...EFFORTS TO REDUCE OZONE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Team A SCI/362 June 29, 2011 Kenneth Rayford “EFFORTS TO REDUCE OZONE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA” The Los Angeles Basin is a plain that lies between the Pacific Ocean and mountains to the north and east. During the summer, the sunny climate produces a layer of warm, dry air at upper elevations. Southern California counties are where almost 15 million people reside. South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) is a governmental organization established in 1977 to deal with the historically poor air quality in the area surrounding Los Angeles. Air pollution injures organisms, reduces visibility, and attacks and corrodes materials such as metals, plastics, rubber, and fabrics. The respiratory tracts of animals, including humans, are particularly harmed by air pollutants, which worsen existing medical conditions such as chronic lung disease, pneumonia, and cardiovascular problems. Discussed in our paper will be several key points that will highlight very important details in regards to the efforts to reduce ozone in Southern California. Topics to be discussed are; described the historical development of the issue, the stakeholder’s involvement in the issue, and the long term effects of the problem, the responsibilities that arise from the ethical position and try to find a solution to this major problem. Air pollution in California began just after World War II. Southern California has been known to have the worst...
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...Air pollution in Los Angeles has achieved wide concerns. In 2011, the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Survey on Californians and the Environment showed that 45% of inhabitants in Los Angeles consider air tainting to be a "noteworthy issue", and 47% acknowledge that the airway of Los Angeles is more lamentable than it was 10 years former. “Los Angeles is a natural pollution trap. The bordering mountains combine with the region’s temperature inversions to surround dirty air. Smoke and fumes from steel and chemical plants, oil refineries and backyard trash incinerators plagued the city” (Gardner, Sarah). In 2013, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside reach situated the 1st most ozone-dirtied city, the 4th most sullied city by yearly atom tainting, and the 4th most dirtied city by 24-hour particle pollution. Both ozone and particle sullying are hazardous to human well being. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) attracted a leading group of expert specialists, the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee, to help them study the evidence. The EPA released their most recent review of the rhythmic movement research on wellbeing danger of ozone and atom defilement. Six significant air poisons, implied as "criteria toxic substances" are ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur dioxide and finally lead are routinely checked for suitability with air pollution standards. The South Coast Air Basin stays neglecting the ozone, particulate matter, and carbon...
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...Global Logistics and Local Dilemmas Peter V. Hall Urban Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada ABSTRACT Global logistics which connects widely dispersed producers and consumers are increasingly organized through gateways and corridors located in urban regions. At the same time, global logistics systems are increasingly infrastructurally, economically and institutionally disconnected from the city-regions that host them. This disconnection raises a series of dilemmas for the host localities. This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding the dilemmas that confront cities and regions that host national and continental logistics gateways. The framework, which is illustrated with examples from several seaport gateways, focuses on the land use, economic and community development impacts of gateways and corridors on the host city-region. It also pays attention to the differing scales at which these impacts occur; these range from the highly localized to the metropolitan scale. It is proposed that solutions to the local dilemmas of global logistics be evaluated in terms of sustainability criteria, namely efficiency, equity and environment. 1. INTRODUCTION While the economic benefits of global trade are enormous, the potential for differences in local and national perspectives when developing gateways and corridors are no less significant. Global logistics which connects widely dispersed producers and consumers are increasingly organized through gateways...
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...outcomes. Air quality in developed countries has been generally improved over the last three decades. However, many recent epidemiological studies have consistently shown positive associations between low-level exposure to air pollution and health outcomes. Thus, adverse health effects of air pollution, even at relatively low levels, remain a public concern. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges in this field and to identify future research directions for air pollution epidemiological studies. Introduction It is well known that exposure to high levels of air pollution can adversely affect human health. A number of air pollution catastrophes occurred in industrial countries between 1950s and 1970s, such as the London smog of 1952 [1]. Air quality in western countries has significantly improved since the 1970s. However, adverse health effects of exposure to relatively low level of air pollution remain a public concern, motivated largely by a number of recent epidemiological studies that have shown the positive associations between air pollution and health outcomes using sophisticated time-series and other designs [2]. This review highlights the key findings from major epidemiological study designs (including time-series, case-crossover, panel, cohort, and birth outcome studies) in estimating the associations of exposure to ambient air pollution with health outcomes over the last two decades, and identifies future...
