...NPROCESS First, consider future value. Future value (FV) refers to the amount of money to which an investment will grow over a finite period of time at a given interest rate. Put another way, future value is the cash value of an investment at a particular time in the future. Start by considering the simplest case, a single-period investment. Investing For a Single Period: Suppose you invest $100 in a savings account that pays 10 percent interest per year. How much will you have in one year? You will have $110. This $110 is equal to your original principal of $100 plus $10 in interest. We say that $110 is the future value of $100 invested for one year at 10 percent, meaning that $100 today is worth $110 in one year, given that the interest rate is 10 percent. In general, if you invest for one period at an interest rate r, your investment will grow to (1 + r) per dollar invested. In our example, r is 10 percent, so your investment grows to 1 + .10 = 1.10 dollars per dollar invested. You invested $100 in this case, so you ended up with $100 x 1.10 = $110. Investing For More Than One Period: Consider your $100 investment that has now grown to $110. If you keep that money in the bank, what will you have after two years, assuming the interest rate remains the same? You will earn $110 x .10 = $11 in interest after the second year, making a total of $100 + $11 = $121. This $121 is the future value of $100 in two years at 10 percent. Another way of looking at it is that one year...
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...Handouts for Corporate Finance 1 Capital Budgeting Introduction A logical prerequisite to the analysis of investment opportunities is the creation of investment opportunities. Unlike the field of investments, where the analyst more or less takes the investment opportunity set as a given, the field of capital budgeting relies on the work of people in the areas of industrial engineering, research and development, and management information systems (among others) for the creation of investment opportunities. As such, it is important to suggest that students keep in mind the importance of creativity in this area, as well as the importance of analytical techniques. Because a project is financially sound, it must be ethically sound, right? Well . . . the question of ethical appropriateness is less frequently discussed in the context of capital budgeting than that of financial appropriateness. Consider the following simple example: The American Association of Colleges and Universities estimates that 10 percent of all college students cheat at some time during their postsecondary education careers. You might pose the ethical question of whether it would be proper for a publishing company to offer a new book How to Cheat: A User's Guide. The company has a cost of capital of 8% and estimates it could sell 10,000 volumes by the end of year one and 5,000 volumes in each of the following two years. The immediate printing costs for the 20,000 volumes would be $20,000. The...
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...CHAPTER ONE Introduction Understanding and being able to use capital budgeting techniques and investment appraisal tools is usually a standard requirement for most business degrees. In addition learning such methods will also give one an advantage in a real business situation, in which there is the consideration of significant capital expenditure project. Capital budgeting assists management decisions making on the process of ensuring growth of the organization. The techniques are divided into two types: one, Traditional (non-discounting) that includes pay back method, accounting rate of return (ARR). Two, discounting cash flow that includes net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) Profitability Index (PI). Before an investment appraisal is conducted, there are a number of points to keep in mind. Whilst the tool presented will give an evaluation of the worth of a project, one should consider that the answer is only a guide. In short, the results of an investment appraisal should be considered in conjunction with both common sense and other qualitative factors such as a business’s overall strategy. Secondly, before an investment appraisal is conducted, one should consider whether or not the project is mutually exclusive. Where a project is mutually exclusive, then only the best project should be selected. Where on the other hand, projects are independent; one may select all projects which give the appropriate return. 1.1 Background of the study Corporate finance...
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...Risk Management in Capital Budgeting Process Introduction: Capital investment decision, like the capital budgeting process, includes series of analysis and decision making processes that have long term impact on the company. Any investment conducted for future net cash growth by company’s management, regardless of investing in intangible or tangible assets can be described as capital budgeting. Company management has obligations towards company owners to increase company wealth. Risk has been recognized as an important component in the capital budget decision making. The future is uncertain and investments techniques that fail to recognize this fact will almost certainly lead to incorrect conclusions and erroneous recommendations. In today’s uncertain and unpredictable global market, where technical, technological and economic development speed is rapidly increasing, selection of optimal process and selection of optimal project is significantly difficult. In many respects, capital budgeting defines an organization’s leadership. Capital budgeting decisions establish strategic priorities, allocate managers to assemble and communicate information across traditional organizational boundaries, for example, marketing, engineering, production, and accounting. The information is evaluated within a rational cost/benefit decision framework by analyzing cash inflows and outflows over time. In project selection process, corporate manager uses various criteria and methods in selecting...
