...Material and Methods: Before the experiment began, Labscribe was loaded to the Cardiac Muscle Lab and the computer was connected to the iWorx unit that was set up with the iWorx Force Transducer clamped to a ring stand. A freshly euthanized frog was obtained from the instructor and was dissected to expose the beating heart of the frog. Any pericardial membrane still connected was removed and the heart was rinsed with Ringer’ solution (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, a buffering agent, and deionized water). The dissection tray was moved about 15 cm under the force transducer. A metal pin hook was pierced through the ventricle of the frog and was tied and connected to the 10-gram hook on the transducer without too little or too much tension in the string, but just enough to lift the heart out of the chest cavity. Connective tissue was removed to let the heart beat independently....
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...Kayla Martinez 5/16/15 HW6 1. (3 pts) What are intercalated discs in cardiac muscle? What is the functional importance of these in the heart? Intercalated discs are important because they have desmosomes that hold the cell together, and also gap junctions that allow ions to pass through. These all currents to travel through cardiac muscle. 2. (2 pts) Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used? Systole is the contraction while Diastole is the relax state of the muscle. They are referenced with the ventricles. Systole is the amount of blood after contraction and diastole is the amount of blood after relaxation inside the ventricles. 3. (4 pts) In an infant, what is ductus arteriosus? What...
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...before it enters the ventricle to be pumped to its respective destination. The human heart begins to beat, on average, at 21 days after conception and is one of the first functioning organs of the human embryo. The average heart in an adult human weighs approximately 300 grams and resembles the size of the individuals closed fist (Tortora, G.J. 2006). The heart is enclosed in a fibrous protective sac called the pericardium. The pericardium is composed of two layers; the outermost layer being dense connective tissue while the inner layer is composed of serous epithelium that provides for lubrication of the beating heart muscle. The heart is composed of involuntary muscle that differs from both skeletal and smooth muscle, this type of muscle is known as cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle performs in a combination of the two previously mentioned muscle groups in that it is controlled by the CNS...
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...1 Chapter 11: Transmembrane Transport of ions and Small Molecules 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Membranes are both barriers and conduits for various materials 2 Pure phospholipid bilayers show differential permeability to molecules, therefore integral membrane proteins “transport proteins” regulate movements 3 Movement from high to low concentration does not require energy, it is “downhill” vs low to high “uphill” Uphill requires ATP hydrolysis via ATP pumps Example: Na+/K+ ATPase pump General Mechanisms: Na+/K+ ATPase pumps Na+ out and K+ in, K+ channels allow some K+ out, creating membrane potential Hi external Na+ can drive transport of other molecules 4 5 11.1 Membrane Transport Overview Hydrophobic substances can diffuse across membranes at a rate determined by their partition coefficient “K”, which is the equilibrium constant for how it partitions between oil and water Charged molecules require transport proteins. Their movement is related to both concentration gradient and the membrane potential. Together, these forces are called the electrochemical gradient. Transport proteins shield charges of the transported molecule from the lipid bilayer. 6 Pumps move ions or small molecules against an electrochemical gradient, uphill, via “Active Transport” 7 Ion channels move ions, H20 or small hydrophilic molecules downhill, or down the concentration/electrochemical gradient via “Facilitated Transport/Diffusion” ...
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...Repairing The Heart With Stem Cells Ron Hansen SCI:115 Prof: Johnson 07/25/14 Repairing the Heart with Stem Cells Let us consider the biggest United States killer of all: heart disease. Almost five million people are affected by congestive heart failure, the loss or dysfunction of heart muscles due to the ineffective pumping of the heart (Bethesda, 2001). Harvard Women's Health Watch published an article titled, Repairing the Heart With Stem Cells, which discusses the issue of heart disease and the possibility of a solution in stem cell replacement (Repairing the Heart with Stem Cells, 2013). This article explains what happens during a heart attack and why people who have had a heart attack may face a lifetime of maintenance to help the heart continue to work efficiently and to prevent further damage to the heart. The article makes use of experimental field studies to illustrate the regenerative capabilities of stem cells, showing that as much as 50% of heart scar tissue improved in seventeen patients. According to the article, not all doctors have the same positive results. The reason for the varying results seems to be due to different approaches in procedures used to acquire the stem cells and then to apply them. Stem cells from bone marrow come from adults. Another approach to the acquisition of stem cells is by extracting stem cells from the patient and then reinserting them where needed. The article goes on to explain that because cell therapy is relatively new there are...
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...mitochondria. Carbon dioxide is the byproduct and needs to be released. So the cells will begin to die and all transport pumps will come to a halt. Cells begin leaking, Na is leaking into cells and potassium is leaks out. The body’s cells will die if ATP cannot be sustained. C. Which Intracellular organelles have membranes included in their structure? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart cells? Every intracellular organelle has membranes, with ATPase’s transferring calcium from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells. Without the membrane the levels would just rise without channels in the membrane to regulate them causing an overload that would attack cytoskeleton. If the structure is broke down the hearts function is affected. Calcium and ATP will stop moving calcium from cytosol into ER of the heart muscle cells. The buildup of calcium causes protease to spill into the cells. The enzymes will bond inside vesicles and the plasma membrane will be digested. D. Two important pieces of information the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease are both contained within the cell on which structures? Predisposition means that Joseph had inherited vascular disease. This is in his DNA which is in...
