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Candide

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La frontière entre le bien et le mal, le conflit éternel de l'être humain, a été au long des siècles l'un des problèmes les plus traités par la philosophie, par la religion et, sans aucun doute, par la conscience de chaque être humain. À son tour, cette confrontation est l'un des piliers de l'œuvre de Voltaire, Candide, ou l'optimisme. Ensuite, on analysera cette thématique en partant de deux personnages du conte: Candide et Martin. Pour l’analyse, on prendra en compte la posture religieuse et philosophique que montrent les personnages aussi bien que la relation de ceux-ci avec d'autres figurants de l'œuvre et les théories exposées dans celle-ci.
Dans le chapitre XX, on voit un dialogue entre les deux personnages antérieurement mentionnés qui entreprennent un voyage depuis le Surinam vers l'Europe. Après avoir subi divers malheurs au long de sa vie, Candide et Martin commencent à philosopher sur le mal physique et le mal moral. Dès le début Martin se montre catégoriquement cynique et il s'autoproclame manichéen. Cette autodéfinition sera d'une grande importance pour la compréhension de la posture de ce personnage puisque ses convictions sont étroitement liées aux fondements de ce courant religieux.
Le noyau de la théorie manichéenne réside dans l'affirmation de l’existence de deux principes éternels et absolus diamétralement opposés; le bien et mal, la Lumière et les Ténèbres. Comme le dit Fernando Bermejo «El maniqueísmo representa un riguroso dualismo, que esencializa el mal y lo atribuye en exclusiva a uno de los principios.» (Fernando Bermejo 69). Selon les manichéens, ces deux opposés sont antérieurs à la création de l'univers même. Aucun des deux n'est une dérivation de l'autre parce que tant que, comme le mal, sont deux fondements indépendants de la nature. Selon les manichéens, même si ces deux principes étaient clairement délimités et séparés initialement, dans un moment, tous les deux se sont trouvés mêlés et ainsi ils persistent jusqu'à présent, dons l'attente d'un avenir dans lequel une dissociation sera établie. En relation avec cela, il convient de remarquer le dialogue entre Candide et Martin, une fois que Martin affirme qu’il est manichéen:

- Il faut que vous ayez le diable au corps, dit Candide.
- Il se mêle si fort des affaires de ce monde, dit Martin, qu'il pourrait bien être dans mon corps, comme partout ailleurs […]
Le fait d'accepter la doctrine manichéenne (nous) permet de comprendre que Martin admet le mal à l'intérieur de soi-même, aussi (afin) qu’il ne puisse pas la nier dans le reste des choses. Ensuite, il parle de toutes les méchancetés qu’il a trouvées au long de sa vie: les peuples qui se détruisent, la haine, la misère, la douleur, etc. Il arrive à dire que Dieu a abandonné la terre, en la laissant aux mains d'un être malfaisant (le Diable ou Prince des Ténèbres dans la tradition manichéenne).
Il convient de souligner la conclusion à laquelle le personnage arrive après avoir énuméré une longue série d'infortunes qui consomment le monde et des questions globales qui démontrent l'existence du mal sur terre: Martin dira : «les chagrins secrets sont encore plus cruels que les misères publiques». Cette affirmation est d’une très grande importance puisque Martin ne blâme pas les gouvernements, pour la guerre, la misère ou des malheurs du monde : il voit l'être humain comme l'origine du mal: la peur, la haine, la misère ou la colère partent de l'individuel et ces malheurs s'étendent progressivement de la même façon qu’un virus. Dans cette affirmation, il est vu que les principes de la théorie manichéenne sont transportés à l'être humain comme un univers dans lui-même. (ACLARAR !)
Martin tend vers la vision la plus pessimiste du courant manichéen. Il a perdu l'espoir de la bonté, au moins pour lui-même. Dans la figure de ce personnage, on voit que le mal a vaincu dans la lutte éternelle entre la Lumière et les Ténèbres. Si nous rattachons Martin à un autre personnage de l'œuvre, Dr. Pangloss, nous voyons qu’ils sont aussi opposés que le bien et le mal eux-mêmes. ?
D'un autre côté, on trouve le protagoniste de l'œuvre, Candide, qui a une vision de la réalité très éloignée de celle-là de Martin. Clairement, la meilleure définition de ce personnage et de sa manière de penser réside déjà dans son propre nom: «Il avait le jugement assez droit, avec l’esprit le plus simple, c’est, je crois, pour cette raison qu’on le nommait Candide». Il est l'image de l'ingénuité et de la simplicité. En étant un fils illégitime, il aspire à être de la haute société, il s'intéresse aux arts, aux sciences et à la philosophie et il a le désir ardent de trouver l'amour de sa vie, Cunégonde. Mais, dans de nombreuses occasions, son ingénuité, qui s'est trouvée augmentée par les théories de Pangloss, fait que ses aspirations restent seulement dans des essais.
La particularité du personnage principal consiste en ce que, bien qu'il montre la tendance à voir la vie depuis le plus grand optimisme possible, il n’a pas la même certitude que l’on trouve dans les figures de Martin ou du Dr. Pangloss. On voit que, parfois, malgré la volonté de croire dans " le meilleur des mondes possibles ", il aura des doutes et se posera de questions. Au chapitre VI, après être fouetté et après avoir vu son propre maître pendu, Candide pensera: «Si c'est ici le meilleur des mondes possibles, que sont donc les autres».
C'est précisément son innocence, qui fait de lui un personnage si caractéristique et intéressant. Si l'optimisme de Pangloss se fonde exclusivement sur sa conviction philosophique, prise de la théorie de Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, l’optimisme de Candide est assez ingénu et presque infantile. Dans le dialogue entre Candide et Martin, antérieurement mentionné, on voit un exemple dans la conclusion finale du personnage principal: «Il y a pourtant du bon». Cela nous amène encore une fois à la théorie manichéenne. Candide interprète seulement la dernière partie du discours de Martin: «je suis manichéen». Martin a accepté la facette négative du courant religieux, mais Candide lui fait voir l'autre facette, il essaie de montrer la vraie dualité, l'existence du bien et du mal en même temps. On voit finalement que Martin finit par céder bien qu'il reste convaincu que le bien n'ait pas été créé pour lui. Candide est, donc, le point intermédiaire entre les deux personnages les plus radicaux de l'œuvre : il ose contredire les convictions de Pangloss, mais en même temps, il essaie de faire voir le bien à ceux qui ont perdu l’espoir.
En définitive, il convient de noter l'importance des deux personnages, leurs visions religieuses et philosophiques, et la manière d'exprimer celles-ci pour (par) le traitement de la thématique du bien et du mal et pour (par) la compréhension du sens philosophique inhérent à l'œuvre.
Bibliographie
* Bermejo Rubio, Fernando. El maniqueísmo. Estudio introductorio. Madrid: Trotta, 2008. * Gaillard, Pol. Candide - Analyse critique. Paris: Hatier, 1972. * Bermejo Rubio, Fernando, and José Montserrat Torrents. El maniqueísmo. Textos y fuentes. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 2008. * Voltaire, and Claude Blum. Candide, ou, l'optimisme: conte philosophique 1759. Paris: Hachette, 1976.

--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. La théorie manichéenne des Trois Temps.
[ 2 ]. Dans l'œuvre, Candide, ou l'optimisme, Voltaire satirise la théorie de Leibniz, en la mettant dans la bouche de Pangloss.

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