...Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Reasons MNC goes IPN 2 2.1 New Economic Geography (NEG) 2 2.1.1 Economies of Scale 2 2.1.2 Thickness of Markets 2 2.2 Production Fragmentation 3 2.2.1 Factor-cost and technology advantage 4 2.2.2 Low International Trade Cost 4 3.0 Using two case studies of firms headquartered in two different countries, show how the growth of trade and investment links among several Asian economies is related to the strategic production and location decisions of firms and how firms took into consideration the main factors affecting such decision. 6 3.1 First Case Study of Firm; Toyota Motor Corporation Headquartered in Japan 6 3.2 Second Case Study of Firm; Apple Inc Headquartered in U.S. 7 3.3 Comparisons between Toyota Motor Corporation and Apple Inc. 7 3.4 Factors Toyota and Apple took such strategic production and location decisions 8 4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 9 5.0 References 10 1.0 Introduction East Asian region has been seen as the world’s fastest growth centre for decades with the emerging of East Asian Tigers- Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan- shows that the world’s economic centre of gravity is gradually shifting East (Ando & Kimura, 2005). The World Bank (1993) listed this as “East Asian Miracle”. With more and more acceptance of globalization and trade liberalization in East Asia had formed international production network (IPN) – the cross-borders trades of parts and components to other...
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...STRATEGY Case Study [Type the author name] CASE STUDY ON PROFITABLE BUT RISKY STRATEGY OF APPLE INTRODUCTION: A long term plan and action that is formulated to help a company to setback and achieve a competitive advantage against its competitor and rival is called competitive strategy. This type of strategy is frequently used in marketing, promotion and advertising operations by somehow questioning the rivalry's service or product. Competitive strategies are vital to businesses which are competing in markets for the leading position, the market which is deeply saturated with substitutes for consumers. (Porter,2008). This case study is truly about the competitive strategy of Apple. Apple was founded in 1976 by two Steve Job and Steve Wozniak. Apple initiated its early reputation by making user friendly personal computers and keeping the price high against those made by the competitors. Their first computer was the Apple Macintosh (MAC). It was launched in 1984. From the very first, Apple’s strategy was innovative and profitable. Innovation brings risk with it. So Apple always followed innovative, risky but a highly profitable strategy. Apple is a front line company in industry of electronics whether in cell phones, tablets, personal computers and music devices etc. Apple’s software is actually the one which is greatly designed and programmed. Apple charge premium and comparatively high price from the consumers when compared with prices of its alternatives. Apple is actually...
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...International Industrial Economics (2012-2013) Case study PPT presentation Date of seminar January 18 , h. 11.00 January 18 , h. 11.20 January 18th, h.11.40 January 18 , h.12.20 January 18 , h.12.40 January 18th, h.13.00 January 18 , h.13.20 January 24th, h.11.00 January 24 , h. 11.20 January 24 , h. 11.40 January 24 , h.12.20 January 24th, h.12.40 January 24 , h.13.00 January 24 , h.13.20 January 25th, h.11.00 January 25 , h.11.20 January 25th, h.11.40 January 25 , h.12.20 January 25th, h.12.40 January 25 , h.13.00 January 25 , h.13.20 th th th th th th th th th th th th th th Name SALICE Valentina MARRONE Emanuela SPAMPINATO Giulia REITANO Boris D’ARRIGO Roberto ARDITA Giuseppe CARIOLA Elena FILIPPELLO Gloria FILOCAMO Andrea ALI’ Andrea RIZZO Emanuele ARENA Annamaria AIELLO Sebastiano SPORTARO Prospero CONTI Maria Cristina LUISI Paola FAILLA Stefania ALAIMO Massimo Maria AYARI Neila CALVAGNA Giorgia CRUCITTI Alessia Case study Cola Wars continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2006 Google Inc. Nucor at Crossroad Caterpillar Tractor Co Komatsu Ltd. Crown Cork and Seal Apple Inc. in 2010 Cola Wars continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2006 Google Inc. Nucor at Crossroad Caterpillar Tractor Co Komatsu Ltd. Crown Cork and Seal Apple Inc. in 2010 Cola Wars continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2006 Google Inc. Nucor at Crossroad Caterpillar Tractor Co Komatsu Ltd. Crown Cork and Seal Apple Inc. in 2010 Seminar guidelines 1. Each student has 20 minutes for presentation. You are required to provide a Powerpoint...
