...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory JoinSearchBrowseSaved Papers Home Page » Business and Management Occupational Health and Safety In: Business and Management Occupational Health and Safety Questions 1. (15 marks) The TLV for carbon monoxide is 35ppm. Define the terms TLV and ppm and calculate them for the following example: Answer: TVL = Term for airborne concentration of a substance, below which all workers are believed to be protected while exposed to it day after day for 8-hour periods. PPM = Concentration by volume of one part of a gas, or by weight of a liquid or solid, per million parts of air or liquid. A mechanic in an automotive repair shop is exposed to the following carbon monoxide levels over an 8 hour shift. 1. 2 hours @ 34 ppm 2. 5 hours @ 40 ppm 3. 1 hour @ 20 ppm Is the worker over-exposed during the duration of the work-shift? Answer: Yes the worker is over-exposed during the duration of their 8 hour shift. What is the primary concept of hazard recognition and the hierarchy of hazard control? Answer: The primary goal of hazard recognition is “to reduce incidents, accidents, injuries and property damage.” The primary concept of the hierarchy of hazard control is “source-path-human intervention. Of which elimination is an option if a task it too dangerous.” The specific hierarchy outlined on slide 13 of the Instructor notes for week 7 is as...
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...moment. Such pollutants cause damage to our respiratory system, leading to the fluctuation of the life span of an individual depending on a number of conditions. Amongst these conditions are the individuals specific geographic location, age, and life style. This paper is structured as a series of relevant questions and answers to report on the description of these pollutants there affects on our bodies. What are the pollutants? And how do they affect our bodies? In order to understand how air pollution affects our body, you must under stand exactly what this pollution is. The pollutants that harm our respiratory system are known as particulates. Particulates are the small solid particles that you can see through a ray of sunlight. They are products of incomplete combustion in engines (example: automobile engines), road dust, and wood smoke. Billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they produce smoke and other by-products into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away the smoke given off by power plants and automobiles, much still remains. Particulate matter (soot, ash, and other solids), usually consist of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, various nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead. These compounds undergo a series of chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight, the result is smog (a term used to describe a noxious mixture of fog and smoke) The smog in this photograph of Beijing,...
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...Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a suite of commonsense requirements that together will help combat climate change, reduce air pollution that harms public health, and provide greater certainty about Clean Air Act permitting requirements for the oil and natural gas industry. The proposals are part of the agency’s broad-based strategy under the President’s Climate Action Plan to reduce emissions of the potent greenhouse gas methane and smog-forming volatile organic compounds from this rapidly growing industry. The proposal will complement rules the agency issued in 2012 to reduce pollution from the oil and natural gas industry while helping ensure that development of these energy resources is safe and responsible. The World Health Organization defines air pollution as “the presence of material in the air in such concentration which are harmful to man and his environment.” In fact air pollution is the occurrence or addition of foreign particles, gases, and other pollutants into the air which have an adverse effect on human beings, animals, and vegetation. The various causes of air pollution are: combustion of natural gas, coal and wood in industries, automobiles, aircraft, railways, thermal plants, agricultural burning, kitchens, metallurgical processing (mineral dust, fumes containing fluorides, sulphides and metallic pollutants like lead, chromium, nickel, beryllium, arsenic vanadium, cadmium, zinc, mercury), processing industries like cotton textiles...
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...Research Paper on Hybrid Cars The cars we use all over the world are detrimental to our Earth’s environment. In the United States, air quality often fails to meet federal standards. Air pollution, water pollution, global warming, and ozone depletion are some of the problems we face each day that reflect the consequences of our actions. The cars we drive emit exhaust gas, whose harmful elements cause acid rain and global warming. As a result of growing environmental concerns, the US government has been trying to resolve these problems. One such solution is the Hybrid car, which can save resources by giving off less emission. However, among the many benefits of Hybrid cars, there are also some drawbacks as well. Hybrids still exhaust some emissions, and their large batteries require frequent replacement. Now, fortunately, many companies are thinking of ways to improve Hybrid cars because if we don‘t stop driving gasoline powered vehicles, the earth’s resources will be destroyed. Driving a car is the worst pollutant. Despite attempts to make engines more fuel efficient and the increase in antipollution devices, emissions from passenger vehicles are increasing in Canada and the US. The main cause of this problem is that cars are getting bigger and consumers are driving pick-up trucks and sports vehicles instead of smaller, lighter passenger vehicles. The average new car in 2001 consumed more fuel than the average car in 1988. In 1987 cars averaged 25.9 miles to the gallon in...
