...Investment Banking and the Capital Acquisition Process Smith (1986) 1. Introduction This paper reviews the various methods firms use to raise capital and the effect these methods have on security prices. Firms can raise external capital by selling several securities which they market in different ways. In terms of the theory of corporate finance, capital markets play a vital role in a firm’s investment policies. Therefore, it is critical to have an understanding of the various contractual procedures in the process of raising capital. To provide us with this understanding, this paper will look at the theory and evidence related to stock price reactions around announcements of differing security offerings, the contractual arrangements associated with the marketing of corporate securities and incentives for under-pricing in initial public equity offerings. 2. On the corporation’s choice of security to offer When contemplating the type of security to issue, the corporation must consider the reaction of the market to its announcement. Four generalisations are made when looking at the two-day common stock price reactions to the announcement of industrial and utility firms raising capital with various securities – * average abnormal returns are non-positive; * abnormal returns around the time of the announcements of common stock sales are negative and larger in absolute value than those observed with preferred stock or debt; * abnormal returns...
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...CAPITAL BUDGETING: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. SEPTEMBER 2012 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Study Capital budgeting is the process by which firms determine how to invest their capital. Included in this process are the decisions to invest in new projects, reassess the amount of capital already invested in existing projects, allocate and ration capital across divisions, and acquire other firms. In essence, the capital budgeting process defines the set and size of a firm’s real assets, which in turn generate the cash flows that ultimately determine its profitability, value and viability. In principle, a firm’s decision to invest in a new project should be made according to whether the project increases the wealth of the firm’s shareholders. For example, the Net Present Value (NPV) rule specifies an objective process by which firms can assess the value that new capital investments are expected to create. As Graham and Harvey (2001) document this rule has steadily gained in popularity since Dean (1951) formally introduced it, but its widespread use has not eliminated the human element in capital budgeting. Because the estimation of a project’s future cash flows and the rate at which they should be discounted is still a relatively subjective process, the behavioural traits of managers still affect this process. Capital budgeting is a process...
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...manager is to decide which, if any, projects or investments opportunities the organization should undertake. The task of analyzing and comparing financials is a daunting task, but when utilizing the tools of capital budgeting, the process of this type of business decision making can be quite useful. This paper will define capital budgeting and discuss some of the components of this decision making tool. It will also discuss some of the concerns that go along with Capital Budgeting. The Basics of Capital Budgeting What is Capital Budgeting? Organizations looking to expand their business through asset acquisition create a capital budget (Paden, n.d.). Capital budgets exclusively are associated with real estate, equipment and other potential assets used to evaluate asset impact and the potential benefit to the organization. Capital Budgeting is the process in which a business determines whether a project or investment venture are worth pursuing. It is the process of analyzing investment opportunities and deciding which one to accept (Berk & DeMarzo, 2014). Potential ventures are evaluated and the potential expenditures or investments are ranked. Usually, these types of business decisions are for large purchases or investments. Steps of Capital Budgeting There are seven steps involved in capital budgeting (Hofstrand, 2013). They are: 1. Identify long-term goals of the organization 2. Identify potential investment prospects for meeting long-term goals identified...
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...Capital Markets and Investment Banking Process Paper FIN 402 May 6, 2012 Alger Marable Capital Markets and Investment Banking Process Paper Investment banking is a crucial part of our global business environment. Investments, banking, and other capital markets now have a valuable role in business and everyone’s daily lives. There are several strategies and methods that can be identified for effective and productive investment banking processes. Choosing an investment bank or firm can depend on the investor themselves. Some processes and guidelines can vary from firm to firm, this would all depend on the investor and the financial experts and their preferences. Portfolio construction is an important task which involved expertise from a financial expert. Investment Banking and IPO Process Investment banking contains enables several functions for be executed, such as: lending and investing assets, providing advice about investments and acquisitions, research and development about securities, capital markets, and bonds. For example, Morgan Stanley provides global currency, precious metals, insurance, and structured investments that are tailored to market trends and specific risk allocated decision making regarding the individuals portfolio. Investment banking also incorporates other important roles such as analysis of financial performance and operations. Financial transactions can be done as well in investment...
