...Samson Diegbegha 5/26/2009 Moscow University Touro; Course Title; History of Philosophy, Project Titled; History of Capitalism By; Professor; Marion Wyse Table of content 1:1…….…..………………………………………………………………………Introduction 1:2..………….………………………………………………………………capitalism history 1.3.…….………………………………………..….. Merchant capitalism and mercantilism 1:4……………………………………………….. Transition from 'feudalism' to capitalism 1:5……………………………………………………. Industrial capitalism and laissez-faire 1:6…………………………………………… Finance capitalism and monopoly capitalism 1:7……………………………………………… Capitalism following the Great Depression 1:8……………………………...………………………………………………... Globalization 1:9………………………..………………………………………………………… conclusion 1:10……………………………………………………………………….…………. References The History of capitalism 1; 1 Introduction | Capitalism as we all know is an economic system of producing wealth in which the wealth is privately owned. in capitalism, the land, labor, and capital are owned and operated by private individuals who are trading for one purpose that is, the generation of more income or profits in a legitimate way without force or fraud, by singly or jointly, and investments, distribution, income, production, pricing and supply of goods, commodities and services are determined by voluntary private decision in a market economy. A distinguishing feature of capitalism is that each person is entitled to his or her own labor and therefore is allowed to sell the use of it to any employee....
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...Marxism and Social Movements Marxism is a body of theory that was developed from and crafted for social movements. Marxist theory in the twentieth century was linked to the development of oppositional political projects across the world. There were a range of revolutionary struggles against imperialist wars and capitalism. The First World War divided the forces of socialism, with those who were to become social democrats supporting the mass slaughter of the War. Marxism rested on a proposition and a wager. The proposition is that the core problem facing popular movements in the present time is the capitalist system. The wager is that the working class is capable of transforming itself through collective action and organization to the point where it can break capitalism apart and lay out foundations of a new cooperative world community. The proposition and wager provided Marxism with a standard that assessed the whole array of resistance of capitalist power. In Marxist theory, the issue of ‘replacement power’ focuses on the necessity and not simply taking over the state but reorganizing it in ways that were unthinkable. This book addressed broad theoretical questions while critiquing academic social movement theory and interrogating what a Marxist theory of social movements might involve. This book examined how movements actually work, explored the political questions that confront movement participants, and argued understanding of how movements developed. The last part of...
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...1. Unrestricted Capitalism in America Determining the overall importance of the Homestead Strike in the American Civil Labor Movement requires the investigation to examine the reasons for which the common laborer moved towards unionism and, later, full-fledged strikes. The overarching structure of American capitalist society which grew significantly in the Progressive era which extended from post reconstruction into the early 20th century and consisted of the laborers of which was the most significant portion of the population; and the management which included a very select, miniscule percentage of the population. During this period agrarian work declined and did not have a large effect on the Labor Movement and the corresponding events...
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...Revisionist Socialism What is it? Revisionist socialism seeks to reform or tame capitalism rather than abolish it. It seeks to reconcile socialism with capitalism. It seeks social justice in the sense of narrowing the economic and social inequalities (to varying degrees) within capitalism through welfare and redistribution. Social democracy is the most obvious example of revisionist socialism. Revisionists are invariably parliamentary, not revolutionary, socialists. Bernstien Beginning in the late 1890s a diverse group of so-called revisionist thinkers increasingly questioned the validity of a number of fundamental Marxist theorists. They particularly objected to how rigidly Marx's doctrine was being interpreted by his colleagues in Second International. The foremost theoretical spokesman of the revisionist movement was Eduard Bernstein. Bernstein was a German social democrat whose views on socialism had been influenced by his extended influenced by those in Switzerland and particularly in England, where he became familiar with the views of the early Fabian Society. While his own theory of socialism differed from theirs, Bernstein nevertheless shared many of the Fabian beliefs, including the notion that socialism could be achieved by non-revolutionary means. In a series of articles that first appeared in Die Neue Zeit between 1896 and 1899 and later published in the book Evolutionary Socialism (1899), Bernstein laid the foundation for a revisionist challenge to Marxist...
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...Reformation The Reformation was one of the greatest religious and political movements of the 16th century, aimed at reforming the practises and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. Beginning in 1517, The Reformation was led by a German monk, known as Martin Luther. Luther argued that the Roman Catholic Church was corrupt and that it should be reformed, in attempt to making it fair, less greedy, and accessible to all people. He declared authority should be derived from the Bible, not the Pope or the Church, giving rise to Protestant systems of belief. This conflict caused a split in the Church, and separated the Christians of Western Europe into Protestants and Catholics. The disruption also triggered a series of wars, persecutions and the...
