...Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Abstract Cardiovascular disease is considered to be the leading cause of death to date. There are many factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease. Some factors are conventional and straightforward, while others are unconventional and overlooked (Dwivedi, Tripathi, Shukla, Khan, Chauhan, 2011). Homocysteine is an amino acid found in the body that helps to build and maintain tissue. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to endothelial damage to the blood vessels. This damage can lead to plaque formation, thus atherosclerosis can ensue (American Heart Association, 2012). Although there are many causes of hyperhomocysteinemia, research has shown that nutritional replacement has helped to lower the level. Folic acid and B vitamins have shown to decrease homocysteine levels and thus help decrease plaque formation. Patients with high levels of homocysteine are instructed to include folic acid and b vitamins in their diet, restrict methionine, and exercise. Homocysteine is an unconventional risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and can also be used as a risk marker (Milani & Lavi, 2008). Homocysteine and The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular disease involves all the diseases that affect the heart and vessels. There are many different diseases that affect the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis is one of these diseases. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of soft, fatty and fibrinous...
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...P4 Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system is made up of blood vessels and your heart. The heart pumps oxygen and blood around your body allowing you to survive. It transports carbon dioxide which is a waste product from your body to your lungs. When you breathe out, carbon dioxide is removed from your body. Three main functions: Transportation - The system transports blood to most of the bodies tissues. In the blood there is special nutrients and oxygen which help us develop and breathe. Waste is removed and hormones are transported through the body with the help of the liquid. Protection - The cardiovascular system helps to protect the body with the help of the white blood cells. These cells fight pathogens that have entered your body, this is because they could become harmful to your body. Platelets and red blood cells form a scab which seal wounds. The blood carries antibodies that help with immunity. This can include vaccinations that you have already had or something you are fighting off. Regulation - If you have any internal conditions, the cardiovascular system helps maintain it. Blood vessels help keep your body temperature right. They do this by controlling the blood flow to the surface of the skin. When the body overheats, blood vessels near the skin open up which allows blood to let go of its heat. If your body suffers from hypothermia your blood vessels open and close to keep blood flowing. This will help the organs keep going. Your blood...
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...The Cardiovascular System - car-di-o-vas-cu-lar sys-tem also called the circulatory system. This system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood that travels through the blood vessels to all parts of the body, including nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide. The heart works as a pump and it works really hard within the body, it is said to be the hardest working organ in the body, the heart is about the size of a fist and pump over five liters of blood throughout the body every minute that seems like a lot doesn't it, think about a one liter soda well five of those equal five liters, but remember the body just recycle the blood over and over, the heat pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to...
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...2nd Dan Grading theory assignment: To illustrate the human cardiovascular system and to explain how the cardiovascular system works and how this is affected by martial arts. The cardiovascular system composes of blood, the heart, the lungs, veins, arteries and all other blood vessels. Its primary function is to pump oxygenated blood and all its nutrients around the body to the muscles and organs that need it, and in turn transport deoxygenated blood and any waste products, that have been used by the body, back to the lungs to be excreted. The cardiovascular system is also used by the body’s other systems to act as transport via the blood for hormones, water and electrolytes (charged atoms) and it is a thermoregulatory system; relaying information about the body’s core temperature back to the brain. The Blood Blood is a solution that travels around the body in blood vessels. It is made of a mixture of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, electrolytes, proteins and other molecules essential for the bodily functions. Plasma consists of mostly water, with some glucose and other proteins. Red blood cells are the most abundant cell in the human body. Their function is to carry oxygen, which attaches to hemoglobin in the cell. This oxygen is then transported around the body and offloaded where it is needed most. Carbon dioxide, the waste product of respiration, is transported in the blood, but instead of binding to the red blood cells it is dissolved as a...