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...theory perspectives assist us in acquiring different understandings of apple by giving us a broader range of concepts and theories about apple's organizational structure, its goals and objectives.Understanding the concepts of apples success requires the knowledge and perspectives of organizations, theories that they implemented to run their company, and philosophy of the company. To analyze the different perspectives of the organization, we have to grasp Metatheoretical understanding of Ontology and Epistemology.According to (Hatch, M , Cunliffe A 2006), Ontology shows whether reality is real or not in terms of either being Subjective or Objective.While Epistemology is the notion of how knowledge is known.(Hatch, M , Cunliffe A 2006)For this essay a comparison of modernism and post modernism approaches results in a better understanding of the apple organization. In a Modernist context, Objectivity is the beliefs that reality exist independently of those who live in it.(Bryman, A, Bell, E 2003). Therefore, An organization can impose pressure on individuals to confirm to the laws and regulations of the organization by letting them know which jobs to do, what to do.In turn they will continue the cycle of telling others what to do. Positivism comes after objectivity as human behavior is analyzed by discovering events in organizations through the use of suitable empirical data.(Hatch, M , Cunliffe A 2006). On the other hand, Post Modernism thinking is the rejection of truth...
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...223 Innovation and Job Creation in a Global Economy: The Case of Apple’s iPod Greg Linden1, University of California, Berkeley Jason Dedrick, School of Information Studies, Syracuse University Kenneth L. Kraemer, University of California, Irvine Abstract Globalization skeptics argue that the benefits of globalization, such as lower consumer prices, are outweighed by job losses, lower earnings for U.S. workers, and a potential loss of technology to foreign rivals. To shed light on the jobs issue, we analyze the iPod, which is manufactured offshore using mostly foreign-made components. In terms of headcount, we estimate that, in 2006, the iPod supported nearly twice as many jobs offshore as in the United States. Yet the total wages paid in the United States amounted to more than twice as much as those paid overseas. Driving this result is the fact that Apple keeps most of its research and development (R&D) and corporate support functions in the United States, providing thousands of high-paid professional and engineering jobs that can be attributed to the success of the iPod. This case provides evidence that innovation by a U.S. company at the head of a global value chain can benefit both the company and U.S. workers. 1 This article represents solely the views of the authors and not the views of the U.S. International Trade Commission or any of its individual Commissioners. This paper should be cited as the work of the authors only, and not as an official...
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...2: Option 1 Apple’s challenges and its dependency on market Apple was founded in 1976 and has, since its founding, offered a line of products that was distinct from that of its competitors. In the very beginning, it was actually the first company to sell an easy-to-use, desktop computer. The Apple II was very successful, and started the market for personal computers, bringing it to over $1 billion in less than three years.[1] However, within a few years, IBM and Microsoft entered the market, and by 1982 the IBM-compatibles had driven down Apple’s share to just 6.2%[2]. Since then, Apple has launched several other successful product lines, such as the PowerPC, iMAC or MacBook. But in retrospect, one can only wonder why despite Apple’s initial success and its easy-use, versatile product line, its market share in the PC market has remained so low. Even in the past few years, it has produced less than 5% of the PCs sold worldwide.[3] According to resource dependency theory[4], organizations are often controlled by external forces, and their ability to transform their goals is limited by those who they depend on for their survival. These outside actors range from suppliers to venture partners to advocacy groups and to competitors. The path of Apple has been influenced by the demand for a particular kind of computers and by the PC model that was prevalent in the market. In my paper, I will attempt to explain Apples successes and failures through the lens of its relationship with...
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...Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 19, Number 1, pp. 81–116 doi:10.1093/icc/dtp032 Advance Access published June 22, 2009 Who profits from innovation in global value chains?: a study of the iPod and notebook PCs Jason Dedrick, Kenneth L. Kraemer and Greg Linden This article analyzes the distribution of financial value from innovation in the global supply chains of iPods and notebook computers. We find that Apple has captured a great deal of value from the innovation embodied in the iPod, while notebook makers capture a more modest share of the value from PC innovation. In order to understand these differences, we employ concepts from theories of innovation and industrial organization, finding significant roles for industry evolution, complementary assets, appropriability, system integration, and bargaining power. Downloaded from icc.oxfordjournals.org at University of Dhaka on June 19, 2011 1. Introduction The power of innovation to reward pioneers with exceptional profits is well known. Yet, as recognized in various strains of the business strategy literature, the value generated from the innovation is generally shared by the innovator with some combination of component suppliers, intellectual property owners, providers of complementary products and services, competitors, and consumers. This is all the more true as firms focus on a set of core activities and rely on a network of allies and suppliers to help them create and produce innovative products. In such...
