...CANCER CONTROL PROJECT ABSTRACT A. PROJECT TITLE: Self-sampling for HPV infection among low-income Hispanic women. B. SPECIFIC AIMS: Although cervical cancer is preventable through regular screening 1 with Pap smear and liquid-based cytology,2 only 72% of women in the Texas-Mexico border and 82% of women in the US undergo such regular screening.3 Hispanic women in this region have one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in the nation.4 Previous studies have identified barriers to screening in this minority population such as lack of access to healthcare, fear of pain during the gynecological exam and embarrassment.5 Persistent infection with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types is necessary for developing cervical cancer.6 Thus, HPV testing of women 30 – 65 years of age has been added to the cervical cancer screening guidelines in addition to Pap/cytology (co-testing).2 Self-sampling is a novel approach to detect HPV infection, it allows women to collect their own cervical specimen with a brush in the clinic or in their own homes.7 It has high sensitivity (74%) and specificity (88%) compared to physician collected samples.8-13 Women that deem it acceptable cite reasons such as privacy, costs, and lack of need for an office visit.13-21 However, Pap/cytology has been preferred over self-sampling among some groups because of low confidence in self-sampling accuracy and uncertainty over performing it correctly.13,17,20,22,23 Self-sampling has been least likely...
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...Health Promotion in Oral Cancer Health promotion may be defined as the process by which patients are given the power to gain control over their health thereby improving it. It also includes providing skills to patients to enable them to develop healthy habits and also improving their social and physical environments to support these habits (Sharma & Romas, 2012). Health promotion does not only focus on the disease but empowers the patient to improve his or her overall health. Therefore, health care in oral cancer is involved in creating a conducive environment for patients to improve their health. Oral cancer is a type of cancer that affects the inner parts of the mouth including the throat. It is mainly caused by smoking cigarettes and chewing smokeless tobacco. It mostly appears as painless sores and growth within the mouth including the lips, tongue, gums and inner cheek. It may be confused for ulcers or cold sores (Sharma & Romas, 2012). Oral cancer has a very high mortality rate i.e. patients affected only live for up to 5 years after infection. This may be due to the fact that cancer cells in the mouth are usually not detected until they are developed. Survival and treatment of oral cancer depends on early detection. If it is diagnosed in the early stages, an oral cancer patient is more likely to survive than persons affected by other cancers (Sharma & Romas, 2012). Health education with health promotion and the situation in Saudi Arabia Health education is any learning...
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...2015 Approach to Care The diagnosis, treatment, and side effects associated with cancer can be complex and understanding how cancers are diagnosed, the treatment choices, and the potential psychological, physical effects of cancer are essential to understand when one is faced with a cancer diagnosis. This paper will describe how cancer is diagnosed, the staging procedure, complications associated with the disease, the side effects associated with treatment, and methods to lessen the physical and psychological effects of cancer. The diagnosis of cancer is determined from the patient’s history, symptoms, and physical exam obtained by a healthcare provider (Davis, C. P. 2014). There are many symptoms which may alert a patient or healthcare provider that further evaluation for cancer is required. Examples of suspect symptoms might include: Changes in a mole, sores that do not heal, changes in the breast and nipple, thickening or lump beneath or on the skin, changes in bowel routines, atypical bleeding noted in the urine, stool, or vaginal (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). After performing the physical exam, a healthcare provider may determine medical tests are required to confirm a cancer diagnosis. Medical tests used to confirm diagnosis can vary. One of the first tests to be conducted will be an evaluation of the patients’ blood. Several blood tests are commonly used to detect cancer; these tests include: Tests that evaluate the level of electrolytes, proteins, fats, metabolites...
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...one of the health risk assessments located on the LRC website. After completing the assessment, write a 500- to 750-word summary that includes the following: Cancer: Cancer is not just one disease. It is a group of diseases that are only in common by the uncontrolled growth of cells. This is known as a tumor. The cells of a benign tumor do not spread beyond their initial location. Cancer is diagnosed when a tumor is found to be malignant and thus has the potential to spread. As we know cancer is a major cause of death and disability in the US. Over 20% of all deaths are caused by some sort of cancer. Although in younger ages the percentage can be higher. Risk Factors: There are some risk factors for cancer that you cannot avoid. Like genetics or family history, environmental exposers or behaviors that occurred in the past. There are some that you can control such as, you can control your current and future behavior, including diet and exercise, and you’re current and future environmental exposures, such as tobacco smoke or other chemicals. You have to remember that having one of a few of these risk factors does not mean that you are going to get cancer and avoiding these risk factors does not ensure that you are healthy. But avoiding these factors does certainly affect your odds. The best defense against cancer to avoid getting it in the first place. This is why risk factors are so important. By you identifying which...