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...also succeed within their market, and the second has to do with changes in the local economy. In an effort to determine an appropriate response to these changes, Mr. Navallez and his team has begun analyzing these changes that are affecting his business. Mr. Navallez does have a few ideas on how to move forward but will have to research more on the correct capital budgeting that is best for his organization. Capital budgeting is defined as the process of choosing the organizations long term capital investment strategy, this often consist of things like land, property and equipment (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). Alternatives With the changes the Mr. Navallez and his team are tasked to deal with there are some alternatives that they must decide on to adjust to the new market. They must first decide if they are going to maintain their same type of operation without changing to the industry, become an agent for the new company, or cross their organization over to becoming high tech like the new competition. Capital budgeting will be applied to the options discussed to choose the best one. Through capital budgeting the risk associated with each alternative will also be...
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...Capital Budgeting Introduction A logical prerequisite to the analysis of investment opportunities is the creation of investment opportunities. Unlike the field of investments, where the analyst more or less takes the investment opportunity set as a given, the field of capital budgeting relies on the work of people in the areas of industrial engineering, research and development, and management information systems (among others) for the creation of investment opportunities. As such, it is important to suggest that students keep in mind the importance of creativity in this area, as well as the importance of analytical techniques. Because a project is financially sound, it must be ethically sound, right? Well . . . the question of ethical appropriateness is less frequently discussed in the context of capital budgeting than that of financial appropriateness. Consider the following simple example: The American Association of Colleges and Universities estimates that 10 percent of all college students cheat at some time during their postsecondary education careers. You might pose the ethical question of whether it would be proper for a publishing company to offer a new book How to Cheat: A User's Guide. The company has a cost of capital of 8% and estimates it could sell 10,000 volumes by the end of year one and 5,000 volumes in each of the following two years. The immediate printing costs for the 20,000 volumes would be $20,000. The book would sell for $7.50 per copy and...
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...Week Four Discussion Questions 1.What is the cost of capital? How do you calculate the cost of capital? Why is it important in capital budgeting decisions. (due by midnight on Thursday) Cost of capital is the required return or the opportunity cost for a project in order to increase the value of the firm in the market place. It helps managers evaluate if an investment is worthwhile by setting a benchmark for the minimum rate of return. Cost of capital may be used as the measuring road for adopting an investment proposal. It measures the financial performance and determines the acceptability of all investment opportunities. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is used to measure a firm’s cost of capital. 2. What are some capital budgeting tools? Explain Net Present Value (NPV) analysis. (Due by midnight on Thursday) Different tools used in capital budgeting include NPV, discounted-cash-flow analysis, IRR, and MIRR. NPV is used to evaluate capital budgeting projects by determining the difference between the market value of an item and what it costs. 3. What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? How is it calculated? What are business investment rules? (Due by midnight on Saturday) WACC is the average costs of financing sources either debt or equity. The WACC equation is the cost of each capital component multiplied by its proportional weight and then summing. WACC= E/V*Re+D/V*Rd*(1-Tc) Re=cost of equity, Rd=cost of debt, E=market value of the firm’s equity...
