...Symptoms and Diagnosing of Autism Spectrum Disorder Stephanie R. South University of Cincinnati Abstract This paper explores the symptoms and how to accurately diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is classified as a psychological condition that starts in adolescence. Psychology classes, specifically an introductory course, briefly cover this condition and its diagnosis. This paper will provide a great knowledge and understanding of diagnosing Autism. There are many symptoms and signs exhibited in children diagnosed with Autism. There is no clear answer for why or how this disorder occurs, making it hard to properly diagnose those afflicted. It is extremely important for the child’s caregiver to be proactive and seek out medical expertise at the onset of behavioral issues in their child. Diagnosing the child at a younger age can ensure proper treatment and interventions for him/her. I have chosen to write my paper on the symptoms and diagnosing of Autism. This disorder is mysterious, but also fascinating. Being a mother, I worry all the time about new and strange afflictions that are attacking our children. To be proactive in our children’s lives, we must be knowledgeable and observant for the early warning signs or symptoms. Throughout the research process of preparing my paper, I have gained a greater comprehension of this disorder and the first indicators that has prepared me to act promptly for the sake of my children. In the last decade, Autism has gained...
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...clinically significant and associated with intensive distress, impairment, social dysfunction or increased personal or public risk, however it must be unrelated to grief caused by recent personal loss, (4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Holt et al, 2012). The distinct criteria and descriptive information in the DSM-IV, enables clinicians to make quick diagnoses based on an individual’s symptoms. It can also be used in legal proceedings, to determine the mental state of individuals and ensure they receive appropriate sentencing in psychiatric care rather than prison. It is versatile and the only manual that strictly focuses on mental health which is why it is referred to as the Gold Standard of clinical diagnosis. The DSM-IV has also played a vital role in the development of research and treatments for mental health, which has improved many patients’ quality of life. Keenan et al. (2007) examined the reliability of the DSM-IV oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms, in 3-5 year old children. The mothers were interviewed about their children’s current symptoms and results showed that the reliability of symptoms, measured by interrater and test-retest reliability, was moderate to high. However, the DSM-IV-TR (2000) 4th ed., text rev. emphasises that the diagnostic criteria are only guidelines and reliability is therefore determined primarily by the clinician’s interpretation of the information provided. In the...
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...affect a diagnosis. 1) Some criteria used for reaching a diagnosis cannot be observed directly. A patient analysis could take place in most cases so that a clinician could gain information about the patient’s symptoms that may be immediately observable in the clinical setting. If this information is not gathered by the clinician a misdiagnosis could be made. Subjective data may include information about the patient’s personality, behaviors or a patient’s reaction to information that cannot be directly from the patient due their inability or reluctance to speak with clinician directly. As an example, if a patient who did not present personality disorders in fear might be diagnosed as having a social phobia. A patient not being truthful has very serious consequences and one could not get the appropriate treatment needed. 2) Personality disorders can be similar to each other. There are several symptoms that overlap between different disorders in DSM listings. A clinician’s personal observation could misdiagnosis between one of these two disorders if the clinician relies only on information gathered in a clinical setting. Disorders such as obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, and personality disorder have many symptoms that are alike. If this was the case a clinician could misdiagnosis and treats the patient incorrectly giving improper medication and the wrong types of therapy. 3) People with different personalities can be given the same diagnosis The DSM-IV...
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...[TEAM] Read the case, “No Good Deed Goes Unpunished”. Notice that this case was written by another professor and me as a learning opportunity for our students. Yes, this really did happen in a major metropolitan area in the U.S. [ASSUMPTIONS] 1. Your team has been hired by the Arts Festival to help them, because Mark and the drug store are suing the Festival. 2. You were hired, because the Festival’s leadership cannot do this for themselves. What that means for you is that they do not need generic answers. They need specifics. For example, do not explain what “readiness to change” means. Instead, assess readiness to change and give your client your results. If they are not ready to change, where do they need to change? Specificity is your friend. 3. This is not a creative writing exercise even though you are working with creative people. This is a technical report that needs to be straightforward and concise. Develop the case for change by fully completing the following tasks and by supporting your answers with outside sources. (Minimum 5 outside resources.) Be sure to cite your sources in the text and to include a list of references in APA format. Do NOT write this as a set of responses to each task. I have never seen a professional document that simply answered a list of questions. Instead, write your response as a report to a client and let your report demonstrate your professional proficiency in the resolution of complex problems through excellent communication...