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...This study will cover the equine cardiovascular and the musculoskeletal systems in the equine. In which shall be included a discussion on the effects of each system during different levels of exercise. Cardiovascular system The equine cardiovascular system is designed in a particular way, to ensure optimal transport of oxygen from the upper respiratory tract to the rest of the organs and body tissues and to maintain a regular blood pressure (Evans & Rose, 1988) Marlin and Nankervis, in 2002, stated that “the blood vessels form two main circuits known as systemic and pulmonary circulations”. The systemic circulation refers to the blood going from the left hand side of the heart, to all the organs and tissues, and then back to the right hand...
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...The Circulatory System Rajat Goyal and Michelle Fater Table of Contents Table of Contents Human Organ Systems The Circulatory System Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System Functions of the System Heart Pulse Chambers of the Heart Arteries Veins Blood Oxygenation of Blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Antigens Plasma Cells and Platelets Circulatory Systems of Other Organisms Mammals and Birds Amphibians and Reptiles Fish First Aid Glossary About the Authors Illustration Credits 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 1 Human Organ Systems Humans have several organ systems: the immune system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the lymphatic System, the digestive system, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the endocrine system, the excretory system, the reproductive system, the integumentary system, and the nervous system. Each of these systems are responsible for carrying out unique functions that are essential for human life. Humans cannot live if one of these systems malfunctions. This book focuses on the circulatory system and its components. 2 The Circulatory System The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and muscles that help to control the flow of blood throughout the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of this system are the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins through which the blood flows. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle...
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...suddenly rises, the walls of these vessels passively expand, which stimulates the firing these receptors (Ottesen et. al., 2011). If arterial blood pressure suddenly falls, decreased stretch of the arterial walls lead to a decrease in receptor firing. Baroreceptors are found in the main arteries, the aortic arches and carotid arteries. The addition of different chemicals into the bloodstream causes changes to occur in the heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. These changes are detected by the baroreceptors. Adrenaline and noradrenaline cause similar responses to the cardiovascular system. They have a sympathetic effect, causing an increase in the mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate. Conversely, acetylcholine has a parasympathetic effect, the heart rate and blood pressure drops. The aim of the experiment was to see the changes in the cardiovascular parameters of mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate, when different chemicals, such as noradrenaline, adrenaline and acetylcholine were injected into the bloodstream and physical stimuli such as vagal stimulation and haemorrhage were performed on the rabbit. Method In this experiment, students were required to perform surgery on an anaesthetised rabbit. First, the rectal thermometer was to be inserted so the anaesthetist...
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...high but was not necessarily sufficient to cause their death, but was it a contributing factor? Sam knew that Lasix was used to treat high blood pressure and that both alcohol and heat will reduce blood pressure, but he was unsure about the mechanism. He decided to go to The University of Houston and talk to Rene Volenbach, a physiologist in the biology department. Renee patiently explained her answer to each of the following questions posed by the detective. Questions: 1. How does the body regulate blood pressure? * The body has certain mechanisms that help it keep a stable blood pressure or change it when needed. It contains sensors that monitor blood pressure within the walls of arteries that send input signals to the cardiovascular center which sends output signals to the heart and blood vessels to adjust accordingly. 2. What were the specific effects of the Lasix, hot water, and alcohol on the couple’s blood pressure? * Alcohol and Lasix medication should not be mixed due to the effects of sudden drop in blood pressure that could get to the point of orthostatic hypotension, which is caused by standing after sitting or lying down for a while. Other effects are feeling dizzy, light-headed, temporary loss of consciousness, and tachycardia. The hot water temperature, wine, and Lasix caused the body temperature to increase, blood pressure to drop, blood flow to decrease, and dehydration. 2. What could...
