...Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and invade, erode, and destroy normal tissue. It has sadly affected many people. Damaged genes are the cause of this. Since mitosis - a process for cell division - and the cell cycle are controlled by genes, having damaged genes can cause the cell to go wrong. If it starts in just a single cell, it can replicate itself to make new cells that duplicate. In the cell cycle, cells can be in the G1 or G0 stage. Often cells leave G1 and enter G0 where they carry out their functions then die out or re-enter the cell cycle if needed. It is usually a balance. Contrary, some cells can not enter G0 and are destined to repeat the cell cycle indefinitely. These are cancer cells. As the very early damaged...
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...Cervical Cancer Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Valerie Allen | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer cells located in the tissues of the cervix. The cervix connects to the vagina at the bottom of the uterus. These abnormal cells can spread throughout the cervix and to other parts of the body. Evidence proves the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major cause of cervical cancer. However certain strains of HPV can cause cervical cells to become malignant. Fortunately only a small amount of people with HPV develops cervical cancer. In United States alone cervical cancer reports shows 12,360 new cervical cancer cases and 4,020 deaths in the year 2014.The risk factors of cervical cancer are, losing your virginity at a very young age, having too many sex partners, and contracting of sexual transmitted infections like herpes and HPV, which causes genital warts. Also smoking cigarettes can raise your risk of several cancers including cervical cancer. As a preventive of cervical cancer, screenings need to be done 3 years after sexual activity starts, but no later than 21 years old. At the age of 30 women should have a screening every year or every 2 years along...
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...Cancer as a Genetic Disease Summary Presented by: Charles Sawyers MD Cancer research has been transformed into a disease-focused examination, which allows medical investigators to find the causes for a specific cancer and treat the cancer in a more targeted way. This transformation into a disease oriented research was made a reality by advances in DNA sequencing technologies, which allow scientists to understand the underlying causes of cancer and develop cancer-specific drugs. These technologies can sequence the DNA of the tumors in cancer patients, and will enable scientists to discover and chart the DNA mutations which lead to cancer. Thus, cancer research has entered a new phase, in which the main question is not what causes cancer, but how this information can be used to treat cancer more efficiently. This establishes the foundation of any research group; that understanding the mechanics behind the process is the only way that solutions can be formulated. Cancer is a proliferation of cells in our body, the unchecked division of our body cells, which often results in the formation of tumors. This rapid division of cells in our body can result in either a benign or malignant tumor. A benign, or non-invasive, tumor does not infect the entire body, but confines itself to its place of origin. This type of tumor does not generally result in the death of the patient. However, if a tumor infects its surrounding cells, and eventually infects the rest of the body, it is called...
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...Lung Cancer: What Is It And Is There A Cure In Sight? Winifred Farria Composition and Communication II/COM 156 June 23, 2012 University of Phoenix Instructor: Jennifer Caracciolo Abstract Of the many illnesses and diseases known to humanity, few are more frightening or deadly than cancer. Lung cancer is of especially great concern, because it kills more people worldwide than any other form of cancer. It is a silent killer, often going undetected until it is too late, because it often has no symptoms and cannot be screened for readily. Despite research efforts, no cure has been found for the disease and treatments are effective in a relatively small number of cases. However, some progress has been made in preventing lung cancer, especially by reducing exposure to cigarette smoke, asbestos, radon, and other carcinogens in the environment. Other causes and factors of lung cancer demand more research, and prevention efforts should be promoted. Lung Cancer: What Is It And Is There A Cure In Sight? Incidence and Mortality Lung cancer is one of the most significant medical problems in the U.S. and around the world, because it is the cause of more deaths nationally and globally than any other form of cancer (Centers for Disease Control, 2011, a; Clément-Duchêne & Wakelee, 2010). According to the Centers for Disease Control (2011, a), 14% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2007 were lung cancer, and 28% of all cancer deaths in the same year were...