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...There is no one solution to this problem. But for a start, there should be a re-evaluation of the criteria used to diagnosis depression. Is the patient's response to certain stressful or traumatic events natural and foreseen? If so, perhaps that person should be receiving supportive therapy rather than drug treatments. If not, perhaps there is an underlying medical condition involved. According to Children and Adults Against Drugging America, there are numerous medical conditions that exhibit depression-like symptoms (par. 4). Regardless of the cause, each patient should diagnosed on a case-by-case basis, with narrower criteria and more helpful treatments. In addition to a re-evaluation of criteria, doctors should be trained to be less apathetic and more empathetic. When an individual comes to them seeking treatment, a doctor should do his best to treat them with sensitivity and care. By understanding that depression is a multifaceted and complex human response, they can more effectively assist the patient and society as a whole. Furthermore, they should avoid labeling when possible. It is at best unhelpful, and only serves to further isolate the patient from others. With these new measures in place there should be, at the very least, a reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary treatments. Gilman authored "The Yellow Wallpaper" with very specific goals in mind: to challenge the medical community's current practices and to make her readers aware of the injustices that women...
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...Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated with the classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia. Classification systems are essential in diagnosing schizophrenia, with two of the most important classification systems being the 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' (DSM) and the 'International Classification System for Diseases' (ICD). However for these systems to work effectively, they must be both valid and reliable. Reliability in the context of classification systems means that each time a classification system is used (to diagnose a particular cluster of symptoms) then it should produce the same outcome each time. For DSM and ICD to be classed as reliable, those using it must be able to agree when a patient should or should not be given a particular diagnosis, which is also known as 'inter-rater reliability'. Recent research by Whaley have found have found inter-rater reliability correlations as low as +0.11, this may be to so with cultural differences in classification. Copeland gave 134 US and 194 British psychiatrists a description of a patient, 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed the patient as suffering from schizophrenia, but only 2% of British psychiatrists gave the same diagnosis. Therefore showing there are cultural differences in diagnosing schizophrenia, thus making the classification systems lacking in reliability. Another reliability issue concerned with the classification of schizophrenia is whether the psychiatrists are diagnosing...
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...Clinical Assessment Mary J House University of Phoenix Psy 270 Rhettman Mullis, Jr. November 25, 2012 What other information would you like to learn during the interview with the family? What questions would you ask? I would ask Mr. and Mrs. Lawson if they knew what kind of home life Clara had before she was adopted. I would ask them how old Clara was at the time of the adoption. I would want to know if they knew Clara’s biological family’s medical history. Was there any known of mental illness in the biological family? Did the Lawson’s know if Clara had been abused before she came to live with them? What was the environment in the Lawson home and Clara’s preschool like? Had Clara recently had an accident or been traumatized in any way that they were aware of? Had they heard of any incidents at Clara’s school that may have made her start misbehaving? Was there anything in specific they noticed that triggered Clara’s tantrums? When did the change occur in her eating and sleeping habits? Was Clara their only child? Did they have other biological or adopted children living at home. Was Clara of a different race than Mr. and Mrs. Lawson? Does Clara know that she adopted, and if she does have they just recently told her this? Has Clara mentioned being picked on, teased or bullied at school? Have they had a conference with her teacher to see how her behavior is at school? In addition to the clinical interview, what other...