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...organisations keep on launching events and brand promotion campains. Also, with changing customer behavior it is very important for a company to keep his marketing strategies unique in order to attract more and more customers regularly. The study in this report moves around the different type of marketing strategies and models used by organisations these days along with the case study of Abercrombie and Fitch Co. to create their brand value and getting an international recognition among the top appeareal companies around the world. The paper is studied with respect to the most important related departments of a business marketing finction: services, human resources and finance. Furthermore, the case study of another retail business giant apple is studies to conclude about the research and findings. The structure of report includes discussion about the problem in martketing and analysis. The proposed solutions to the research post findings is also included in the thesis. Previous study for marketing research about Apple is also include in the report to conclude the research. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 2 1.2. Research Question 4 Chapter 2 Case Brief 5 2.1. Resume of the case 5 2.2. Relevance of the case 6 Chapter 3 Research insight 7 3.1. Problem statement and plan of analysis 7 3.2. Literature review 8 3. 3. Research discussion 12 3.3. 1. Research plan 12 3.3.2. Research design 12 3.3.3. Research methodology 13 3.3. 4...
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...type of leadership on the selected individual that success in corporate business. As an initial step, this thesis sought to characterize and perform case study towards selected individual that success in corporate business and the impact gain by the corporate of committing their leadership. This thesis does set for understanding in deeper on the individual leadership characteristic and their contribution on leadership method. This thesis also proposes an educational approach of including the education of the societal and moral implications of leadership practices within a corporate in management engineering courses. Management engineering students that encounter leadership style across social sciences and humanities may be better equipped to participate in debates about how leadership style ought to be helping corporate communities. OBJECTIVE The objective of this case study is to gain a deeper understanding of the leadership manifestation that had been presented by the well-known late chief executive officer (CEO) of an American electronics multinational corporation (Apple Inc.), Steve Jobs. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Leadership has been a major part of human relations for as long as people have lived and worked together in groups or teams. Bass (1990) once described that leadership is a “universal phenomenon” and “the study of leadership is an ancient art”. Since more than hundred years ago, researchers have...
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...5/28/2014 Apple Ife Matrix Analysis - Research Papers - Alexpadron MOZHISH1 UPGRADE Get Access to over 1,709,571 More Essays. Upgrade Your Account Now. RESEARCH DOCUMENTS BOOK NOTES AP NOTES Home » Miscellaneous Apple Ife Matrix Analysis By alexpadron | March 2008 Add to Library (0) Download Print Report this Essay Page 1 of 1 Apple IFE Matrix Analysis It was pretty surprising to me to find that all the different groups came up with fairly similar ratings in their IFE matrix for Apple Inc. My group, management, had the second highest rating at a 2.78 and I felt that we were fairly critical of the different strengths and weaknesses for the company. The groups that pertained to a more financial aspect like finance and accounting seemed to have lower scores, which were not as far above the average for utilization of resources internally. This seems interesting because many companies use resources outside their company to assist them in correcting financial problems. Also, there were a few strengths and weaknesses that every group mentioned in their matrix and they were: Steve Jobs leaving and then returning(W), large increase in inventory(W), products are globalized(S). It was interesting to see that Steve Jobs leaving and then returning was on everyone groups list because with out him these last few years Apple Inc. would probably not be where it is at today. The only downside to this is that there seems to be this great dependency on one person in...
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...– An Analysis of Apple Incorporated 09 March, 2014 Abstract The advanced technology that is available today has not only allowed Apple to produce the innovative products that are available to their customers today, this same technology is used by others to remain a competitor in the market place today. Most business analyses would agree that Apple is a good strong organization. Most would also agree that Apple is strong because of its ability to accomplish the short and long term goals that have been established through its strategic plan and the SWOT analysis of the organization. Although Apple is a power house in the market place; the organization does have its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that will have to be addressed or Apple could eventually experience a decline in its market share. A SWOT analysis not only can help an organization realize it strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats it can also help the organization capitalize on the weaknesses that may exist with other organizations. Introduction Apple Inc. was founded 1976 and was the brain child of Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak. Although the organization was actually born on April Fool’s Day many will agree that Jobs and Wozniak’s vision for the future of computers was much bigger than a foolish dream or prank. Wozniak had a love for developing computers and while working for Hewlett-Packard he developed what would become the first Apple Computer (Apple, n.d.). It was Jobs...