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...Lifestyle and disease preventing Lifestyle diseases are those conditions usually attributes to the unhealthy ways human live their lives. They can include atherosclerosis, asthma, some kinds of cancer, chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, metabolic syndrome, chronic renal failure, stroke and obesity. As our world becoming more and more industrialized, the pace of our lives is speeding up, those diseases appearing to increase in frequency. Lifestyle diseases have become common problems that needed our attention. One major lifestyle disease is cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease has become the world’s major cause of death. According to statistics, it is responsible for over 30% of total global deaths (Murray & Lopez, 1996). As the average lifetime expectancy rising, the number of people at risk of cardiovascular disease is also increasing. This number could keep growing due to the increasingly sedentary lifestyle and the rapid rising in obesity children and teenagers. There are many risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as age, family history even gender, but it is believed that serum cholesterol, blood pressure and smoking are the major modifiable factors, which are strongly relate to one’s lifestyle (Hobbs & Arroll, 2009). Positive lifestyle changes are very important to prevent and manage cardiovascular disease. Smoking is one of the strongest risk factors that for atherosclerotic...
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...BREAST CANCER Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. All around our world one may hear the word cancer, but have we ever taken the time to figure out exactly what cancer may be? There are many different types of cancers that one can be diagnosed with such as bone cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. I became curious about breast cancer a few years back and I wanted to know is there a possible cure if one is not already found. This disease can really take a toll on someone who may be diagnosed with it due to all of the chemotherapy and struggles they will have to go through within this disease. Breast cancer can be broken down into numerous sub categories such as the types of breast cancer, the medications / treatments, the possible early detections steps that can be taken, and also survival rates. Cancer in ones chest is a disease within cancer in which has an effect on the cells of the breast. While this disease is very popular, women of almost more than 1.3 million nationwide are announced with this particular disease every 365 days. With this high number of diagnosed women, breast cancer is now the second most common form of cancer right beneath lung cancer. With knowingly informed that this horrible disease is spreading so rapidly, it’s important that we try to tackle it ahead of our period. Many people have captured this disease with great...
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...Hodgkin disease Mary-Beth Stilwell 7/7/2015 ITT Technical Institute There are many diseases of the lymphatic system. The one I am going to focus on today is Hodgkin Disease. I will begin by explaining what Hodgkin disease is. Followed by what are the causes, signs and symptoms. Next I will explain possible treatments for the disease. Then, I will discuss how Hodgkin disease affects everyday life of a person who suffers from it. “Hodgkin disease also known as Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and may spread beyond the lymphatic system” (mayoclinic.org, 2014).” Hodgkin disease is a type of lymphoma, a cancer that starts in white blood cells” (The American cancer society, 2015). There are two types of this disease Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin disease. “The two types differ in how they behave, spread, and respond to treatment. So it is important to tell them apart. Doctors can usually tell the difference by looking at the cancer cells under a microscope or by doing special lab tests. Both children and adults can develop Hodgkin disease” (The American cancer society, 2015). Hodgkin disease spreads through the lymph vessels. “Because lymphoid tissue is in many parts of the body, Hodgkin disease can start almost anywhere. Most often it starts in lymph nodes in the upper part of the body. The most common sites are in the chest, neck or under the arms. It spreads lymph node to lymph node. Rarely and late in...