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...are the nervous, endocrine respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive, excretory, skeletal, muscular, and the reproductive systems. They all work together in harmony and unison to keep us alive. The nervous and endocrine systems are what control most of the body. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal, cord and nerves. The endocrine system consists of various hormonal glands such as the pituitary. These two systems interact closely since they both have a part in controlling the body. They work together to aid the body in performing its numerous functions and giving it commands. The respiratory and endocrine system works with all the system by controlling their actions and how they perform their tasks. It moves the muscles of the muscular system and controls all motor movements. The endocrine builds up the bones of the skeletal system and produces the hormones that make the reproductive system mature. The nervous system helps the circulatory system by controlling the amount of glucose in blood and blood pressure. It also regulates breathing for the respiratory system. The digestive system is also aided by the sensory nerves in the mouth which help it decide if food should be released back upward. The nervous and endocrine systems are the "control centers" of the body. The respiratory system is also interacts with other organs. It is made up of the lungs, nose, trachea, and mouth. This system supplies the body with a steady flow of oxygen. ...
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...of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles and takes up half of a person’s body weight .Each of these muscles is an organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. Humans have three types of muscle skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Muscle types Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles because they work our internal organs. They are outside our control. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, Voluntary muscles make the body move. They are attached to the skeleton and can be controlled. Voluntary muscles have fast twitch and slow twitch fibres. Fast twitch fibres contract quickly, but do not use oxygen well and tire quickly. Slow twitch fibres contract slowly, but use oxygen well and keep going for a long time. Top sprinters have more 'fast twitch' fibres. Endurance athletes tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibres. Each voluntary muscle is made up of muscle cells. These cells are fused together into fibres that run the entire length of the muscle. Two types of fibres, a thick fibre, known as myosin and a thin fibre, known as actin, work within a voluntary muscle. Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movement as it does not have the stripy appearance of skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such...
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...Burke County Middle School Science Constructive Response 6th and 7th Grade Science 6th Grade Constructed Response 1. What are the three major classifications of rocks formed on Earth? Which one would you find fossils in and why would you find fossils in this rock. Explain how fossils form. (6.E.2.4) Answer: Metamorphic Sedimentary Igneous You would find fossils in sedimentary rock Layers of soil are laid down on dead animals or plants embalming them. The minerals replace the organic matter creating the fossil. 2. Describe how the revolution of the Earth around the sun affects the seasons. Give one example supporting your answer (6.E.1.1) Answer: Revolution is defined as the orbital path a celestial body follows around the sun, or other celestial body. AS the Earth is close to the sun, the sunrays are able to reach the Earth a short distance allowing the Earth to become warmer. When the Earth moves away from the sun, the rays do not reach the earth. The Earth at a persistent distance does not allow the Earth to warm causing a change in seasons. 3. Contrast the differences between lunar and solar eclipses and the affects they have on Earth. (6.E.1.1) Answer: Lunar—Earth’s shadow hides the moon; widely visible Solar—Moon blocks the sun; visible to only certain areas of the Earth at a time. Less light available for a short period of time. 7th Grade Constructed Response 1. Explain how two brown eyed parents could...
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...Frog Heart | Exercise 1: Baseline Data Using the Horizontal Compression buttons and the scroll bar, display the data for Exercise 1 you wish to include in your report. | | ECG and Cardiac Cycle| |Time between QRS and the Startof Ventricular Contraction (s)| 1|1.48| 2|1.48| 3|1.46| 4|1.48| 5|1.48| Mean|1.47| Observe the heart and describe its behavior. Is this behavior consistent with what is shown in the data above? | | Study Questions | 1. Explain the basis for the delay between the atrial and ventricular contractions. | | 2. Describe the relationship between the ECG QRS complex and the beginning of ventricular contraction. What is the physiological significance of this relationship? | Exercise 2: Effect of temperature Using the Horizontal Compression buttons and the scroll bar, display the data for Exercise 2 you wish to include in your report. | | Effect of Temperature on Frog Heart Rate| |Temperature(°C)|Heart Rate(BPM)|CalculatedQ10|Cold|3|31.3||Room Temp|19|42.1|1.2|Warm|37|54.0|1.1||| Describe the effects that you observe of changing the temperature of the solution bathing the heart as it lies wihin the thorax. | | Study Questions | 1. How did temperature affect heart rate? What do you suppose is a consequence of being a poikilotherm? | | 2. Why is the Q10 a useful concept? | Exercise 3: Starling's law of the heart Using the Horizontal Compression buttons and the scroll bar, display the data for...