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...February 08, 2012 S. M. Saief Uddin Ahmed Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Sylhet International University Dear Mr. Saief: Here is the report based on the comparison of the price charged by different medical diagnostic centres in Sylhet, which you asked us to conduct on January 2012. On our study of 10 private medical diagnostic centres of Sylhet, of different categories revealed significant differences on three areas: priced charged, availability of services in the diagnostic centres, the use of colour or black and white images to make a report. We appreciate your choosing ‘Peter Drucker’ for this assignment. If you have any queries or need assistance in implementing our recommendation, please contact us. Sincerely yours, Kaniz Fatima Choudhury, Group Leader, Peter Drucker. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………. 05 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………….. 06 Incidentals of Authorization and Submittal Objective of the Study Use of Observational Techniques A preview of the presentation 2. THE DIAGNOSTIC CENTRES ……………………. 07 3. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRICES ……….. 11 4. CONCLUSION …………………………………… 13 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………… 13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The pricing strategy of the different diagnostic centres reveals that a few organisations are charging a high price compared to the service provided, while others charge...
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...Service Scenario Analysis Brandie James BSHS 321 August 11, 2011 Dr. David Bolton Introduction The interview between clinician and client appears to be the foundation upon which help and healing begins. Depending upon the particular case and diagnosis certain techniques, boundaries and settings will be used to bring about the best results. It appears vital for the clinician to understand how what may appear minor in their opinion could negatively affect their client in the greatest way. A scenario of a 45 year-old Hispanic female diagnosed with clinical depression will be used as a hypothetical case and the approach in helping her will be explored. The attempt to analyze, diagnose and treat her effectively given her unique situation is the goal. With each case and clinician being different it is apparent that unique interviewing skills and techniques must be applied differently for each client. Each person’s set of circumstances and personal characteristics should be considered one of a kind and handle as such. The clinician’s goal is to prepare a stage for the client to become open and accept guidance to healing. Communication Style Griselda Martinez was referred to me by her social worker handling her Child Protective Services case. She is court ordered to have 16 weeks of therapy as part of her reunification plan. Her 12 year-old daughter was removed from the home and placed in temporary foster care because the school psychologist reported possible child neglect and...
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...statement) There are many signs and symptoms we need to be aware of when dealing with ADHD. If a child day dreams a lot or has a bad memory, they could possibly have ADHD. Other signs to watch for are being squirmy, talking a lot and having trouble taking turns. Just because you see some of these signs, does not mean the child has ADHD. That is why having the child evaluated by a professional is so important. Children showing some of these signs will often have a tough time in school and at home. Staying focused is a difficult task for children with ADHD. They often have a tough time getting along with other children. Having a better understanding of the signs and symptoms will help diagnose and then aid in necessary treatment. “In most cases, ADHD is best treated with a combination of medication and behavior therapy” (CDC article on ADHD.) There is not just one sure fire way to cure and help children with ADHD. They need to be closely monitored with many follow ups. Making...
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...Suggest 2 improvements that could be made to the Griffiths study and outline any implications these changes may have. (8) One change would be to replicate the study in different countries. Pseudo patients could see if they would be diagnosed as having schizophrenia by doctors in England, France and Canada. The pseudo patients would provide the same symptoms as in the original study (thud, hollow and empty). This would allow the researcher to investigate any cross cultural differences in diagnosis and the treatment of patents (if admitted to a hospital). An implication of this may be that doctors in the other countries may make the same mistakes with diagnosis thus showing practitioners to be bias cross cultural. This would give further support for the need of the DSM to be updates and would mean that the results form Rosenhan's study could be generalised to other countries. In addition to this it would provide insight into treatments used in the different countries, they may find that the type of care/ standard of care differ from country to country (possibly worse in counties with lower economy) Another improvement could be to set up CCTV cameras into the hospitals to record the behaviours of the staff towards the patients. This would be overt at first as the staff would be aware the cameras are being brought in, however they would soon forget they are there. This would allow Rosenhan to have a record of staff patient interaction and the treatment of the pseudo patients...