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...Death in America The #2 Leading Cause of Death in America Colon cancer and lung cancer are the top two killer cancers in America. Heart disease itself is the #1 killer in America followed by cancer. Lung cancer is the first deadliest cancer. Lung cancer is the most deadly than prostate, breast, and colon cancer put together. Lung cancer is an uncontrollable growth of cells that start off in one or both lungs. As tumors become larger and they start to multiply, they complicate the lung’s job, which is toprovide the bloodstream with the proper amount of oxygen that your body needs. Lung cancer is very deadly, as it kills more than 1,370,000 people a year. Some causes are as indicated: smoking, air pollution, radon gas, prior history of lung cancer, and finally asbestos fibers. The difference between lung cancer and colon cancer is that lung cancer is caused by smoking, and air pollution. Family genes, your diet, (eating habits), and family history of the disease cause Colon cancer. If more than one family member has had the disease, they are at an even greater risk. Aside from lung cancer, colon cancer is just as deadly. Colorectal cancer, which is commonly known as colon cancer, is the second cause of cancer related deaths in women and men. Colon cancer is a type of cancer that forms inside of the cells lining, the inside of the colon, or the rectum. Over time, colon cancer may form into a massive tumor. The cancer cells enter and destroy any tissue close by. They can also break...
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...Causes of disease A disease is defined as a physical or mental disorder or malfunction with a certain set of signs or symptoms. Diseases may be caused by a single factor such as a pathogenic microorganism or have many causes some of which may depend on lifestyle. Pathogens have many qualities that assist with the causing of diseases: they can gain entry to the host, colonise tissues of the host, resist defences of the host and cause damage to the host’s tissues. Microorganisms gain entry to the host through the skin and through exchange sites. For example, if someone has physical contact with an infected individual. All these characteristics lead to a disease occurring in the host. Some examples of pathogens are bacteria, viruses and fungi. A healthy lifestyle involves, maintaining a healthy weight, taking regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, drinking a limited amount of alcohol and not smoking. If individuals lead a healthy lifestyle, the risk of contracting a disease will decrease. For example, the carcinogenic chemicals found in tobacco smoke may increase an individual’s risk of contracting cancer. However, people need to remember that it’s never too late to change your lifestyle. For example, there is clear evidence showing that the risk of lung cancer to a smoker is reduced if they stop smoking. Going into more detail about the pathogen, we can understand what consequences the production of toxins can cause. A toxin is a harmful chemical that damages...
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...healthy and, free of disease can become difficult for some people to do. Illness can occur in many different parts of the body, causing many harmful complications. The lungs belonging to the respiratory system in humans control the amounts of oxygen inhaled into the body and, the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled from the body. Oxygen is then passed to blood cells which then circulate throughout the body giving off the oxygen where it is needed. This process can become interrupted by the introduction of various diseases that are within the lungs. Two dangerous diseases that are commonly mistaken for each other are lung cancer and lung disease, both of which cause death in more cases than not. The presence of lung cancer a disease which can cause the formation of tumors, differs from that of lung disease, different disorders that few people are aware of. Knowing the difference between the two is a key, in preventing the possibility of being diagnosed with either of the two. This also enables the ability to spot the early stage symptoms of these deadly diseases. The lungs are used for breathing, the many diseases found there mostly cause difficulty to this function. A series of mutations in normal lung cells which causes them to become abnormal and grow out of control is how lung cancer arises. These abnormal cells are unable to repair the damaged DNA, and as a result grow to form tumors. Lung Cancer can appear anywhere throughout the lungs. Lung disease is a bit different...