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...CAPITAL BUDGETING: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. SEPTEMBER 2012 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Study Capital budgeting is the process by which firms determine how to invest their capital. Included in this process are the decisions to invest in new projects, reassess the amount of capital already invested in existing projects, allocate and ration capital across divisions, and acquire other firms. In essence, the capital budgeting process defines the set and size of a firm’s real assets, which in turn generate the cash flows that ultimately determine its profitability, value and viability. In principle, a firm’s decision to invest in a new project should be made according to whether the project increases the wealth of the firm’s shareholders. For example, the Net Present Value (NPV) rule specifies an objective process by which firms can assess the value that new capital investments are expected to create. As Graham and Harvey (2001) document this rule has steadily gained in popularity since Dean (1951) formally introduced it, but its widespread use has not eliminated the human element in capital budgeting. Because the estimation of a project’s future cash flows and the rate at which they should be discounted is still a relatively subjective process, the behavioural traits of managers still affect this process. Capital budgeting is a process...
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...Phase 3 Individual Project/DB Capital Budgeting Janella Chapman ACCT-614/Applied Managerial Accounting March 15, 2013 Professor Tracie Edmond I. Overview As companies look to grow and expand operations, product lines, or locations, capital budgeting is the method used by management in evaluating if projects and long-term investments will be profitable for the company. Capital budgeting analysis evaluates projects that will have cash flows for longer than a year. Capital budgeting helps management analysis if investments will be profitable and valuable to the company compared to the initial investment needed and the risk associated with the investment. There are many capital budgeting methods management may use to ensure the project or investment is aligned with the corporate strategy of a company. In the capital budgeting process, management evaluates different capital budgeting techniques to ensure the company has the resources to invest in the project, and also helps management determine if the investment will help achieve the goals and objectives of the company. The goal of capital budgeting is to evaluate the costs of an investment to the initial capital to determine if the investment will generate more capital or cash flow for the company. The four capital budgeting techniques used by management are Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), and Payback method. SAC has developed new manufacturing techniques to offer special...
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...expected profits from the potential investment by the expected expenditure in order to arrive at the rate of return. Evaluating capital investments is an essential task for Johnson Controls Inc. in order to understand the viability of its capital budget before venturing into the emerging markets. Evaluating investments helps the company determine if the investments in question are worthwhile. Johnson Controls Inc. may have many investment opportunities in the emerging market but it must measures the potential of each opportunity preferably in isolation and make comparison of each in order to select the a few or just one that maximizes the value of the firm and reduce the potential risk. For example, Johnson Controls Inc. might be trying to determine if venturing into the emerging market will require buying new equipment or using the existing ones. The company might also be interested in determining if there is need to invest in research and development before venturing into the emerging market with a new or existing product. The company can therefore supplement its traditional methods of evaluating investments (such as payback period) with Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as well as Multiple Techniques. Net Present Value (NPV) The Net Present Value evaluates the investments by analyzing cash flows. The first concept of NPV is to determine the amount of cash that will flow in due to undertaking the investment. The method goes ahead to compare this cash...
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...Capital Budgeting Processes and Techniques Keith A. Rossmiller Business 657 Instructor Maxwell September 3, 2012 Capital Budgeting 2 Capital Budget Processes and Techniques Investment decisions impact the long-term success or failure of a company. The capital budgeting theory assumes that the primary goal of a firm’s shareholders is to maximize firm value. The process of analyzing and prioritizing investment opportunities is capital budgeting. Capital budgeting involves three basic steps of identifying potential investments, analyzing the set of investment opportunities that will create shareholder value, and implementing and monitoring the investment projects that a firm should undertake. Managers need analytical tools to help them make the best investment decisions for their firm. This paper will explore six different methods of evaluating investment projects and their advantages and disadvantages. The six methods are the payback period, discounted payback period, net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return, and modified internal rate of return, which method is most used in business, and issues related to capital budgeting. Capital Budgeting 3 Payback Period The first...
