...Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and Stress-related illness. (12marks) It is suggested that stress can result in immunosuppression which can lead to stress-related illnesses such as Coronary Heart Disease and high blood pressure. Kiecolt and Glaser conducted an experiment to see the effects of stress on the immune system. This was achieved by taking blood samples of 75 medical students one month before and during their examination period. They then compared the two blood samples and found decreased leucocyte activity in the sample taken during high levels of stress (during their exams). This shows that stress reduces the activity of the immune system, making them more susceptible to becoming ill. Advantages of the study are that blood tests are objective measurements, so there was no social desirability or experimenter bias when analysing the results. The participants were also compared to themselves which removes participant variables on how they perceive stressors. The experiment was a field experiment so there was no manipulating of the independant variable to deliberately cause stress to the participants which makes it ethical. It also means the research has ecological validity and can be applied to the wider world. However, a field experiment may have extraneous variables which impact the results. For example, the student lifestyle of having little sleep and poor accomidation may have been an alternative source of stress. Another...
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...Brenden Riesgo Riesgo 1 Mr. Lee Language Arts 4/27/15 “Vaccinate, Vaccinate!” I support that vaccinations should be mandatory because they can save children’s lives, they don’t include high amounts of harmful ingredients, major health organizations say that vaccines are safe, reactions to vaccines are rare, and that vaccines can protect the communities. To begin with, vaccines save children by 2.5 million per year. 285 children are saved from diseases for every hour due to vaccines. The CDC has said that 732,000 children were saved from death and that 322 million diseases were prevented from the years of 1994 and 2014. In addition, the ingredients in vaccines are safe in the amount used. Thimerosal, formaldehyde, and aluminum are used in safe amounts in vaccines. Most infant formulas have more aluminum than used in vaccines. Outside activities can expose you to more bacteria than vaccinations can. With the exception of inactivated flu vaccines, thimerosal has been reduced or completely removed in vaccines for children under six. The FDA test vaccines for more than 10 years until Riesgo 2 The vaccinations are licensed. Similarly, adverse reactions to vaccinations are extremely rare. The most common rare allergic effect of a vaccine is anaphylaxis. The reaction happens one per million vaccinations. The MRR vaccination does not cause autism and that the TDap vaccination...
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...Fear of the Unknown Taking any kind of a risk is a gamble. They have the potential to lead to a harmful or dangerous outcome, yet can still provide the opportunity for an outcome that can perceived as positive. The essay, “Into the Wild” by Jon Krakauer is his account of Chris McCandless’ search for himself through taking a risk and inhabiting the Alaskan wilderness. Through his lack of survival skills, it is evident that McCandless is a person who likes to take part of risky and dangerous behaviors. “Immune to Reality” by Daniel Gilbert is an analytical essay that revolves around the existence of the psychological immune system. This defense system proves to work as a mechanism that can create positive views out of a negative experience thus producing happiness to an individual. Through Gilbert’s analysis he discovers that people are usually not in favor of taking risks out of fear of feeling regret. However he proves how the psychological immune system can turn a negative consequence of taking a risk into a more pleasant and bearable one. The essay “Another Look Back, And A Look Ahead” by Edward Tenner is an insightful discussion about how people often miscalculate the way technologies will work in the future and to what extent they are useful. People may find themselves getting an unexpected outcome of some new technology which can lead to dangerous risks in the future. People take risks because they want to attain happiness however in the process of this, sometimes people’s...
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...Outline and evaluate psychological research into stress and the immune system (12 marks) Stress causes the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland which signals the adrenal glands to release anti-inflammatory hormones. This weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to infection and illness. Raised levels of cortisol suppresses the TH1 immune response. Kiecolt-Glaser et al conducted a natural experiment into acute stress, the aim was to see if the stress of exams had an effect on the immune system. Blood samples were taken from medical students before and during the exam period, T-Cell activity was measured in the blood samples. The findings showed that T-Cell activity was significantly higher before exams which suggests that acute stress caused reduced immune system functioning. Showing that stress is linked to a weakening of the body’s immune system. A weakness of this study is that it lacks population validity, as it was carried out on medical students. This means that the findings may not be replicated in of individuals and caution should be taken when generalising the findings to the whole population because medical students might not be representative of everyone. Cohen carried out a study into chronic stress, looking at whether conflict in interpersonal relationships reduced immune system functioning. It was found that couples whose interactions are negative and hostile for longer than a month were at risk of developing illness when exposed to an infection...