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...The Intent of the documentary were to make others aware of how the system that has been created is the cause of many nations living in poverty. As indicated in the documentary, the United States makes up less than 5% of the world’s population, but are consuming over 25% of the world’s resources and creating 30% of its major pollution. The U.S alone is contributing to a significant amount of the worlds poverty. However, poverty is not an issue that started in the 20th century. Global inequality began in 1492, with the start of European intervention. The colonial system took 500 yrs.’ to create. During the 16th century almost all of the continents were connected by brutal European domination, which spread to Asia and Africa. The capitalism and modern times started at the moment of the conquest the colonization and submission of the people of America by the Spanish and the Portuguese. The systematic and permanent process started when the Spanish and the Portuguese stole all the riches of the Incas and...
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...Imperialism: It’s the American Way! The imperialism of the 19th century led to the overall conquering of many smaller nations throughout the world. The results of imperialism are what made America so profitable today. Although it is seldom looked at as having good outcomes as well as bad, 19th century imperialism did contribute both of these qualities. Today’s nation is in my opinion is still imperialistic simply because that is what the world is now accustomed to and capitalism is always welcomed in any facet. Although it is much less than the centuries prior, our country today is still influencing smaller lands as it did so many years ago. When referring to the imperialism of the 19th century, many things come to mind. Mainly the European expansion in Africa and the displays of ruthlessness the natives were subjected to. When the slave trade in Africa began to decline, Europeans felt there was still an opportunity for them to exploit its lands. The discovery of palm oil was only one of the exports that would soon show the Europeans that Africa was exactly where they needed to be. Although the general objective when considering overall expansion to Africa was to profit off of the lands, Europeans did justify their conquests by stating they were also interested in “civilizing” the otherwise barbarian culture. However they failed to mention to the natives that they would be treated like slaves and viciously killed if they did not comply with their orders. I’m sure that was...
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...Marxism is a political, social, and economic philosophy derived from the work of the 19th-century historians Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It views human history as a struggle between social classes and asserts that capitalism is inherently exploitative. According to Marxism, social inequality is an unfair situation, in which some individuals or groups have more money, influence and power etc over others, usually referring to the bourgeoisie, who use this advantage to oppress the proletariats. Marxists would argue that social inequality is caused by false class consciousness, and that eventually would lead to a revaluation. Marxism is a conflict theory, focusing on inequalities and divisions within society. According to Karl Marx, all stratified societies have two major classes, the bourgeoisie (rich) and the proletariats (poor). The rich owns the means of production, such as land capital, machinery etc, while the poor does not, this gives the ruling class the power to exploit the lower class, through the use of the superstructure, e.g. the legal and political system to justify their actions and maintain social order, due to the fact that the ruling class have more influence compared to the working class. According to Karl Marx, the rich exploits the working class who have to sell their labour to survive, thus creating huge inequalities, furthermore, due to the fact that many working class people rely on this as a means of income, this gives the ruling class even more power...
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...Internal colonialism II. External colonization by the neighboring states. III. External colonization This refers to the so called ‘salt and water’ colonization whereby ‘aliens colonized distant places (Keal, 2003). This characterizes Europe’s expansion to America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The first wave of European colonization and exploitation started in America in the 15th century until early in the 19th century (Tmh, 2010). It primarily involved the colonization of the Americans by the Europeans. The second extensive phase of European exploratory ventures and colonization was primarily focused on Asia and Africa. It was also known as the era of new imperialism. History of Colonialism in Africa and Asia by the Europeans Between the historical times of 1450 and 1750, Europeans widely traded with Africa and very few colonies had been set up. By the year 1850, only countable colonies existed along the coastline of Africa. After the ban of slave trade, free states in Africa continued in the exchange of goods between them and Europe. In the mid-19th century, startling changes occurred when the Europeans began exploring Africa’s...
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...Outline and asses marxist theories on social inequalities. Marxism is a political, social, and economic philosophy derived from the work of the 19th-century historians Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It views human history as a struggle between social classes and asserts that capitalism is inherently exploitative. According to Marxism, social inequality is an unfair situation, in which some individuals or groups have more money, influence and power etc over others, usually referring to the bourgeoisie, who use this advantage to oppress the proletariats. Marxists would argue that social inequality is caused by false class consciousness, and that eventually would lead to a revaluation. Marxism is a conflict theory, focusing on inequalities and divisions within society. According to Karl Marx, all stratified societies have two major classes, the bourgeoisie (rich) and the proletariats (poor). The rich owns the means of production, such as land capital, machinery etc, while the poor does not, this gives the ruling class the power to exploit the lower class, through the use of the superstructure, e.g. the legal and political system to justify their actions and maintain social order, due to the fact that the ruling class have more influence compared to the working class. According to Karl Marx, the rich exploits the working class who have to sell their labour to survive, thus creating huge inequalities, furthermore, due to the fact that many working class people rely on this...