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...talk, and when in the sitting position the member needs to keep arms and legs steady and relaxed. There were three different conditions they had to go through to measure the electrical activity of their heart. The first condition was the member had to lye down, the second condition was after the subject sits up and breath normally, and the third condition was, after the group member has exercised (jumping up and down) and breathing deeply. Background: The heart consist of four chambers, there is the right and left atrium which are the top two chambers, then there’s the ventricles which are thee bottom two chambers. “The heart is intrinsic, it does not depend on impulses from the nervous system to initiate its contraction (Marieb/Mitchell).” The components of the intrinsic conduction system are the SA node, AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The electrical signal originates in the SA node. “The SA node provides a stimulus for contraction, since it sets the rate of depolarization, the SA node is called the pacemaker (Marieb/Mitchell).” The impulse spreads to the AV node, and he electrical wave is followed by atrial contraction. The AV node is delayed for about .01 seconds, allowing the atria to complete its contraction. The impulse then passes through the AV bundle, right and left bundle of branches, and the Purkinje fibers, resulting in ventricular contraction. “The graphic recording of the electrical changes (depolarization followed by repolarization) occurring...
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...Exchange Systems Radwa Abdallah Professor Yan Xu Fundamentals of Biology II Lab February 20, 2014 Objectives The objectives of the Circulatory System laboratory experiment included observing and learning to identify the structural characteristics, mostly arteries and veins, in the chest cavity of the fetal pig, which would further the understanding of the heart and lungs in most other mammals; another objective was to understand blood pressure and heart rate and the factors that affect it. The objectives of the Gas Exchange laboratory experiment was to observe the respiratory system in the fetal pigs, thus gaining an understanding of the respiratory system in most other mammals; another objective from the portion of the experiment that included measuring the respiratory volumes of humans and understanding the capacity of the human lung. Introduction There are two kinds of circulatory systems, an opened circulatory system and a closed circulatory system. The circulatory system is made up of an internal body fluid that is either hemolymph or blood, a pump system, and a vascular system that is made up of tubular vessels that move fluid from one location to another quickly(Dolphin 377). Hemolymph is the fluid found in the open circulatory system and blood is the fluid found in closed systems. In open circulatory systems the fluid leaves the heart through the arteries and returns through open sinuses rather than veins (379). Closed circulatory systems are found...
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...A venous leg ulcer is a chronic wound as it takes longer than six weeks to heal. It is caused by venous hypertension which is high blood pressure exerted in the veins of the legs which causes damage to the skin. Fluid can leak from the veins and pool under the skin causing swelling and thickening, this then leads to the skin breaking down to form an ulcer. Before a venous ulcer can be treated it is important to rule out peripheral arterial disease being the cause of the ulcer. Symptoms of peripheral arterial disease include pain in limb when exercising or walking, intermittent claudication, skin changes such as hair loss, cold to touch, oedema and ulceration. An arterial leg ulcer is caused by poor blood flow in the arteries and due to the current treatment of venous ulcers which is bandaging. This would reduce blood flow further and cause more damage making the ulcer worse. Having a history of varicose veins and a lack of mobility increases the chance of developing venous leg ulcers . According to SIGN (2010) when assessing a patient for the first time with a venous ulcer it is important to obtain their medical history in case of previous varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis as well as their mobility. Knowing these factors will contribute to managing the patients treatment, care and help with the rate of improvement. The framework model used to assess leg ulcers is the leg ulcer care pathway which is dived up into four stages 1. Patient...