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...trouble spreading to even the immunocompromised if a vast majority of the population remains vaccinated. Otherwise, herd immunity becomes compromised and those who “refuse vaccinations endanger those who had no choice” (Perry 2). To not vaccinate is simply selfish, as it places not only oneself at risk, but the entire community (Allen 2). Although vaccinations pose potential side effects, as most medicines do, the risks clearly outweigh the dangers. For instance, the hepatitis B vaccine has minimal side effects, the most severe being an allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. However, this only occurs in one of every 600,000 doses or .000167 percent of the time. On the other hand, approximately 10,000 people suffer detrimental liver damage or cancer, while 5,000 people die due to contraction of the hepatitis B virus (“The Benefits” 1). Furthermore, vaccinations help to avoid potentially harmful complications that may occur if an unvaccinated child contracts a disease such as pertussis, pneumococcal, or rotavirus. Although these vaccines have side effects, some more severe than others, they are safe because the benefits unquestionably outweigh the risks (“The Benefits” 2-3). Despite one’s personal beliefs, mandatory vaccines are constitutional, as they protect the public. In every case where compulsory vaccinations were challenged, the Court upheld their constitutionality because they do not infringe on any rights. Notably, in Prince v. Massachusetts, the Court ruled that mandatory vaccines...
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...Vaccines are made to stimulate the production of antibodies in one's body. This helps provide immunity when a person comes in contact with the disease. Few people believe most of the negative rumors or thoughts that come with the vaccines. This could be because of the many benefits that vaccines give. As the years go by, vaccines have improved greatly to the point where most diseases have been if not completely; almost eradicated. This just goes to show how important they are to our society. Vaccines aren't very safe if you have a weakened immune system or is even pregnant, especially since some vaccines contain live viruses that have been weaken, certain bacteria, or chemicals. But this does not stop the fact that even infants can receive...
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...The immune system is your body's defense. It is comprised of organs, cells and other substances that work together to help the body fight any outside or abnormal organisms. This could include germs that could lead to infection or the abnormal cells that make up a cancer. The immune system attacks and destroys the invaders that are not normally in the body. Immunotherapy is when the body uses certain parts of the immune system to fight cancer. This can be achieved in two ways; by making the immune system work harder and smarter, and/or by giving the patient synthetic immune system proteins. Immunotherapy can also be called biotherapy or biologic therapy. Immunotherapy can be used to specifically attack cancer cells or to help boost the body’s...
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...Rheumatoid Arthritis is a progressive autoimmune disease. The cause is not known. It is an incurable disease. This disease has flareups and remissions stages. Different factors can cause the flare ups such as stress or environmental factors. The affected joints do not have to be symmetrical. Lots of different joints all over the body can be affected. Mostly the smaller joints, such as the knees, feet, hands which has warmth, erythema and swelling. An autoimmune disease means the body is attacking itself. If the body doesn’t recognize itself the immune system starts to attack the lining of the joints or what is called the Synovial membrane when the immune system is in overactive state. When the body attacks itself it damages the connective tissue. This inflammatory disease that can affect any Ethnicity, Race, Men, Women, and children alike. RA can occur at any age the latest age being up to sixy-five. Women are more than men to get Rheumatoid Arthritis, possibly because women have more hormones than men do. The disease can affect any small joints but it affects mostly the hands and the feet,Although RA can affect tissues and organs in some cases. According to Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust and Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK “Chronic inflammatory changes thicken the synovial membrane. The joint capsule swells, the synovial membrane becomes inflamed, and the...
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...Even though there is a big controversy, I think that vaccines are beneficial for everyone, even though there are cons the pros outweighs the cons. Most of the cons happen to a small percentage of people. My claims that state the benefits are, the amount of ingredients, the rarity of reactions to vaccines, and the diseases that vaccines have helped and even eradicated. The ingredients are safe in the amount that they are used such as thimerosal, formaldehyde, and aluminum, they can be harmful in large doses but they are not used in harmful quantities in vaccines. These ingredients are used in vaccines such as the hepatitis-c vaccine, polio vaccine, and Pneumococcal vaccine. These vaccines have benefit millions of people and it is ignorant if...
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...You're an excited new mother waiting to bring your baby home. The doctor walks in , and says, "Do you want to get the first vaccines?" As a mother you wants best for your child, but do you really know what that is? Although there are people that don't believe you should have your child vaccinated, there are many people that think you should because immunizations save your child's life, protect other children, and can save you money. First of all I wouldn't want my child to be the reason other children are getting sick. There are many children that have diseases such as Lukemia that cause weak immune systems, and being exposed to non vaccinated children could really harm them. The whooping cough kills 10 to 20 babies a year. Yes, saving other childrens lives are important, but think of your own child's life. Without getting the vaccinations, your child has a higher risk to getting a chronic disease themselves, such as Polo. Vaccines are safer to get than not to get them. It is very rare for someone to have an allergic reaction to the vaccines. All of the vaccines are tested and FDA approved. (Food And Drug Adminstration) Because of the vaccines there are diseases that no longer exist, such as small pox, and measels has dramatically declined since vaccination has came out. If you decide not to vaccinate your child, your personal life and medical bills will be an exchange; For example the child would not be to go to school. You would have to home school them. They would have...