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...to be standardized across psychology; however, the DSM-IV is not as precise for diagnosing personality disorders as some psychologists would like. Give an example of each of the following problems identified in your readings and explain how these problems could negatively affect a diagnosis. 1. Some criteria used for reaching a diagnosis cannot be observed directly. The DSM-IV has been criticized for diagnosing patients with disorders because of their reliability. A patient is diagnosed by a clinician based on the patient telling them their symptoms, when it is possible that the patient is exaggerating and this can result in a patient being mis diagnosed because the clinician may not have paid close attention to body language and actions from the patient. 2. Personality disorders can be similar to each other. A person can be diagnosed with one or more personality disorders because symptoms are related to one another according to the DSM-IV. With the symptoms of personality disorders being similar in nature to one another it does make it hard to diagnose a person with a single personality disorder according to the DSM-IV. 3. People with different personalities can be given the same diagnosis. Each person is different so therefore one person’s symptoms may not be the same as another person. The DSM-IV does not account for a person’s individuality. An individual’s personality affects how they react to different situations in life, this can lead to a misdiagnosis by a clinician...
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...pre-adoption? When was she adopted? How did the process go? How specifically have her eating and sleeping patterns changed? What is she throwing tantrums over? Describe the tantrums and situations during and before they happen. 2. In addition to the clinical interview, what other clinical assessment tools should you consider? Why? Which ones would you not consider? Why? I’d start off with observation of the family in a natural environment concentrating on not only Clara but her parents as well. 3. If you were preparing to diagnose Clara, you would refer to the DSM-IV classification system to evaluate her condition on five separate axes. What type of information would go into each axis? Note: You are not asked to enter a diagnosis, only describe the kind of information that would be entered in each axis.) Clara is a child who is adopted. She’s having control and/or anger issues in the form of tantrums and her natural sleeping and eating patterns have been disturbed 4. Do you...
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...Awareness is important to me because even when a patient has the most common form of dysautonomia, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), it takes an average of 4 years before the correct diagnosis is identified. Unfortunately, being diagnosed properly does not always mean a patient will get better. Due to a lack of awareness of how prevalent this condition is, very little research is funded by our government, so we still have no cure. Treatments currently available can give back some quality of life, but are not a cure and do not work for all patients. If a root cause can be identified, sometimes treating that helps resolve dysautonomia symptoms. I became ill in 2008 at the age of 18 and slowly became more and more sick. Due to the lack of awareness about dysautonomia, it took 4 years (and 20+ doctors) from first becoming ill before I was diagnosed with POTS. In the years after diagnosis I saw many doctors and even went to Mayo Clinic. Over 30 different treatments were tried, but my condition got worse and worse until I couldn't do basic things like grocery shop for myself....
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...Laryngospasms are a serious medical condition that can occur among the pediatric population who are receiving administration of anesthesia agents. In the pediatric population, incidences of laryngospasms range from 0.9% to as high as 14%. Laryngospasms are considered to be “one of the more frequent unanticipated complications that occur under general anesthesia” (McDonnell, 2012). Anesthesia providers perform inhalational inductions with Sevoflurane to pediatric patients on a daily basis with intravenous cannulation following the induction. It is common practice for the majority of pediatric patients enduring medical procedures to undergo this routine in order to be anesthetized (Joshi et al., 2012). The incidence of laryngospasms occurring has been associated with the time frame for attempting intravenous cannulation on the child following an inhalational induction with Sevoflurane (Schwartz et al., 2004). Laryngospasms are frequently associated with early placement of intravenous cannulation and increased physical movement among the child during cannulation insertion (Kilicaslan et al., 2014). A variety of times have been implemented regarding the adequate time frame for proceeding with intravenous cannulation after Sevoflurane inhalational induction within the pediatric population. Factors have been taken into consideration based on whether the child was premedicated with oral Midazolam. The time frame of waiting 120 seconds after loss of lid reflex before initiating...
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