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Carburization Report

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Group #14
Carburization and Decarburization
Lab #2 Report ME3040 Engineering Materials
Writer: Andrew Kissner
Analyst: Kurt Bowie
Technicians: Blake McShane and Ben Kinzel

Objective: The influence of carburization and decarburization on material properties is examined.
Materials Needed: Carburized sample of 1080, fully annealed sample of 1090.
Equipment Required: Vickers Microhardness Tester.
Procedure: The primary steps used in this procedure include the following: 1. The viewer on the Microhardness Tester is used to make a visual measure of the carburized/decarburized layer in each sample. 2. Microhardness tests are conducted on each sample at 0.1mm intervals from the outer edge for 1.0mm, and then at 0.5mm intervals for an additional 3.0mm.
A complete set of procedural steps is available in the Appendix section of this lab report.

Theoretical Results: Throughout the process of any experiment, it is a necessity to understand the data that is gathered. Knowing this, a direct comparison between carburized and decarburized steel is necessary. Referring to the appendix section, Figure 1a displays the relationship between hardness of the material and the distance from the edge. It is apparent that the relationship between these two qualities is inversely proportional; meaning that as distance is increased, the hardness begins to decrease. However, when referring to Figure 1b, it holds true that an opposite trend occurs. When observing Figure 1b, one can see that with an increase in distance, an increase in hardness directly correlates as well. The visual layer of the carburization can be found from the graph by determining where the hardness drops off and remains at a constant trend line. Using this method, an estimated visual layer of depth is approximately 170μm. Referring to the same figure, the end of the useful layer can be determined as approximately 228μm. This value indicates the end of the useful layer because it is the last value in which the harness is greater than that of the decarburized sample.
Experimental Results: Having performed the experiment, it is vital that we begin to analyze the results, and then compare them to the expected values that were determined. It is also extremely important that the data be compared to the expected values that were previously stated in the theoretical results portion of the report. These expected values explained that the visual layer should have a depth of 170μm, and the hardness value signaling the end of the useful life should be 228μm. Throughout the process of the experiment the depth of the visual layer was that of 160μm, and the hardness value of the useful life was 225μm. One can gather this information from the graphs displayed in the appendix section beginning on page 4 of the lab report.
Continuing on, when looking at the graph of the theoretical data, it was noted that the distance and hardness for the carburized sample had an inversely proportional relationship, whereas the decarburized sample had a proportional relationship. The experimental graphs, located in the appendix, confirm the same relationships in terms of distance and hardness. As previously stated, it is mandatory to not only discuss the results of an experiment, but furthermore discuss the accuracy of them. In this particular experiment, the expected value will lie within two standard deviations of the experimental value to assure accuracy. For the carburized sample, the results from the edge, to a distance of approximately 2mm, the expected value was outside two standard deviations. For the decarburized sample, the results from the edge, to a distance of approximately 1.25mm, the expected value was also outside of two standard deviations. The inaccuracy of both samples may have occurred due to several things. Primarily, inaccuracy such as this can be held responsible for in-homogeneous material composition, the samples being more or less carburized than calculated and also natural data variation.
Conclusion: In particular, this lab provided insight to how processes performed on materials, can affect the material properties in a variety of ways. This allows for one to gather a greater understanding to why materials are engineering for specific applications and purposes. Information such as this also allows for engineers to create materials using carburization that have higher hardness levels on the outside, but still possess other internal material properties such as ductility and conductivity. Having knowledge about a hardness increase in metals when carburized is an important concept to understand when applying to real world applications.

Appendix
Procedure
Sample Preparation:
Carburizing
1. The 1018 samples were prepared at the beginning of the semester by packing a piece of 1018 steel in charcoal and heating it at 900C for two hours. The sample was removed, mounted, polished and etched.
Decarburizing
1. The 1090 specimens were subjected to a full annealing process. The time in the furnace above the eutectoid temperature is unknown, but can be estimated at 3 hours.
Sample Measurements 1. Use the Vickers Microscope to make and record a visual estimate of the thickness of the carburized and decarburized layers. Locate the approximate point at which the microstructure changes from a light to dark color and measure this using the cursors. 2. Begin at 0.10 mm from the edge and take 10 hardness measurements in the first 1mm layer (at 0.10 mm intervals). Take 6 additional readings at 0.5mm intervals in the next 3 mm (between 1 and 4 mm from the edge). Do this for a carburized and decarburized sample. 3. Take a picture that clearly shows the carburized/decarburized layer in each sample. Make sure to take a picture that includes the test marks. 4. Record your information on the lab.

Theoretical Data Type | Expected Depth (m) | Normalized Vickers Hardness | Expected Depth (m) | Annealled Vickers Hardness | 1015 | | | 0.0004 | 115 | 1020 | 0.0035 | 136 | 0.00055 | 115 | 1022 | 0.0032 | 149 | 0.0006 | 143 | 1030 | 0.0025 | 155 | 0.0008 | 131 | 1040 | 0.002 | 178 | 0.0011 | 155 | 1050 | 0.00165 | 228 | 0.0015 | 195 | 1060 | 0.0014 | 241 | 0.00185 | 188 |

HARDNESS VALUE CARBURIZED EXPECTED HARDNESS VALUE DECARBURIZED EXPECTED Figure 1a Figure 1b

Experimental Data CARBURIZED EXPERIMENTAL 1018 | DECARBURIZED EXPERIMENTAL 1090 | Distance | Avg. Value | S.D. | 2 S.D. | Distance | Avg. Value | S.D. | 2 S.D. | 0.1 | 335.4929 | 47.04 | 94.07 | 0.1 | 213.98 | 19.58 | 39.16 | 0.2 | 325.55 | 38.78 | 77.55 | 0.2 | 223.40 | 14.85 | 29.69 | 0.3 | 305.8071 | 29.26 | 58.52 | 0.3 | 220.50 | 13.89 | 26.78 | 0.4 | 263.07 | 34.60 | 69.21 | 0.4 | 217.54 | 17.01 | 34.21 | 0.5 | 221.01 | 39.14 | 78.27 | 0.5 | 214.12 | 14.83 | 29.66 | 0.6 | 189.24 | 31.57 | 63.14 | 0.6 | 207.24 | 15.01 | 30.03 | 0.7 | 171.17 | 27.90 | 55.81 | 0.7 | 208.52 | 18.02 | 36.03 | 0.8 | 158.65 | 27.68 | 55.36 | 0.8 | 207.64 | 19.18 | 38.36 | 0.9 | 155.78 | 23.65 | 47.30 | 0.9 | 215.71 | 24.76 | 49.52 | 1.0 | 154.77 | 24.40 | 48.79 | 1.0 | 221.67 | 18.93 | 37.87 | 1.1 | 149.73 | 15.67 | 31.34 | 1.1 | 221.11 | 24.94 | 49.88 | 1.2 | 152.49 | 13.51 | 27.02 | 1.2 | 211.31 | 18.15 | 36.29 | 1.3 | 148.44 | 14.23 | 28.47 | 1.3 | 211.33 | 18.70 | 27.40 | 1.4 | 152.00 | 12.72 | 25.44 | 1.4 | 210.51 | 24.36 | 48.72 | 1.5 | 148.64 | 14.69 | 28.38 | 1.5 | 216.07 | 24.28 | 48.56 | 1.6 | 148.44 | 13.89 | 27.79 | 1.6 | 215.83 | 30.09 | 60.17 |

CARBURIZED

DECARBURIZED

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