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...How cancer starts How cancer starts Doctors and scientists now know that each cancer starts with changes in one cell or a small group of cells. Usually, many years before you can feel a lump, or a doctor can see it on a scan, the cells have started to reproduce uncontrollably. You can see from the differences between normal cells and cancer cells that the cancer cell seems to lose a number of vital control systems. This happens because some of the genes in the cell have been damaged or lost. Scientists call this 'mutation'. Genes and mutation Genes are coded messages inside a cell that tell it how to behave. The genes are codes that tell the cell how to make many different proteins. One gene 'codes' for one protein. Proteins are the building blocks that make up a cell. Some proteins act as 'on and off switches' that help to control how a cell behaves. For example, a hormone signal acts on a protein in or on the cell. The protein then sends a signal down a chain of switches. The final signal tells the cell to reproduce by dividing into two. Mutation means that a gene has been damaged or lost. A mutation may mean that too much protein is made. Or that a protein is not made at all. For example, a signalling protein may be permanently switched on. Other proteins, whose job is to control and limit cell division, may be permanently switched off. Something that damages a cell and makes it more likely to be cancerous is called a 'carcinogen'. For example, there are carcinogens...
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...Assessment The health risk profile chosen for this assignment was breast cancer. What I’ve come to learn are its risk factors that are compared to the average woman developing breast cancer. breast cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the breast. The breast consists of lobules (glands that make breast milk), ducts (small tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple), fatty and connective tissue, blood vessels and lymph vessels. Breast cancer may also occur in surrounding lymph nodes, especially those of the underarm. A risk factor anything that affects our chances of getting a particular disease. We can control some of them, but not all of them. . Those we can't control include genetics or family history, and environmental exposures or behaviors that occurred in the past. Those we can control include our current and future behaviors, including diet and exercise, and our current and future environmental exposures, such as to tobacco smoke, alcohol, or other chemicals. We must keep in mind that risk factors are not absolute, that having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean we will definitely get cancer. It is important to have our routine screenings test, or early detection. These tests are designed to find Breast cancer when it is most likely to be treated. These screening tests are used to look for signs of cancer in people who have no symptoms. The best way to defense against Breast cancer is to avoid getting it in the first place, that is why risk factors are...
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...Chronic illness poses a huge burden to people and greatly impacts their lives. Cancer being one of them is a group of diseases where cells divide and grow uncontrollably. The good news is that there are a number of lifestyle changes and therapy that can greatly reduce or even prevent cancer. Skin cancer is most definitely one that we may not notice right away. There are risk factors that we can control and other areas of the illness that we can’t. Cancer is a broad group of many different types. Cancer starts out with abnormal cells that are grouped together. A group of these cells is called a tumor. A tumor is then tested to see if it has the danger of spreading. If it does have the capability of spreading, then it is considered cancerous. It put the cancer cells and the cell growth ratio out of order where the cancer cells are taking over and get out of control. More specifically, Melanoma is when the cancer cells have taken over the skin. Often times we don't even notice it because it may appear to be a beauty mark or skin tag when in reality we have something more dangerous going on. The risk factors for melanoma are just like any other type of cancer. Some aspects of the disease are controllable while others are not. The Controllable factors are also known as manageable factors. The factors we cannot control are the color of our skin, the color of our hair, our genetics. The things we can control are sun exposure, the use of tanning beds, and lastly how frequently we get...
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...over one hundred different types of cancer, and they all begin with the development and proliferation of abnormal cells. If untreated, cancer can cause illness, debilitation and death. In normal cell function, cells replicate and produce new cells as old cells are dying. Under normal circumstances out of control cellular reproduction does not occur. Cancer cells also grow in to other tissues invading their cellular structure. If the structural DNA of a cell is damaged, the cell then tries to repair itself and if unable the cell dies. Cancer cells do not die. They continue to replicate the cells with damaged DNA and spread the disease. Cancer cells are able to invade blood and body tissues and travel to different areas in the body where the damaged cells can invade and crowd out healthy tissue (What is Cancer, 2015). This paper will discuss the diagnosis, staging & complications of cancer, treatment options and side effects as well as methods to lessen physical and psychological effects. Diagnosis and Staging Early diagnosis of cancer is the key to early medical intervention and reduction in mortality. Diagnosing cancer can begin as simply as the discussion you have with your physician during a regular checkup. Pertinent medical history as well as family history of disease is important to identify risk factors. Laboratory data analyzing urine, blood and other bodily fluid specimens for high or low values helps in diagnosis of certain cancers. Diagnostic imaging studies looking...
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...A Collection of Related Diseases Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors. Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening...