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...to contain. Smoking normal cigarettes can be a foundation for more dangerous substances that include smoking weed and inhaling cocaine. Health institutions have come up with the possible effects of smoking both to passive and active smokers. Breathing problems, socioeconomic effects as well as chronic diseases like cancers are some of the dangerous outcomes of smoking. Several alternatives have been established to deal with the problem (Hyde & Setaro, 2006). Designation of smoking zones is one of the options that most nations globally have embraced with the aim of bringing down the negative effects associated with smoking. This paper seeks to establish the need for banning smoking in closed areas. This is in accordance with the fact that smoking has been a menace in the recent past especially to passive smokers (Owing, 2005). The paper also aims at identifying the possible impact of smoking and how restricting it will assist the government and the entire world deal with the...
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...cessation. Difficulty of Smoking Cessation In general, most people who smoke know smoking is bad for their health and can contribute to many other health problems and even death, so why can’t they just quit? If it were that easy there would be significantly less smokers in this country. The problem is not the desire to quit but rather the actual act of stoping smoking for good. The fact of reality is there are plenty of smokers out there who want to quit but just can’t due to the complexity and addictive nature of the habit. The three main components of tobacco smoke include; tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine (McEwen 2014). Most of the health issues that arise from smoking cigarettes are directly linked to tar and carbon monoxide components. Cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease are three of the most common issues stemming from the tar and carbon monoxide elements of the cigarette (McEwen 2014). The third component, nicotine, is relatively harmless to our health but may be the most dangerous element of a cigarette. Nicotine is highly addictive and is the reason smokers keep smoking. Aside...
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...Running Head: Environmental Crime Environmental Crime [Name] [School] In partial fulfillment of the requirements for [subject] [Professor] [Date] ABSTRACT Environmental Crime is a very serious crime not only to the present society but also to the next generation of humans, animals and plants. This is a serious matter that affects the whole plant. This research paper discusses the definition of environmental crime, a few examples of companies that had committed environmental crime, environmental laws and crime punishment of the companies who had committed these crimes. Definition of Environmental Crime Environmental Crime is very hard to define. Some people say that it is a white collar crime, to others it is not just simply a white collar crime but it can be considered as crime against society. Whit Gibbons (2001) had shown two types of environmental crime in his article. First type is an individual such as an ordinary person dumping waste to the river and the other type is the white-collared type where companies dump harmful contaminants to a water source or the air. The main difference of the two according to Gibbons (2001) is that it is easier to prosecute an individual than a business corporation. The sad part is the business corporations who commit environmental crimes affects the environment more than an individual. He had treated the business corporation offenders as white-collar criminals and as such defined it...
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...Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards, Edinburgh, UK, 23-27 April 2007 CHARACTERIZING OF DESIGN FIRES FOR CLOTHING STORES EHAB ZALOK, AND GEORGE HADJISOPHOCLEOUS Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada ABSTRACT This paper presents the work carried out at Carleton University to characterize design fires for clothing stores. The work includes a survey of clothing stores to determine fire load and type of combustibles and medium-scale testing of fuel packages designed to represent the fire loads and type of combustibles in these stores. The experiments are conducted in collaboration with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC)’s Fire Research Program using NRC’s full-scale facilities. Fourteen different clothing stores were surveyed and the data collected were analyzed to determine the total fire load (MJ) in each of the stores, the fire load density (MJ/m2), and the contribution of different combustible materials to the total fire load. The survey was conducted in 2003 in the Canadian cities of Ottawa and Gatineau. The analysis of the survey data indicated that three different fuel packages should be used to represent clothing stores. One package is used to represent clothing stores with small floor area, the second to represent stores with wood as the major combustible, and the third to represent stores with cloth as the major combustible. The results...