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...paper Instructor : Dr Leah Miller Nabil Ladipo 04/05/13 Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is disease caused bacterial infection. The infection is lower in the United States even though, recent survey shows that, in foreign countries, the infection has been steadily increasing. American citizens born in foreign countries are infected with Tuberculosis more than 9 times of the American citizens born in the United States. The Latino/Hispanic born Americans are more exposed to the disease and the cases oh the Hispanics reported was more than 10 percent of the US population. This was reported in the year 1996. About Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis disease is transmitted from individual to individual through the help of Air pollution. An individual suffering from lung tuberculosis sneezes, coughs releases in the air, a droplet nuclei containing Mycobacterium . The small particles of the bacterium remains in the air for hours depending on the environment and when another person is exposed to the air containing the infection, the probably of getting infected is very high. The Tuberculosis infection depends on 3 different factors namely: The environment in which it occurs, the exposure duration and the individual ability to hold off the infection...
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...The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in high-income countries: a review of the evidence Marc Suhrcke, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Carmen de Paz Nieves, Fundación Ideas, Madrid, Spain ISBN 978 92 890 0220 2 Keywords HEALTH BEHAVIOR - HEALTH STATUS - EDUCATIONAL STATUS - RISK FACTORS - SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS - REVIEW LITERATURE Suggested citation Suhrcke M, de Paz Nieves C (2011). The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in highincome countries: a review of the evidence. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT 1. ORGANIZATION 2. PROBLEMS 3. AIR POLUTION 4. LEGAL AND REQUIREMENT 5. SOLUTION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES AT WORKPROSES INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION CEMENT INDUSTRIES OF MALAYSIA BERHAD Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad ("CIMA ") group of companies ("CIMA Group" or the Group) has been involved in the manufacturing and distribution of cement and related activities since 1975. CIMA is 100% owned by UEM Group Berhad which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Khazanah Nasional Berhad, an investment arm of the government of Malaysia. The Group effectively combines people skills and technological capabilities to become the third largest cement manufacturer in Malaysia. The Group also ventures into international market namely Singapore. The Group's total asset as at 31 December 2012 stands at approximately RM2.0 billion while the paid up capital stands are RM 142 million. The Group is divided into three main divisions comprising Cement Division, Ready-Mixed Division and Aggregates & Premix Division. In Cement Division, Cimaco Quarry Sdn Bhd provides the required limestone for Negeri Sembilan Cement Industries Sdn Bhd (NSCI). NSCI leads The Cement Division with cement plants in Bukit Ketri, Perlis and Bahau Negeri Sembilan. The two plants combined, make up a total clinker production of 2.95 million tonnes per annum and a total production cement capacity of 5.6 million tonnes per annum, comprising Ordinary Portland Cement...
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...------------------------------------------------- Air pollution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Bad air quality" redirects here. For the obsolete medical theory, see Bad air. "Air quality" redirects here. For the measure of how polluted the air is, see Air quality index. Not to be confused with Qualities of air. Air pollution from a World War II wartime production plant Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built environment. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Indoor air pollution (see Airlog) and urban air quality are listed as two of the World’s Worst Toxic Pollution Problems in the 2008 Blacksmith InstituteWorld's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Pollutants Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid...
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...California: Assessment of a Diverse Community California, also known as the golden state and a melting pot of the United States because of a diverse culture and a large immigrant population. To some Americans, it is a paradise and an ideal tourist destination because of sunny weather and easy access to oceans, mountains, and deserts. California integrates foods, languages, and traditions all over the world. According to, People of California 2006 census, California has an appraised population of 377,172,015 and is the thirteenth quickly-growing state. The population consists of 61.9% White American, 6% Black or African American, 10.4% Asian American, 18.4% other race, 1.7% American Indian, 2.1% mixed race, 38.5% are Hispanic or Latino, and 40.3% of the population is non-Hispanic Whites. The leading industries of California are agriculture, manufacturing, biotechnology, and tourism. In terms of politics, Californians are more liberal, especially those who live in the inland states. Based on California Political Parties there are six political parties, the American Independent, Democratic, Green, Libertarian, Peace and Freedom, and Republican. California experiences frequent and devastating wildfires. During the last decade in 2003 and 2009, California experienced devastating wildfires that affected countless lives. Thousands of families were left homeless and hundreds of lives were lost. California officials have made strict laws against unsafe practices that may cause accidental...
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...force using non-lethal weapons, 4) force using impact weapons, 5) deadly force (AIUSAPolice Brutality 1999:2). They also have many tools at their disposal when the need for using force arises. These include the police baton, mace, tasers, handcuffs, police dogs, and firearms. An officer of the law can be properly trained to administer the law in an unbiased way that will not violate a citizen’s rights, however, this is not happening across the United States. According to a recent Amnesty International study, there are thousands of reports each year of assault and ill treatment against officers who use excessive force and violate the human rights of their victims (AIUSA Rights 1999:1). Police officers are injuring and even killing people through the use of excessive force and brutal treatment. A significant problem in this area is that police behavior is abusive of civilian rights, but it is also considered necessary and appropriate police procedure (Geller, 1996:7). In many cases police go too far when they excessively punch, kick, beat, and shoot people who pose no threat. Injuries and sometimes death result from the...
