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-20131217000729 Text Size: A Related Articles Filter By Topic > Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(8):558-564. Routine Vitamin Supplementation To Prevent Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: Recommendations and Rationale Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(1):51-55. CME [+] View More A A This article was published online first at www.annals.org on 12 November 2013. Article Figures...
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...important in the systematic and critical appraisal of any article. Therefore, I will evaluate the article ‘Evaluation of a Belly Board immobilization device for rectal cancer patients receiving pre-operative chemoradiation’ by Gaya et al. (2014). The appraisal will not only show the strengths, but also the weaknesses in several parts of the article. Title The title of the article for appraisal is ‘Evaluation of a Belly Board immobilization device for rectal cancer patients receiving pre-operative chemoradiation’. This article was written by Gaya et al... The article was published by the Cambridge University Press in volume 13 of the Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice, from pages 403 to 409. The title is self-explanatory, in that it has shown the purpose of the research, which is to evaluate a belly board immobilization device for patients who are suffering from rectal cancer and are receiving pre-operative chemoradiation. With such a title in place, there is specificity in place. However, the title failed to show the setting in which the research trial was done. The reader is left to imagine the area of study or to go ahead and read the whole research in order to identify the area. A Summary and Critical Appraisal of Research Purpose and Literature Review The article has a clear and outstanding abstract, which has described the purpose of the study, the research methods and materials. In...
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...Deleting Oncogenes in Cancer Cells with DNA Strand Slippage Abstract Oncogenes are DNA sequences which code for proteins that can cause cancer. Therefore, one way to treat cancer is to disrupt or destroy these genes. Lars Zender and colleagues recently discovered two genes that are the most likely causes of liver cancer (1). Zender claims oncogenes cIAP1 and Yap promote tumor growth, and are overexpressed in liver cancer cells. Garcia-Diaz and coworkers have also found that the slipping of DNA strands during synthesis by DNA polymerase can cause single bases to be deleted (2). Applying conditions for this slippage to the replication of the oncogenes in liver cancer cells will cause base deletion and render the gene unable to encode a protein that promotes tumor growth. The experimental control will be DNA sequences matching the oncogenes that will be treated with DNA polymerase λ due to its high rate of base deletion (2). A second experimental control will be DNA treated with DNA polymerase μ. The negative control will consist of untreated DNA. The crystallization process used by Garcia-Diaz and colleagues to uncover the structure of the polymerase and DNA will be used to determine which DNA bases, if any, are deleted. The oncogene will become unable to promote tumor malignancy if its bases are targeted for deletion. Background Zender applied genome analysis to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, or liver cancer cells, and mouse liver tumors to determine...
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...ABSTRACT The desperate need for radiotherapy in low and mid-income countries (LMICs) has been well documented. Roughly 60 % of the worldwide incidence of cancer occurs in these regions. 1 However, the focus of several reports has been on how dire the situation is and the magnitude of the problem, leaving most to feel overwhelmed and unsure as to how to help and why to get involved. Knowledge about the causes of cancer, and interventions to prevent and manage the disease is extensive. The struggles that cancer patients and hospitals incur in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have become a global crisis. Many cancer patients requiring radiotherapy in low and middle income countries lack access to treatment. Despite the obviousness of...
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...Breast Cancer Stephanie Shuman COM 156 August 10, 2014 University of Phoenix Breast Cancer The website for the Breast Cancer.org (n.d) stated, “About 1 in 8 U.S. women (just over 12%) will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of her lifetime. In 2013, an estimated 232,340 new cases of invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S., along with 64,640 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.” (para.1) American Cancer Society (2007) stated, “Male breast cancer makes up only 1% of all breast cancers reported in the United States. Still, in the last decade it was responsible for approximately 2000 new cases as well as about 450 deaths per year.” (para.1) Breast cancer death rates have begun decreasing in the U.S in women under 50. It’s thought that the decreases are the result of advanced treatments, early detections through screening and increased awareness. It’s important for not only women to understand the symptoms but men, too. Every man and woman are at risk for breast cancer, and risk rises with age. Survival increases with early detection and treatment. Several of the risk factors for breast cancer are beyond their control. Genetics is the strongest known risk factor for breast cancer that women and men cannot be control. Breast cancer occurs in about 15 to 20 % of women who had a history of breast cancer on either the mothers or the father’s side of the family. On the off chance that he or she has a first-degree relative...
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...Review Starting Step III opioids for moderate to severe pain in cancer patients: Dose titration: A systematic review Palliative Medicine 25(5) 424–430 ! The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0269216310386280 pmj.sagepub.com ˚ Pal Klepstad Pain and Palliation Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Intensive Care, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Stein Kaasa Pain and Palliation Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Palliative Care, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Petter C Borchgrevink Pain and Palliation Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Center for Pain and Complex Disorders, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Abstract The European Association for Palliative Care recommendation for starting morphine for cancer pain is dose titration with immediate release (IR) oral morphine given every 4 h with additionally doses for breakthrough pain. As part of a EU 6th framework programme to revise the guidelines we review the evidence regarding starting treatment and dose ...