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...Lung Cancer in America Chronic diseases, such as cancer, have been plaguing our species for centuries. Early documentation of cancer has been found dating back to 1600 B.C., but is believed to be from sources dating back to 2500 B.C. (Cancer as a Disease, 2014). In the United States, cancer is the second leading cause of death, behind heart disease. Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women in America. Advances in lung cancer screening and treatment have increased the survivability rate. Federal, state, and local public health offices continue to seek out new ways to combat this epidemic. Lung cancer occurs when cells in the lungs begin to grow out of control. There are two types of lung cancer classifications: non-small cell, which is the most common, and small cell. If left untreated, death is inevitable. In 2010, the American Cancer Society reported over 1.5 million new cases of cancer - of those new cases, 14.5% were for lung cancer (Cancer Trends Progress Report – 2011/2012 Update, 2012). In 2014, estimates show 224,210 new cases of lung cancer, a slight increase over the 2010 data. The prevalence of lung cancer has been consistently higher in men versus women, as well as higher in blacks and whites compared to other ethnic groups. Research has found lung cancer to be heavily linked to cigarette smoking, as well as exposure to other poisons, such as radon gas, asbestos, arsenic, and diesel exhaust (CDC, 2014). Unfortunately...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Ramon Gaetan, Kimberley Martinez, Anthony Paige, Mirany Legaspi, Annabelle Fohne HCS/330 December 06, 2010 Peter Mabrey Smoking and Lung Cancer Every year an estimated 392,000 people die from smoking -related diseases such as Lung cancer and another estimated 50,000 people die from secondhand smoke each year. Smoking is the number one preventable death within the United States. Of adults who have ever smoked most started at the age of 21 years old or younger. Smoking is directly responsible for over 90% of all lung cancer deaths (American Lung Association, 2010). The goal of this paper is to provide an analysis of lung cancer, which directly relates to smoking. Included in the analysis is an introduction of the disease, disease history, lung cancer etiology, affected populations, and possible treatments if any. By providing this information, one will understand why it is important to keep the younger generations from smoking and encouraging those who already smoke to quit, saving their lives and those around them from this unnecessary death known as lung cancer. When introducing lung disease one needs to know the emphasis from abstaining or acquiring help to quit smoking, which would greatly reduce the chances for someone to be affected by this deadly disease. Lung cancer is diagnosed by the results of abnormal cell growth in one or both lungs. This abnormal cell...
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...your teeth allow for minty fresh breath and a nice clean smile, it also prevents periodontal diseases. Periodontal disease more commonly known as gum disease affects the gum around the teeth that acts as support. It is commonly caused by the accumulation of plaque or tartar which irritate the gums. Those with gum disease commonly have bleeding gum while those with severe cases experience loss of gum, bone, and even teeth. Periodontal disease is one of the most unrecognized diseases given that it affects about half of the US population. It also affects more men than women, affecting 57% of men in the US compared to only 38% women (Eke, Dye, Wei, Thornton-Evans, & Genco, 2012). A plausible reason why this occurs based on research is that men have a more heighten immune response...
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...(2005) considers the following four as major lifestyle or non-communicable diseases- cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The global and national prevalence of these non-communicable diseases is as follows Cardiovascular disease (CVD) CVD involves the diseases related to heart and blood vessels. WHO (2011a) found that one third of all the deaths are due to heart diseases globally and in case of deaths due to NCDs its share is half. An article by Xavier et al. (2008) in ‘The Lancet’ claimed that the Indian people suffer from heart diseases at much lower age as compared to the people of developed nations. The article also projected sixty percent of India’s share in the global burden...
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...by the tumor or by non-tumor cells • Consist of hierarchy of clinical laboratory test from the least to the most informative & used in oncology Benefits • Screening for common cancers • Monitoring of cancer survivors after treatment • Diagnosis of specific tumor types particularly in brain tumors and instances where biopsy is not feasible • Determining the effectiveness of cancer treatment • Determining recurrent cancer Useful markers used to determine recurrent cancer • Prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) – prostate cancer • Human Chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) for gestational trophoblastic tumors and some germ cell cancers • Alpha-feto protein – germ cell cancers • CA 125 – for epithelial ovarian cancer • Carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA) for colon & rectal cancers • CA-15 – 3 – for breast cancer Two groups 1. Cancer specific markers 2. Tissue specific markers 1. Cancer specific markers • Related to the presence of cancerous tissues • Useful in follow-up of treated patients & progress of the disease • Examples are : CEA , CA 19-9 , CA 125 2. Tissue specific markers • Related to tissues which have developed cancers • May not be related to tumors & maybe elevated when no cancer is present • Examples are : PSA , beta-HCG , AFP, • AFP-L3 , thyroglobulin Specimen for detection • Blood • Urine • Fluids • Biopsy Reporting : ng/mL...
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