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...Capital Budgeting Firms continually invest funds in assets and these assets produce income and cash flows that the firms can then either reinvest in more assets or pay to its owners. These assets represent the firm's capital. Capital is the firm's total assets and is comprised of all tangible and intangible assets. These assets include physical assets (such as land, buildings, equipment, and machinery), as well as assets that represent property rights (such as accounts receivable, notes, stocks, and bonds). When we refer to capital investment, we are referring to the firm's investment in its assets. The term "capital" also has come to mean the funds used to finance the firm's assets. In this sense, capital consists of notes, bonds, stock, and short-term financing. We use the term "capital structure" to refer to the mix of these different sources of capital used to finance a firm's assets. The term "capital" in financial management, a firm's resources and the funds committed to these resources, does not mean the same thing in other fields. In accounting, the term "capital" means the owners' equity, the difference between the amount of a firm's assets and its liabilities. In economics, the term "capital" means the physical (real) of the firm, and therefore excludes the assets that represent property rights. In law the term "capital" refers to the amount of owners' equity required by statute for the protection of creditors. This amounts to the "stated capital", which often is...
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...Risk Management in Capital Budgeting Process Introduction: Capital investment decision, like the capital budgeting process, includes series of analysis and decision making processes that have long term impact on the company. Any investment conducted for future net cash growth by company’s management, regardless of investing in intangible or tangible assets can be described as capital budgeting. Company management has obligations towards company owners to increase company wealth. Risk has been recognized as an important component in the capital budget decision making. The future is uncertain and investments techniques that fail to recognize this fact will almost certainly lead to incorrect conclusions and erroneous recommendations. In today’s uncertain and unpredictable global market, where technical, technological and economic development speed is rapidly increasing, selection of optimal process and selection of optimal project is significantly difficult. In many respects, capital budgeting defines an organization’s leadership. Capital budgeting decisions establish strategic priorities, allocate managers to assemble and communicate information across traditional organizational boundaries, for example, marketing, engineering, production, and accounting. The information is evaluated within a rational cost/benefit decision framework by analyzing cash inflows and outflows over time. In project selection process, corporate manager uses various criteria and methods in selecting...
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...in Mclean Virginia (“RENAISSANCERE HOLDINGS LTD 2007). The bank is chartered in the National Bank Act and the Office of the controller of the currency, which is a part of the US Department of the treasury, regulates this bank (“8-K: HSBC USA INC /MD 2007). Sears credit card business is operated by CitiCard the world’s largest provider of credit cards. The investment back that Sears and Roebuck use to issue stock is Citi Bank. An investment back its job is to raise capital for Sears. Citi Bank sells securities to public investors in order to do this. The securities can come in the form of bonds or stocks. An investment bank performs two functions; mergers and acquisitions advisory and underwriting. The mergers and acquisitions side of the corporate finance, bankers perform the negotiating and mergers between two companies. Underwriting involves the process of raising capital for the company. Citi Bank as the investment banker of Sears acts as a conciliator matching sellers stock and bonds with buyers of stocks and bonds. As an investment bank, Citi spends sufficient amount of time finding investors in order to obtain capital for its clients. FIN 324 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Investor Profile Paper Get Tutorial by Clicking on the link...
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...reasoning. Economic development is not achievable without an improved rate of capital formation. One important way of capital formation for developing economies is through improving their investment banking industries. Investment banking is the process of raising capital for businesses through public floatation and private placement of securities. Investment banks work with companies, governments, institutional investors and wealthy individuals to raise capital and provide investment advice. Originally, investment banking meant the underwriting and distribution of securities. Today investment bankers also invest a lot of effort into helping companies design deals and the securities to finance them, and then use their brokerage arms to sell the securities to the investing public, both retail and institutional. The investment banking industry is central to the market-based economy. By bringing together entities in search of new capital and investors, usually institutional investors, the investment banking industry play an important intermediation function in all market economies. Just like most developing countries, investment banking in Ghana is a relatively new phenomenon. However, if the experience of other counties is indicative of what is likely to happen, then it is likely that in the future, companies will increasingly migrate from bank finance to capital market financing for their long term capital needs. The Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) for instance started with 3 Licensed...