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...“Multiple sources contribute; farming and oil drilling; traffic on Interstate 5 and Highway 99; winds blowing contaminants from the bay area, Los Angeles, and even Asia” (Carroll, 2016). All of these contributors paired with the geography and topography of the area create pollutant ratings that are above acceptable, according to state and federal laws. The poor air quality has proven to be extremely detrimental to a person’s health and can cause many long-term diseases and illnesses for those residing in the Central Valley. In order to improve the air quality and reduce the amounts of pollutants, various standards and policies have been created. While there has been some reduction in the amount of air pollution nestled in the Central Valley, there is still much that can and needs to be done. Continuing to educate those who are living in the Central Valley as well as in the state and around...
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... The author in this column describes this work in two formats. Essential details of two areas of research are presented in episodic form—the first is work on secondary analysis of Roy model-based research over 40 years and the author’s study of persons’ cognitive recovery from mild head injury.The second is a project on re-conceptualizing coping and adaptation processing in sequential detail within the context of work in the field and the significance of on-going work for nursing practice. Keywords adaptation, coping, middle-range theory, research, Roy adaptation model The story of research based on the Roy adaptation model (RAM) can be told in many ways. When asked to write about research based on the RAM in the past 25 years I considered the major events of those years and also how to organize a description of the resulting research. First, I considered that it was 20 years ago that the first group presented a synthesis and critique of studies based on the RAM by five different investigators (Pollock et al., 1991). This was the beginning of the Roy Adaptation Association (RAA) currently with five international chapters. It was the beginning of an on-going project to analyze, critique, and synthesize all published studies in English based on the RAM. Secondly, doing 4 years of full-time clinical research in...
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...the same rights as humans. Anti-vivisectionists oppose the use of animals in medical research. They believe that medical researchers are cruel and inhumane. Animal Welfare does not oppose all use of animals in research. They oppose inhumane and unnecessary use of animals and fight to eliminate pain and suffering of animals. On the Contrary, scientists argue that animal research is necessary because it helps them develop medications, vaccines, or new procedures to treat or prevent diseases for both humans and animals. Most research projects either do not involve pain or the pain is alleviated with analgesic or anesthetic drugs. They understand that pain causes stress for the animals, and this stress can seriously affect the results of the study. With all these controversies about this issue, why are animals necessary in research? Because animals make good research subjects. Animals are biologically similar to humans. In fact, chimpanzees share more than 99% of DNA with humans and mice share more than 98% DNA with humans, therefore, animals are susceptible to many of the same health problems as humans. Animals have a shorter life cycle than humans and as a result, they can...
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...1 Introduction to Clinical Applications Objectives In this chapter we will study • various approaches to the study of disease; • the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; • common causes of disease; • the distinction between signs and symptoms of disease; • terms used to describe the time course of a disease; and • common abbreviations for medical specialists and specialties. Homeostasis and Disease The body’s tendency to maintain internal stability is called homeostasis. Examples include the body’s relatively stable temperature, blood glucose concentration, hormone levels, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. When physiological variables deviate too much from their set point, the body activates negative feedback loops that tend to restore stability and maintain health. In some cases, such as the stoppage of bleeding, positive feedback loops are activated to bring about rapid change. If the attempt to regain homeostasis fails, disease results. There is a strong emphasis in medicine today on promoting wellness through prevention. However, this manual focuses on what happens when prevention fails, homeostasis is disrupted, and disease occurs. The Study of Disease Disease (illness) is any deviation from normal that interferes with correct, life-sustaining bodily function. Literally, the word means dis-ease, the opposite of ease (comfort and normal function). Disease may have underlying structural foundations, such as a broken bone, and its...
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...Research Health Benefits from Large-Scale Ozone Reduction in the United States Jesse D. Berman,1 Neal Fann,2 John W. Hollingsworth,3 Kent E. Pinkerton,3 William N. Rom,3 Anthony M. Szema,3 Patrick N. Breysse,1 Ronald H. White,4 and Frank C. Curriero1,5 1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Health Policy Committee of the American Thoracic Society, Washington, DC, USA; 4RH White Consultants LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; 5Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2Office 3Environmental B ackground : Exposure to ozone has been associated with adverse health effects, including premature mortality and cardiopulmonary and respiratory morbidity. In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lowered the primary (health-based) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone to 75 ppb, expressed as the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hr average over a 24-hr period. Based on recent monitoring data, U.S. ozone levels still exceed this standard in numerous locations, resulting in avoidable adverse health consequences. Objectives: We sought to quantify the potential human health benefits from achieving the current primary NAAQS standard of 75 ppb and two alternative standard levels, 70...
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