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...to be solved. These dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles. The air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and inert gases. Air pollution is a common term meaning the dirtying and gradual destruction of our natural resources, especially our air, water and land. This is referred to as environmental pollution. Once, years ago, the air was fresh and clear and the rivers were clean with fish swimming in the crystal clear waters and streams. This is no longer true today. Air pollution is the dirtying of the air. Where once we had blue skies and fresh air to breathe in, this is no longer the case. The air today is choked with toxic fumes from cars and factories. With more and more cars on the road, the carbon monoxide emitted from the car exhausts has polluted the Earth’s atmosphere. The clearing of land to make way for housing or farms has also lead to forests being destroyed and burnt. But did you know that air pollution also found both outdoors and indoors? It can, Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time. The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems. Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily. As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of global cooperation and...
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...EDSST 1 RESEARCH AND ACTION PLAN SUBMITTED BY: ABIGAIL A. DELA SALDE SST 1 STUDENT CHRISTINE MAE SALAS SST 1 STUDENT LAVIÑA ALCOSIBA SST 1 STUDENT SUBMITTED TO: PROF. JACKSON SISON ED SST 1 PROFESSOR INTRODUCTION This research enhances the idea of every student on how to deal different economic and nature problem of the society or of the world. The research paper refers to the surveys and observation of every individual in a group. It is one way of showing the outputs of every member in order to create great research with a knowledgeable content. The possible outcome of a research reflects the ability of every student on how to observe particular problem. The topic that we have chosen is burning of fossil fuels (effects, causes and prevention). It opens our hearts and minds on the possible effects or outcomes that may happen in our environment if these thing will continuously arise. The damaged has been done in several parts of the world. The only thing we must do is to initiate other ideas that may convert the effects of burning of fossil fuel into a suitable one. The next pages of this research will explain other alternative ways to get energy or electricity without using or burning fossil fuels. As we continue to understand these things in this world, let’s put in our mind first that the imbalance of our nature can affects great percentage of our life not just here in the present but also to the next generation to come. OBJECTIVES:...
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...Knarles and Barkley are a father-son team who run a fairly successfully maintenance company in Maryland. They have built many strong relationships with building owners for residential and commercial properties throughout the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. Due to their close relationships with their clients, they often renewal their original written contracts through verbal agreements. As compensation, they receive a monthly payment of $2,000 to $4,000, depending on the size of the building. Moreover, they bill their clients for any equipment of a substantial nature they may need to be replaced, replace old systems, and provide additional services, such as snow removal. Currently, Knarles and Barkley employ four full-time employees to perform various facilities maintenance. One of their employees is a licensed plumber in the District of Columbia. His yearly license renewal is paid by their firm as part of a written agreement at the beginning of his employment four years ago. Subsequently, a second agreement was entered for a period of two years. However, this year, Knarles decides to allow his 17-year old son, Barkley, to handle the renewal of this employee’s contract. Consequently, this contract was not renewed. This year, Knarles is called away for a “green facilities maintenance trade show”. Meanwhile, his young son Barkley is approached by a reputed building owner from northern Virginia, Ian Chetum. Chetum seeks the facilities services from Barkley...
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...Norfolk State University Argumentative Research Paper Why One Should Not Smoke by Rashege V. Johnson-Manley Submitted for Portfolio Requirement in ENG 102 (51) April 28, 2009 Argumentative Paper Outline Title of Paper: Why Should One Not Smoke Thesis Statement: There are different reasons as to why one should not smoke. I. Introduction: There are different reasons as to why one should not smoke. ll. Socialization: Being part of a group lll. Second hand smoke Health lV. Conclusion: I challenge you to stop smoking. Statement of purpose: To argue why one should not smoke. There are different reasons as to why one should not smoke; because people are different some people do choose to smoke. One may smoke because smoking can make one feel as though he/she is a part of a particular group. Smoking can give a relaxing feeling, thus, smoking can make one feel good, according to some smokers. If one already smokes and his/her smoking is out of control, he/she just might not be able to quit smoking without a very strong desire to quit, an extremely good support system and serious education as to the disadvantages of smoking. So, they are some of the reasons why some people smoke. Now, let’s consider why one should not Smoke, which is without a doubt...