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...CAPITAL INVESTMENTS: MODELS USED IN DECISION MAKING Capital investments are long-term investments made by companies to eventually enhance profitability and shareholder value. Capital investments normally last a company for a number of years, and they take longer periods of time to implement or enhance within an organization. Some examples of capital investments include, but are not limited too: automation in factories (equipment and software), research and development, equipment to improve quality control, software to test productivity measures, etc. These investments include a great deal of labor, capital and time to implement. Since capital investments can be risky, meaning any losses will be large to the organization considering the amount of time and capital involved, organizations have a process to determine what capital investments they should get involved in, and why. Capital investment decisions are concerned with the process of planning, setting goals and priorities, arranging financing and using certain criteria to select long-term assets. (“Hansen & Mowen,” 2011) Companies may start by listing all the improvements that are to be made to affect profitability in the long run. Since these improvements will consume large amounts of time and capital, it is not feasible for companies to make multiple investments at a time. To assist in deciding which investment to take on first, the company must calculate which will be the most profitable and increase shareholder...
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...102 Clarke November 28 2012 Project #2 Capital Rationing Capital rationing is a technique of selecting the projects that maximizes the firm’s value when the capital infusion is restricted. It can be defined as a process of distributing available capital among the various investment proposals in such a manner that the firm achieves maximum increase in its value. The calculation and method prescribes arranging projects in descending order of their profitability based on their average rate of return, the cash payback period, the net present value, the internal rate of return, and selecting the optimal combination. There are six steps in the Capital Rationing process. First is to identify the potential capital investment projects. Second is to establish a minimum average rate of return or payback period to screen out the projects that aren’t worth exploring. The third step in the process is to evaluate the projects that are left over from the screening process in step two using the net present value or the internal rate of return methods. The fourth step is to consider the qualitative benefits from each project. Fifth is to rank the projects based on the results of steps three and four. The last step in the capital rationing process is to allocate the available funds beginning with the top-ranked project. In capital rationing it may also be more desirable to accept several small investment proposals than a few large investment proposals so that there may be full utilization...
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...Capital Budgeting By Joan Shoueka Capital Budgeting is defined in accounting and finance as “the planning of long-term corporate financial projects relating to investments funded through and affecting the firm's capital structure (Wikipedia, 2014).” It allocates resources for major capital or investment expenditures. Creating and implementing a budget is crucial to any business or organization for many reasons. One reason is because “it creates a structured step by step process that enables a company to develop and formulate long-term strategic goals, seek out new investment projects, estimate and forecast future cash flows, facilitate the transfer of information & lastly, monitor and control expenditures (Investopedia, 2014).” “Preparing a capital budget is also necessary in order to increase profits and minimize costs. Most businesses and organizations typically plan a budget for a 12-month period, which allows management to take a look at a bigger picture. A capital budget differs from a short-term budget in that it takes a look at long-term investments, examining the purchase or upgrade of fixed assets such as buildings, machinery and equipment (Ehow.com, 2014).” There are also many reasons to make hefty investments. One important intention is that it helps to expand the level of operations for a business or company. A growing company often needs to acquire new fixed assets in order to produce work in a timely fashion. Then as the company expands its...