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...Skin Cancer On The Rise Josephine Mancini Kaplan University Skin Cancer Has No Mercy Skin cancer is a disease that is not taken seriously. Skin cancer is when the skin cells grow abnormally. Skin cancer in the United States is the most common type of cancer. Every year, more than 68,000 Americans are diagnosed with melanoma, and another 48,000 are diagnosed with an early form of skin cancer.(National Cancer Institute 2011). Does increased exposure to UV light increase risk of skin cancer? Sunlight is the main source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can damage the genes in your skin cells (American Cancer Society 2009). UV light is thought to be the major risk factor for most skin cancers. You don’t just get UV light from the sun you also get UV light from tanning lamps and booths. People exposed to high levels UV light are at a greater risk for skin cancer. Nearly 30 million people use tanning bed in the US every year, 71 percent are young ladies between the ages 16-29.(Skin Cancer Foundation 2012). Different Types of Skin Caner There are three types of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cell area of our skin. Basal cell carcinoma appears on skin that has been exposed to the sun. This type of skin cancer is the least deadly but if it goes undetected for years it can be deadly. Another type of skin cancer is squamous cell carcinoma that may occur in...
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...The Environmental Factors of Cancer Tammie Ewart COM156 Version 7 May 18, 2014 Diane Moore, Faculty Cancer is a disease that is diagnosed almost every day and there are numerous avenues that lead to the development of cancer in the human body. Life styles, diet and nutrition, chemical exposure, exhaust fumes; radiation exposure and hormone replacements to name a few are the leading causes. The majority of these factors is environmental and should be considered when choosing work environments, purchasing products and life styles that can put you at a higher risk. “Cancer is a disease that occurs when cells in the body begin to divide at a faster rate than the body requires. These rapidly dividing cells grow into a lump that is known as a tumor. A tumor can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).” (Cleveland Clinic, 1995-2014). “Many factors can cause the development of cancer in the body. Some of these factors, such as heredity (family members who have the disease cannot be avoided. Others, such as lifestyle, can be controlled. For example, the use of tobacco is one of the main causes of cancer especially lung cancer. Tobacco use, whether in the form of smoking, chewing, or exposure to second hand smoke (smoking by others), can also cause cancer of the mouth, larynx, esophagus, throat, and many other parts of the body.”(Cleveland Clinic, 1995-2014). Other primary causes of cancer include: * Diet/nutrition – The...
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...Fruits against human cancer cell lines. Introduction Muntingia calabura Linn is a plant that belongs to the Elaeocarpaceae family, commonly known as cherry tree. The tree bears small red fruits with enormous tiny yellow seeds. The fruits are so sweety and juicy, which attracts the people to eat. This plant has been used as the Peru traditional medicine in reducing the swell of the prostate gland and alleviating headaches and cold as well as pains associated with gastric ulcers. The fruits and leaves possess the antioxidant activity [1]. Cancer is the major cause of death worldwide, claiming over 6 million lives every year. In the recent years alternative therapies have gained importance over conventional cancer therapies for the treatment of cancer [2]. Chemotherapy is restricted by both intrinsic and acquired cell resistance to drugs. [3] This has necessitated the use of natural products for the treatment of cancer. There are compelling evidences for experimental investigations on the efficacy of plant drugs against cancer [4]. It is known that there are links between the inflammatory and nociceptive, oxidative and cancer processes. The ability to inhibit any of the process will definitely lead to the inhibition of the others [5]. Based on the fact that M. calabura fruit possess antioxidant activity, the aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro anticancer activity of methanol extracts of the fruits of M. calabura against HeLa and HEp-2 cancer cell lines using...
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...Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and invade, erode, and destroy normal tissue. It has sadly affected many people. Damaged genes are the cause of this. Since mitosis - a process for cell division - and the cell cycle are controlled by genes, having damaged genes can cause the cell to go wrong. If it starts in just a single cell, it can replicate itself to make new cells that duplicate. In the cell cycle, cells can be in the G1 or G0 stage. Often cells leave G1 and enter G0 where they carry out their functions then die out or re-enter the cell cycle if needed. It is usually a balance. Contrary, some cells can not enter G0 and are destined to repeat the cell cycle indefinitely. These are cancer cells. As the very early damaged...
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...of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center organizational structure has allowed them to become one of the prominent organizations for treating cancer, research, and schooling. Since the early 90’s, they successfully restructured from being a physically organized cancer center in regards to clinical fields into a hospital that was structured into disease centered combined practice components termed multidisciplinary centers of care. These components were reinforced by an organizational structure plan in which doctors conveyed information both to management of educational units and disease centered care centers. As their ability to research and at the same time educate future health care personnel keeps them in forefront. Though these multidisciplinary centers of care do not operate simultaneously as one team focus on an individual patient they communicate focusing on particular cancer treatment and research with the same mission and goal. Keywords: cancer, research, students The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Organization& Stakeholder Relationship Knowledge and Comprehension The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center being one of the United States most valued centers dedicated entirely to the care of patients with cancer, education and research. Located in Houston, Texas Medical Center, established in 1941 MD Anderson was a part of “The University of Texas System”. Further research shows The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is known to many...
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