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...Have you ever seen people walking around with white patches all over there body? Do you ever wonder what condition or disease that person may have? Do we at times just these people and look down on them just because they look different? What is our reaction when we see a person walking on the street that has white patches all over them? Are we quick to judge, or do we simply look at it as they have a health problem and there's nothing wrong with that? Do some of us even know what those white patches on the skin may mean? Those white patches that we at times see in some people are a condition known as Vitiligo. Vitiligo is medically known for being an auto-immune disease. An auto-immune disease simply means that the person's own immune system attacks its own tissues and in some cases their organs. When a person has vitiligo, their melanocytes are destroyed or killed off and they start to get pigmentations (white patches) on different parts of their bodies. The parts of the body that may get pigmentations are: the hands, feet, face, the inside of the mouth, genitals, rectum, and in some cases the persons hair may turn white because of the vitiligo. In other cases of vitiligo, the mucous membranes (tissues that line the inside of the mouth and nose) and the retina (inner layer of the eyeball) can be affected. The cause of vitiligo is still unknown, but some scientists and doctors have developed a few theories about its origin. Some scientists and doctors...
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...Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Rhematiod arthritis can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in the body. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses which occur when the body tissues are mistakenly attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organization of cells and antibodies designed normally to "seek and destroy" invaders of the body, particularly infections. Patients with these diseases have antibodies in their blood which target their own body tissues, where they can be associated with inflammation. Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease. While rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness, meaning it can last for years, patients may experience long periods without symptoms. Typically, however, rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive illness that has the potential to cause joint destruction and functional disability. A joint is where two bones meet to allow movement of body parts. Arthritis means join inflammation. The join inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis causes swelling, pain ,stiffness, and redness in the joints. The inflammation of rheumatoid disease can also occur in tissues around the joints, such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles. In some patienst with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the...
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...I. There are numerous amounts of diseases all over the world. In the present time, these diseases are cured or contained by vaccines. A couple centuries ago, doctor Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796. He discovered this vaccine by observing his ambiance. Jenner realized that milkmaids (tend to cattle) frequently contracted cowpox, but after they convalesced they were immune to the deadlier disease smallpox. So Jenner said, “Why not infect people with cowpox to confer immunity to the more dangerous disease.” With his research, he got the pus from a milkmaid who had cowpox and put it on a small healthy eight-year-old boys cut. Eventually, the boy was infected with cowpox, how Jenner predicted. When he was done recovering, Jenner took the riskiest step there is. Jenner deliberately injected the smallpox disease into the kid. This was a dangerous step because smallpox resulted in thousands of deaths every year or left the person disfigured. Thankfully, the boy never contracted smallpox. After this finding, Edward Jenner constructed the first vaccine in history. The production and administration of vaccines have been beneficial, cutting the global death rate in half by destroying or containing diseases. II. Diseases are all over the world and there are copious amounts of them. A. Before scientists discovered what caused diseases, people had no idea what caused these harmful diseases or how to properly treat them. 1. The cause of disease used to be from people thinking...
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...Mapping Immunity to Change By: LaKisha M. Crawford It's difficult to change. This is demonstrated by the number of New Year's resolutions we make and how few of them actually lead to lasting change. For most of us, the resolutions are just more evidence that change attempts seem doomed from the start. Yet most of us see our resolutions as worthy and important. We truly want change in our life, and we are sincere in our commitment to achieving it but just don’t know how. Kegan and Lahey developed an Immunity to change X-ray to help leaders change and become the leaders that they want to be. Not everyone is a natural born leader. Leadership is something that has to be learned. Knowing how to effectively manage your workload is an important part of being a good leader. Learning how to delegate tasks out to employees, prioritize, set realistic deadlines, avoid distractions and say no to unreasonable requests can help to increase your sense of job satisfaction and that of your staff. This also enables you to produce work of a higher quality, because you are able to place more of a focus on the projects you should be spending your time on. Everyone has a well-tuned system of coping mechanisms in place which helps keep us safe and helps us to avoid fear, anxiety, and emotional discomfort. Kegan and Lahey liken this phenomenon to an immune system. Our own emotional immune system is intelligent in...
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...Staloral Immunotherapy – Patient Information Staloral oral immunotherapy is an effective treatment for allergies. It is different to previous oral immunotherapies, which are diluted injectable solution, taken orally. In the 7 studies as of March 2007, it is equally an effective treatment as injection immunotherapy and a lot safer. Over 140 million doses of Staloral immunotherapy have been given without one serious reaction. Severe reactions have occurred with allpyral injection solution in about 1 in 7000 injections and death has occurred in about 1 in 2 million injections. Staloral immunotherapy can be self-administered at home and saves the time and cost of going to the doctor (for injection immunotherapy). It costs more than injection solutions because it is several hundred times the strength. Most health-care extra funds will rebate some of the cost of oral immunotherapy. The idea of immunotherapy is to make your body tolerate what you are allergic to. We do this by increasing the dose of the ingested allergen between 240-800 times during the course of the program. It is still important to do allergen reduction measures, as you do not want to remind your body of your allergens by continuing to breathe in high amounts. Most patients find it reduces the need to take other medications. The dose is given by pressing the solution under the tongue. The chart will show you how to increase the strength. Use PRESSES not drops. The solution should be kept under the tongue for 2 minutes...
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