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...In te r n a ti o n a l J o u r n a l o f M a n a g e me n t C a s es BOOTSTRAP FINANCING: FOUR CASE STUDIES OF TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES EVA M.TOMORY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, CANADA Abstract Innovative businesses, especially in the early stages of their life cycles, often encounter difficulty in obtaining long-term external financing. Their founders tend to seek financing through nontraditional bootstrapping methods to launch their ventures. Bootstrap financing refers to a range of creative ways to acquire resources without relying on borrowing money or raising equity from traditional sources (Freear et al., 1995a). The paper examines how successful technology entrepreneurs used bootstrap financing: the founders of Microsoft Corporation, Apple Inc., Dell Inc. and Research in Motion Ltd. The research investigates the elements of bootstrapping as described in Freear et al. (1995a) and in Winborg and Landström (2001), finding that entrepreneurs use bootstrapping extensively during the early stages of growth for both product and business developments. Bootstrapping methods change as the business develops with certain methods used more at the beginning of the life cycle, and different variations used as the business starts to grow. The study also points out that even the most successful technology-based consumer goods businesses relied on bootstrap financing at the early stages of their development. This technique deserves more attention from the scholarly community since it is certain...
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...Apple has toppled Google as the world's most valuable brand Marketing Management – Assignment Case Study Report CONTENTS CASE DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................................... - 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. - 4 HISTORY .......................................................................................................................................................... - 5 CREDIBILITY CHECK .................................................................................................................................... - 6 HOW APPLE ACHIEVED IT? ......................................................................................................................... - 7 Constantly Improving Products ..................................................................................................................... - 7 Creating New Products .................................................................................................................................. - 7 High Margins ................................................................................................................................................. - 8 Distribution .....................................................................................................
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...King Graduate School, Monroe College Master in Business Administration MG 800: Strategic Management Title: Apple Inc. in 2012 Case Study 10/03/2015 Table of contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………03 2. The Mission, Vision, and Values of Apple, Inc……………………………………03 3. External Analysis……………………………………………………………………03 4. Internal Analysis……………………………………………………………………03 5. Strategy Analysis……………………………………………………………………08 6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….12 7. Recommendations………………………………………………………………….12 References………………………………………………………………………….14 Introduction According to Mahsmr (2012), Apple Inc. started in 1976 as an American manufacturer of personal computers, computer software and peripherals. Originally, it was Apple Computer Inc. for 30 years, and its principal office is based in Cupertino, California. It is the very first thriving personal computer firm that has started the popularized usage of the graphical interface. During its starting years, Steve Jobs and Wozniak were responsible for the introduction of the company first innovation that was put on sale. The first personal computer product was sold then, after which, the two founders continued to produce more and more innovative personal computers. However, not all years were lucky years for Apple Inc, there were also times that the company experienced some financial struggles that led to several changes in the management. In 1997, Steve Jobs took over the...
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...This article is published in a peer-reviewed section of the Utrecht Law Review Four Case Studies on Corporate Social Responsibility: Do Conflicts Affect a Company’s Corporate Social Responsibility Policy? Cristina A. Cedillo Torres, Mercedes Garcia-French, Rosemarie Hordijk, Kim Nguyen, Lana Olup* 1. Introduction 1.1. Background and objectives This article will discuss the different Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues that emerged within four multinationals (Apple, Canon, Coca-Cola and Walmart). There is no clear definition of CSR. In Corporate Social Responsibility, Legal and semi-legal frameworks supporting CSR Lambooy gives an r o verview of several definitions of CSR.1 The European Commission defines CSR as ‘the esponsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society’.2 This is the definition which is the most suitable for the c ontext of the article’s research question. As this article will focus on companies from the US and Japan, the authors also provide an overview of the focus on CSR from the US and Japanese perspective. In the US there is no governmental regulation regarding CSR or business best practices. Instead, according to findings from Bennett American, companies have a marked tendency to use codes of conduct.3 The American CSR perspective could be described as following a principles-based approach, with codes of conduct that prescribe values and principles which company members as a whole should aspire to follow. ...
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