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...DANGERS OF SECONDHAND SMOKE ____________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Communication Arts II ____________________ By Julienne TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….. II. NATURE OF SECONDHAND SMOKE…………………………………………….. III. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SECONDHAND SMOKE…………………….... A. Cotinine…………………………………………………………………………... B. Carcinogens………………………………………………………………………. 1. Carbon Monoxide……………………………………………………………… 2. Cyanide……………………………………………………………………….... IV. TYPES OF SECONDHAND SMOKE……………………………………………….. A. Mainstream Smoke………………………………………………………………… B. Sidestream Smoke…………………………………………………………………. C. Thirdhand Smoke………………………………………………………………….. V. EFFECTS OF SECONDHAND SMOKE……………………………………………. A. Cancers…………………………………………………………………………… 1. LungCancer………………………………………………………………….. 2. Breast Cancer ……………………………………………………………….. B. Effects in Cardiovascular System………………………………………………… 1. Coronary Heart Disease……………………………………………………… 2. Stroke…………………………………………………………………………. 3. Other Heart Disease………………………………………………………….. C. Effects in Respiratory System…………………………………………………….. 1. Asthma………………………………………………………………………... 2. Irritation of Respiratory Tract………………………………………………… D. Effects in Neurological System……………………………………………………. 1. Dementia………………………………………………………………………. E. Effects During Pregnancy…………………………………………………………. F. Effects to Children…………………………………………………………………...
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...I. Table of Contents Page 1: Executive Summary Page 2: Goals of the Study Page 2: Peer Corridor Descriptions Charlotte Denver Phoenix Sacramento Salt Lake City Page 5: Economic Indicators Property Values Business Development Transportation Times and Costs Environmental Indicators Air Quality Indexes (AQI) Carbon Monoxide Concentration Trends Ozone Concentration Trends Health Indicators Asthma Rates Traffic Fatalities Results and Conclusion II. Executive Summary This paper serves as an addendum to the previously existing Transit Oriented Development in the Triangle Region report compiled by the Triangle J Council of Governments. It analyzes the impacts of light rail transit in regions that are comparable to the Triangle Region (as defined by the region surrounding Duke to NC State to UNC). This study focuses on the effects of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as a result of light rail implementation. Additionally, we examine how light rail impacts the following sub-categories: environment, economic, and health indices. These indices shape our assessment of whether or not light rail is a worthwhile investment in the Triangle Region. In order to enable politicians to make the best decisions regarding light rail, we provide a comprehensive analysis of peer corridors that are similar to the Triangle Region. Based on population growth projections for the Triangle Region, we find it necessary to offset the corresponding increases in traffic rates and the...
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...2014 Abstract Hybrid vehicles are known for having more than one battery and two engines (electric and gas) that help alternate the energy needed to run. While a majority of hybrid vehicles are designed not to burn as much fossil fuel, some hybrid vehicles may be designed to use other alternative fuels (such as hydrogen, biodiesel, flex-fuel, etc.). This not only makes them fuel efficient, but friendly to the environment as well. Conscious that carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels is driving global warming, many drivers have opted for hybrids because their fuel efficiency makes them relatively environmentally friendly (Hewitt, et al., 2006). There is a huge difference between non-hybrid vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Unlike the hybrid vehicles, a non-hybrid vehicle only burns fossil fuels that causes smog and a variety of harmful gases (such as nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide) into the atmosphere, which may be responsible for global warming. Because of the harmful gases in the atmosphere, they are not friendly nor healthy; which actually harms our environment. Renewable energy technologies are being explored to meet the challenges of energy security and climate change, as well as to boost regional economic development (Zhang & Cooke, 2008). Therefore, the two engines (electric and gas) that alternates energy (electric...
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