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...Essay Topic: Capitalism and its alternative system TOPIC: CAPITALISM AND THE ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM Tutor: Maral First of all, we need to understand the definition of CAPITLISM. Capitalism mainly difined as economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. Capitalism, as a deliberate economic system, developed incrementally from the 16th century in Europe, although proto-capitalist organizations existed in the ancient world, and early aspects of merchant capitalism flourished during the Late Middle Ages. Capitalism became dominant in the Western world following the demise of feudalism. Capitalism gradually spread throughout Europe, and in the 19th and 20th centuries, it provided the main means of industrialization throughout much of the world. Today the capitalist system is the world's dominant economic model Types of capitalism There are many variants of capitalism in existence. All these forms of capitalism are based on production for profit, at least a moderate degree of market allocation and capital accumulation. The dominant forms of capitalism are listed here. Mercantilism Free-market capitalism Social market economy State capitalism Corporate capitalism Mixed economy Problems of capitalism Capitalism allows much personal freedom...
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...first is the importance of the Civil War and Reconstruction in setting the stage for the great industrial growth and development in the late 19th century. The second theme is the impact of industrialization in late 19th century America--economically, politically, socially, and culturally. A third theme centered on the emergence of an aggressive America foreign policy that in general sought to export American values and ideas so as to bring order to the international scene. The fourth major theme is the rise of progressivism in the first two decades of this century. Like the unions and Populists before them, the Progressives responded to the tremendous impact of industrialization and corporate capitalism on American society, however with much more success. A fifth theme centers on the American entrance into World War I and the war's impact on American society and politics. A sixth theme is the conflict over values and power in American society. Different groups (African-Americans, KKK, nativist/anti-immigrant, socialists, women, etc) with their own unique visions of what American society should be came into conflict over whose vision should predominate. A final theme is emergence of a powerful, welfare state in the form of the New Deal which finally addressed in a large-scale and systematic effort the negative consequences inherent in capitalism and industrialization. Below are some questions that should help you prepare for the first midterm. These are not the actual questions...
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...the theory that persons, groups, and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. According to the theory, which was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the weak were diminished and their cultures delimited, while the strong grew in power and in cultural influence over the weak. Social Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest,” a phrase proposed by the British philosopher and scientist Herbert Spencer. The social Darwinists—notably Spencer and Walter Bagehot in England and William Graham Sumner in the United States—believed that the process of natural selection acting on variations in the population would result in the survival of the best competitors and in continuing improvement in the population. Societies, like individuals, were viewed as organisms that evolve in this manner. The theory was used to support laissez-faire capitalism and political conservatism. Class stratification was justified on the basis of “natural” inequalities among individuals, for the control of property was said to be a correlate of superior and inherent moral attributes such as industriousness, temperance, and frugality. Attempts to reform society through state intervention or other means would, therefore, interfere with natural processes; unrestricted competition and defense of the status quo were in accord with biological selection....
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...the late 19th and 20th century up until today, there has been a huge increase in the belief of gender inequality and numerous feminist movements to try and conquer gender inequality. Functionalists: * Different, not unequal * Men and women serve different social roles in society, fam & workplace. * Parsons: women = expressive. Men = instrumental (breadwinner). Differences are innate and prescribed at birth. Warm bath 4 husband * Murdock: One of roles of fam = to socialise children into gender roles to fit instrumental & expressive roles for society * Human Capital Theory: many women choose to prioritise role as homemaker, fitting with expressive instincts, therefore choosing their own position * Marxist feminists would argue that gender differences = used to exploit women through capitalism at work and in home. * Ansley: Women used to benefit economy, absorbing frustration & anger of husbands who are also exploited at work. ‘Women are the takers of shit’. * Benston: focused on economic aspects of gender inequality. Women = a reserve army of labour. Contribution of domestic labour to capitalism. Marxists: * More critical viewpoint of inequality * Women = useful to a capitalist society – easy to hire and fire * Engels: saw monogamy as giving men greater control over women – up until late 19th century, women = a man’s property. ROLE OF FAMILY IS TO MAINTAIN AND REPRODUCE LABOUR FORCE TO SUPPORT CAPITALISM * Zaretsky:...
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...Ethan Tremblay Strayer University Eco 400 Prof Elkhana Faux Karl Marx On Our Recession I am choosing Karl Marx as my reference and using his theories to try to form a subjective view of how he would try to explain the problem that is ongoing in the financial global recession. He would blame the recession do to the Overproduction of the system and its struggled to sell it all. Marx would have been bold in his prediction that a host of problems in the current system (capitalism) namely overproduction, declining rates of profit, class inequality and speculative bubbles would inevitably produce a serious global recession. Marx would argue that since the development of capitalist monopolies around the world at the end of 19th century, there has been a systematic tendency toward stagnation in businesses. Monopolies have eliminated competition, set prices to increase their profits, but do not invest in expanded reproduction (new factories, new technology, new machinery), and therefore the economy tends to face a problem of low growth. Overproduction as Marx would call it is transformed by reformist theorists into under consumption, the idea that the mass of workers are paid too little to buy back what they did produce. This surely leads to the program of persuading owners to advance their own interests by paying the workers more. Those workers will then be able to consume and purchase more, and thereby crises will be forestalled or dampened. Marx would say that overproduction...
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