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...Place the statements/comments in the correct order when undertaking an A-E Assessment on a patientThink about the “task” or “observation” that is being undertaken within the following statement/comment , and place it in the correct order(Some Trusts may want to undertake F and G, so there are statements relevant to these ) | Gold Standard | Goals | Set time parameters for review | Temperature | Pain Assessment | Level of Consciousness | Heart Rate | Respiratory Rate | Patient airway | Obstructed fully/partial | Depth-shallow, laboured | Pulse location-e.g. Radial etc. | Capillary Refill Time | Capillary Blood Glucose | Temperature site and method used | Psychological assessment | No airway risk | Asymmetrical chest movements | Quality of pulse volume | AVPU | Hypo/Hyperthermia | Social assessment | Adjuncts used | Wheeze | Blood Pressure | GCS | Rashes | Tracheostomy | Talking in full or short sentences, monsylabells | Skin Assessment | Pain Assessment | Wounds | Laryngectomy | Use of Accessory muscles | Cold, clammy, dry | Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment | Last ate/drank | Cough- dry, productive | Urine Output | Analgesia – time given | Skin integrity and score | Peripheral/central cyanosis | Oxygen saturation | Peak Flow | Prescribed oxygen delivery | Chest drain insitu | | | ABCDE | No airway risk, Patent airway, Larygectomy/trachy, Adjuncts used, Obstructed fully/partialRR, rhythm, rate, depth, stridor, assymetrical chest movement, accessory muscles...
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...Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system transports oxygen around the body to the working muscles. It also helps to transport waste products such as CO2 that is caused by aerobic respiration so that it can be disposed. Your heart is a fist sized muscle that is located on the left side of your chest and is an involuntary muscle and an adult heart approximately weighs 255grams. The heart is separated by a septum. The left side of the heart is thicker than the right because it has to pump oxygenated blood around the whole body whereas the right side just pumps de-oxygenated blood to the brain. There are 2 inlets and 2 outlets in the heart, there are also 4 valves in the heart that are there to stop the backflow of blood and 4 chambers. The first inlet is called the pulmonary vein. This is the only vein in the body that carry oxygenated blood. The other inlet is the superior and inferior vena cava. The two out lets are called the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that transports deoxygenated blood in the body. The two upper chambers of the heart are called the atria. The two lower chambers are called the ventricles. The four valves are called the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. The valves are there in order to stop the backflow of blood. Functions of the Heart The heart has a number of different functions such as delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products. The cardiovascular...
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...Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system includes the heart, the blood and the blood vesicles. The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood around the body by using blood vessels. The blood vessels consist of the arteries, veins and capillaries. The blood carries dissolved oxygen to the body cells and at the same time, it removes the waste products made by respiration. Blood also distributes heat throughout the body, along hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. The heart is a double pump. Each side consists of a muscular upper chamber called the atrium and the lower chamber called the ventricle. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the veins to the lungs for oxygen. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. The adult heart is about the size of a closed fist. It is located in the thoracic cavity and it is located in between the lungs. The heart is also protected by the rib cage. It is surrounded by a tough membrane, called the pericardium and it contains a thin film of fluid to prevent friction. The blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. The blood delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes that are produced during cellular processes, such as cellular respiration. The role of blood is to transport oxygen, cells, proteins and hormones around the body to the organs and tissues. Oxygen is carried from the lungs to the body cells, and the waste product carbon dioxide...
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...Effects of Caffeine on a Person’s Cardiovascular System INTRODUCTION Caffeine is a stimulant that makes a person’s heart beat faster (Nunley 2013). This effect of caffeine is usually seen as a negative one and that it hearts your cardiovascular health overall. A lower heart rate, both resting and post exercise, is said to be better if the rate is lower because it puts you at a lower risk of having a stroke or heart disease (Boyles 2002). Having a lower rate is preferred because it means that your heart is working at a slower sped to pump the amount of blood necessary for your body. (Simon 2015) We predicted that people with lower daily caffeine consumption will have lower resting and lower post exercise heart rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS We had teams of three. Each person took a tally of their normal caffeine consumption on an average day. Each team took their resting pulse (after waiting until they were sitting down for at least five minutes to make sure our pulse was back to normal resting heart rate) by counting the amount of times they could feel a beat on either their wrist or their neck for a whole 60 seconds. The groups of students then completed the 3-minute step test where they followed the beat of a metronome at 100 bpm on a step that was 12 inches in height. Immediately following the ending of the step test, the students took their pulse once again for an entire 60 seconds. We then took a look at our heart rates compared to the national rankings to see how...
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