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...outcomes among emerging adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Children’s Health Care, 40(1), 70-84. doi:10.1080/02739615.2011.537943 Abstract: This longitudinal study examined social outcomes among young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and matched peers during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Design: Quantitative. Methods: Participants included 45 participants with JIA (M = 12.64 years post diagnosis), 46 peers, and their parents. Results: Young adults in both groups were similar on a variety of outcomes, including social self-concept, social competence, family relationships, friendships, and romantic relationships. In general, disease factors were not associated with adjustment. Clinical Implications: Interventions to assist social functioning may not be necessary for all children with JIA, but additional research is needed to identify potential subgroups at risk for difficulties. Khani, M., Ziaee, V., Moradinejad, M., & Parvaneh, N. (2013). The effect of positive family history of autoimmunity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis characteristics: A case control study. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(5), 569-573. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=2012347719&site=ehost-live&scope=site Abstract: To compare Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) patients with and without family history of autoimmune disease with respect to clinical features...
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...Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in Canada. Approximately 20-30% of the breast cancer patients have an overexpression of HER-2, which is associated with aggressive disease progression and poor response to traditional treatments. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against HER-2, has been demonstrated its efficacy in benefiting HER-2-positive breast cancer patients in several clinical trials. A literature review was performed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of trastuzumab, in regards to its benefits on disease-free survival and toxicity profile, in the adjuvant setting among HER-2-positive breast cancer patients. Three randomized clinical trials were identified comparing clinical outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy with...
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...Abstract For the past several years, there has been a growing awareness of the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce...
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...Prevalence of Depression in Cancer Patients My topic of interest is the prevalence of depression in cancer patients. Prior to analyzing any literature my understanding was that cancer patients have a higher incidence of depression compared to the general population due to the decline in their health. My belief is shaped by a personal experience with a family member who had cancer and suffered from depression. This is significant to nursing because approximately 10-25 percent of cancer patients develop depression (Traeger, 2010). As depression develops within a cancer patient it can cause poorer treatment tolerance, decreased quality of life and an increased desire for death for patients with cancer (Traeger, 2010). These factors can result in reduced treatment effectiveness, treatment refusal, and disease management costs (Traeger, 2010). Furthermore, patients may have difficulty accepting their prognosis which can cause conflict between appropriate and compassionate end of life care causing distress in decision making (Traeger, 2010). Therefore, as health care professionals it is important that we are aware of this and offer the appropriate management and treatment options or interventions to increase the quality of life as well as help prevent the development of depression (Yang et al., 2013) (Neilson et al., 2012). During my preliminary search two articles were found; “The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety among...
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...American Cancer Society: Advocating for the Family Smoke Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) 2009. Abstract On June 22, 2009, President Obama signed into law the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA). This Act gave the FDA authority to regulate the distribution, manufacture and sale of tobacco to the public in the United States. The American Cancer Society and many others believe that the enactment of an effective national tobacco control policy is a necessary first step in reducing youth and adult smoking, controlling the tobacco industry, and significantly reducing tobacco- related disease and death. Before this day tobacco products were unregulated by the federal government. This paper will discuss the Act and the ACS strong support of this Act, as well as some of its supporters and opposers. My interest group is the American Cancer Society. One of the organizations priority issues is to prevent cancer. They work with lawmakers to pass laws to defeat cancer and rally communities to join the fight. Many people think of cancer as a purely medical or scientific issue, but it is just as much a political issue. Every day in the news we hear of legislators introducing bills, passing laws and allocating funds that affect people with cancer and their families. Even clinical trials and health insurance all involve legislation. As a community-based organization the ACS unites millions of people...
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...Youth Smoking Minerva Sanchez COH 435 National University May 26, 2015 Abstract Smoking is a health behavior that presents a burden of a preventable disease around the globe. Smoking and tobacco use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle contributes to over one million deaths annually in the U.S only. Although smoking prevalence in the U.S has dropped by half since the publication in 1964 on first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health, there is still increasing number premature deaths estimated at over 400,000 annually; the prevalence among the use of tobacco products in the younger populations is on the rise. Report by World Health Organization on the worldwide spread of tobacco use and smoking, it has warned on billion lives being lost by the end of the century. Identified as a significant source on premature mortality or death and preventable morbidity such as diseases and illness; cigarette smoking is one of the preventable behaviors that through the use of the media and public health legislation can effectively be eliminated. Introduction Health behavior can be termed as an activity undertaken with the essence of prevention or the detection of disease or towards improving the health and the well-being. The notion attached to the interest on the respective behaviors impact on everyone health and the well-being is attached on diverse assumptions. The assumptions are; a large proportion of the mortality...
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