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...Capital Budgeting Case for week 6 Capital Budgeting Process: Capital budgeting (or investment appraisal) is the planning process used to determine whether an organization's long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth pursuing. In the capital budget case the team analyzed and put a 5 year income statement for corporation A and corporation B. The income statement started with the information provided by the case information for the assignment It is important for business owners to analyze projects and their costs before going through with them. In order to do this they must project the value of the project to see if it is going to bring them the profits they desire. For example, if a business owner is interested in acquiring a new company, he or she must look at different aspects of the company as it is now and project the value over several years to ensure that a profit will be made. In the case presented, two companies are being compared to see which would be the better company to acquire based on income statement and cash flow projections, Net present value (NPV), and Internal rate of return (IRR). This paper will go over the reasoning for the final decision based on the analysis of the projections as well as the importance and differences of NPV and IRR. Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV is the difference of the discounted cash inflows and the discounted cash outflows. The NPV...
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...Guillermo Furniture Store Analysis FIN571 October 22,2012 Portia Boyd Abstract This paper will define and discuss the different alternatives available to Guillermo Furniture Store. I will include a sensitive analysis; the optimal weighted averages cost of capital, discuss the use of multiple valuation techniques in reducing risks and calculate the net present value of future cash flows for each of the alternatives. Guillermo Navallez was owner of Guillermo Furniture Store located in Sonora Mexico. Guillermo Furniture Store has been manufacturing handcrafted tables and chairs for a number of years. The company was operating at a profit due to inexpensive labor costs and “the area had a good supply of timber” (University of Phoenix, 2012, para. 1) to produce the handcrafted furniture. The company was prospering without any worries. In 1990, the market shifted and Guillermo began facing challenges in the businessdue to two main factors. One was an overseas furniture business moving into the area. This ompeting company uses high tech methods to produce their furniture to “exact specification” (University of Phoenix, 2012 para 2) at reasonable prices. This was unlike Guillermo’s prices which are a little higher due to their handcrafted technique. This meant the new company could produce furniture faster and cheaper than Guillermo’s company The second factor was the awakening of the laid back relaxed atmosphere in the Sonara community. This was due to the result...
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...Capital Structure “The capital structure is how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds…When people refer to capital structure they are most likely referring to a firm's debt-to-equity ratio, which provides insight into how risky a company is” (Capital Structure). After evaluating the changes in different capital structures for years nine through thirteen, it is obvious that the best capital structure overall is 50% Preferred and 50% Common Stock. This choice optimizes the returns for shareholders overall. The only option that comes closest is 20% 9% Bonds and Common Stock. The first year, the 20% option yields a higher return on Earnings per Common Stock share. The second year, the two options yield the same return. After this, however, the 50% option yields .001% more the third year, .002% more the fourth year, and .003% more the fifth year. According to this trend, this option will exceed all other capital structure options by a fairly large sum in future years. The other options are not advisable because while all options do show growth, none show more Earnings per Common Stock share than the 50% option shows. This is also the option that shows the most even split between investments. All other capital structures have uneven splits between investments, which may prove a weakness should the larger of the two investors fail. For example, in the 20% option that was the secondary choice, the alternative capital sources were split...
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... 2. Compare and criticize capital budgeting methods? Which method do you recommend for use? Explain why? An operating budget consists of the known expenses, expected future costs, and forecasted income over the next year (Bradford, 2015). The eight items listed on the check list are important for managers to consider when reviewing an operating budget in order to properly evaluate the financial performance of the organization. There is not a single correct way to prepare an operating budget, and its development depends on several individual factors of the organization. For example, a static budget is based on a single level of operations and the budgeted expense amounts never change. Static budgets can be used to plan and set goals. A flexible budget projects expenses at various levels of activity, and is adjusted to the actually level of output reached during the period. Flexible budgets can be used to review previous performance of difference volumes. It is important that a manager is able to understand whether the budget is either static or flexible. If a cost is fixed, it does not change even if the volume changes. Variable costs increase or decrease proportionally to the volume change. A manager needs to know whether a budget’s costs are considered fixed or variable (Baker & Baker, 2014). Cash flow reporting is an important tool used when constructing a capital expenditure budget. However, there are four different capital budgeting methods that can be used to report...
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