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...Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 1: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following? You correctly answered: c. autorhythmicity 2. Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is called the You correctly answered: a. plateau phase. 3. Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential? You correctly answered: b. The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle action potential. 4. The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the frog heart has You correctly answered: c. a single, fused ventricle. 05/18/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: When you increase the frequency of the stimulation, what do you think will happen to the amplitude (height) of the ventricular systole wave? Your answer : a. The amplitude will increase. Predict Question 2: If you deliver multiple stimuli (20 stimuli per second) to the heart, what do you think will happen? Your answer : c. wave summation and tetanus Stop & Think Questions: 1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope. Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and then click Submit to record your answer in the lab...
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...the soft tissue of the body * Protects crucial components of body * Furnishing surfaces for the attachments of muscle, tendons and ligaments * Provides storage areas for minerals and fat * Produces blood cells -Muscular system * Motion skeletal muscle contraction pull up on tendons move bones create movments * Maintenance of posture skeletal muscles contractions hold body in stationary position * Support skeletal muscle support soft tissue in abdominal and floor of pelvic cavity * Heat production skeletal muscles contractions produce heat 1. Skeletal muscle -works with tendons and bones to move body -produce movement by contraction of its cells 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth/visceral muscle Nerve system Nerve impuleses stimulus causes muscles to contract Moblity and the body systems * Cardiovascular system -exercise increase efficiency of heart -decrease bp and hr - increase blood flow to all body parts -increase fribogen-> breaks small clots -respiratory system and cardiac system work together to provide o2 To all part of body Better coordination Metabolic rate increase about 20 times with exercise Intestinal walls increase with exercise Exercise increase rate * Respiratory system= Reg exercise results increase in pulmonary function * Musculoskeltal system:Exercise= increase muscle tone better coordination * Metabolic process : Exercise= rate increase 20x with exercise * Gastrointestinal system:...
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...applicable, a warm up must be sustained for no less than 10min and for elite athletes, at least 30min. Included in this warm up must be stretching to loosen up the muscles. There are no physiological adaptations that directly relate to warm up and cool down because this principle is not for improving those adaptations; it’s for enhancing performance and preventing injury. With providing such preventions, in then in turn improves performance because it hasn’t stopped the athlete from participating due to soreness or injury. From this, the lack of relationship between warm up, cool down and the physiological adaptations doesn’t have any impact on improved performance, especially compared with the principle of progressive overload. Progressive overload is a principle that implies that gains in fitness occur only when the training load is greater than normal and is progressively increased as improvements in fitness occur. As the body becomes familiar with a particular level of training stress, it adapts to it and further training at this level fails to sufficiently stress the system. As theses adaptations occur, the improvements in fitness are clear and thus the improvement in performance is heightened. These adaptations are stroke volume, cardiac output, resting heart rate, oxygen uptake, lung capacity, haemoglobin levels, muscle hypertrophy and...
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...The Factors that effect cardiac output The Cardiovascular system is responsible for the transport of blood, oxygen and nutrients, to the tissues in the body. There are two components that are important to the system the heart, which pumps the blood, and arteries and veins that transport the blood to and from the tissues. The function of the system is crucial during exercise. Studies involving cardiovascular system focuses on the responses and adaptions of the cardiovascular system to exercise, such as the effects of the structure and function of the blood vessels and the relationship between exercise and neurological control of the heart i.e. cardiac output. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute. Cardiac output is determined by the equation Q = HR x SV, the amount of blood expelled with each beat (stroke volume) in combination with the number of beats per minute (heart rate), the amount of blood return, and the resistance to blood flow through vessels. During exercise the heart rate usually increases causing an increase of cardiac output and bringing more blood to the muscles. However, heart rate alone doesn’t improve cardiac output, but along with muscle demand of oxygen. The demand for more oxygen causes vasodilation, allowing an increase in blood flow and the return of blood back to the heart. Some factors that facilitate improvement in cardiac output for performance are intensity, duration, and aerobic/anaerobic exercises. ...
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...you have more than 600 muscles in your body, there are only three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac and skeletal. Each muscle helps to keep you in motion, your heart beating or signal a natural response in your body, such as the ability to keep your eyes focused. Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles are also known as involuntary muscles, meaning a person cannot physically will them to move. Instead, smooth muscles are controlled by involuntary responses in the brain and body. One example of smooth muscle is the digestive system, where muscles in the esophagus contract to move food down to the stomach and tighten when you have an illness that causes you to vomit. Other examples of smooth muscle include the uterus, the bladder and the muscle behind the eyes that keeps your eyes focused. In terms of appearance, smooth muscles are long, thin-shaped cells attached to bones in the body. Smooth muscles are also found in the blood vessels, helping blood to move around the body. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle is also known as myocardium. Similar to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle. These muscles are thickened because they must contract frequently to move blood in and out of the heart. Cardiac muscle cells are quadrangular in terms of shape, and the muscles have striations resembling stripes or lines running through them. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are the voluntary muscles that allow you to control the movements of your body. Skeletal muscles also are striated and...
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