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...CHAPTER ONE Introduction Understanding and being able to use capital budgeting techniques and investment appraisal tools is usually a standard requirement for most business degrees. In addition learning such methods will also give one an advantage in a real business situation, in which there is the consideration of significant capital expenditure project. Capital budgeting assists management decisions making on the process of ensuring growth of the organization. The techniques are divided into two types: one, Traditional (non-discounting) that includes pay back method, accounting rate of return (ARR). Two, discounting cash flow that includes net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) Profitability Index (PI). Before an investment appraisal is conducted, there are a number of points to keep in mind. Whilst the tool presented will give an evaluation of the worth of a project, one should consider that the answer is only a guide. In short, the results of an investment appraisal should be considered in conjunction with both common sense and other qualitative factors such as a business’s overall strategy. Secondly, before an investment appraisal is conducted, one should consider whether or not the project is mutually exclusive. Where a project is mutually exclusive, then only the best project should be selected. Where on the other hand, projects are independent; one may select all projects which give the appropriate return. 1.1 Background of the study Corporate finance...
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...Capital Budgeting Introduction Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating and selecting long-term investments that are consistent with the firm's goal of maximizing owner wealth. A firm using capital budgeting, their goal is to see if there fixed income will cover itself for profit. Fixed incomes are things such as land, plant and equipment. When a firm using a machine to produce its good or service. They most of the time what the machine to produce the amount that they paid for the machine and more. The capital expenditure is the outlay of fund that a firm expects to produce and benefit with in a one year. The Capital Budgeting Process When approaching the problem of trying to the measure capital budgeting. The first step in capital budgeting is the Proposal generation. The proposals are made at all levels within a business organization and are reviewed by finance personal. The Second step in the process in the review and analysis. The formal review and analysis is performed to assess the appropriateness of proposals and evaluate their economic viability. Once the analysis is complete, a summary report is summated to decision makers. The third step in the process will be the Decision making. Firms typically delegate capital expenditure decision making on the basis of dollar limits. The board of directors must authorize expenditures beyond a certain amount. Often plant manager are given authority to make decisions necessary to keep the production line is moving....
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...AN APPRAISAL OF CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES (A CASE STUDY OF FORTHRIGHT SECURITIES AND INVESTMENT LIMITED, MARINA, LAGOS) BY OLOJOTUYI OLUFEMI O. FPA/AC/09/3-0101 BEING A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDIES, THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, ADO EKITI EKITI STATE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ACCOUNTANCY DECEMBER, 2011. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research project was duly carried out by OLOJOTUYI OLUFEMI O. of the Department of Accountancy, School of Business Studies Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State and accepted as meeting part of the requirements for the award of Higher National Diploma in Accountancy. ……………………………… ……………………………. MR. UCHEFUNA D.I MRS. M. OLOWOLAJU Project supervisor H. O.D Accountancy …………………………….. …………………………….. DATE DATE DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parent Mr. and Mrs. Olojotuyi. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I give glory to God, for his guidance, protection and strength throughout the period of this project work. Thanks to my supervisor, Mr. Uchefuna D.I who has been of tremendous help in guiding and encouraging me through this process. Furthermore, for his serious yet gentle commitment to the completion of this...
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...Part A: BUDGETING PROCESS 1. Definition [1] * A budget is the financial blueprint or action plan for an organization. It translates strategic plans into measurable expenditures and anticipated returns over a certain period of time * Budgeting is the process of creating and preparing an organization for the future. 2. Objectives[2] * The budget provides a yardstick for future results can be compared; * It allows management to plan and forecast in the areas of capital adequacy in work and or other types of scarce resources available; * Budget may direct cost of capital towards the most beneficial; * Budget support planning and control income and expenditure for maximum profit can be achieved; * It acts as a guide for management decisions when unforeseen conditions affect the budget; * It support for decentralization of responsibilities for each of the managers involved. With the establishment of the budget, the relevant managers will better understand what the company expected from them. So there is a congruence of objectives between the company and employees. 3. Classification of budgets [3] A series of budgets are linked together in a Master Budget. The major parts of Master Budget are Income Statement budgets and Balance Sheets budgets as follow: 4.1 Income statement budgets: * Sales budget: indicates for each product the quantity of estimated sales and (2) the expected unit selling price * Production budget: ...
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