...which is unique from one employee to another. Government officials need to use PII to search and identify and distinguish individuals in their large data base. For example, all legal US residences have a social security number that identifies an individual. In forensic, PII is important to help track down and identify criminals. This identity can be obtained through facial recognition and finger prints resulting in a selective revelation of one’s identity. Finger prints are unique with each individual. As there are advantages to PII, there are disadvantages as well. Almost everyone is technologically savvy and tend to use the internet for their everyday life. For example, it is very convenient to shop, bank online, study, access medical records search and apply for jobs in order to have access to all this different...
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...instinctive and will be activated by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such a separation, insecurity and fear. The way Bowlby saw it; infants are born with an instinct to survive. They signal their needs to their caregiver by crying, clinging, searching. The responsiveness of the caregiver determines whether the infant feels loved, secure, and confidant. The way in which the caregiver reacts, also determines what type of attachment the infant will develop. Bowlby thought that our early relationships with our caregivers serve as our schemas for our sense of self and the social world. He believed that this schema guides a person’s interaction with others. According to conclusions reached in the 44 thieves study by Bowlby (1944, as cited by Cardwell, and Flanagan in Psychology AS) he showed that the attachment relationship we have with our primary caregiver during the first 5 years of our lives is crucial to socialization, and that a...
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...unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to social and emotional development lies in the child’s early relationship with parents and caregivers. It is believed that children develop and thrive better when they are brought up in an environment where the caregiver satisfies a child’s needs physically and emotionally. Throughout the Late 1930s and 1940s a psychologist John Bowlby investigated the nature and the purpose of the close relationships that a person forms with people throughout their lives, in particular, childhood. He researched the making and breaking of bonds to understand the psychological behaviour and social and emotional development of human being (Howe, 1995, P46). As a result of these investigations and studies Bowlby developed a theory called the ‘Attachment Theory’. The basis of this theory is that “the infant and young child should experience warm, intimate and continuous relationships between the child and the mother” (Steele, 2002, State of the art: Attachment). Bowlby’s attachment theory hypothesis that humans have some biological need to develop a close loving bond with their mothers, or caregiver. This bond develops within the first year of the child’s life, and if the bond is not developed or the bond is broken, the child’s emotional development may suffer. (Davenport, 1994, P9). Bowlby’s theory has been used...
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...Poverty and Crime CJA/344 October 29, 2015 Chris Manning Poverty and Crime Poverty refers to scarcity or state of lack money or lack possessions of a certain amount. Poverty may be either absolute or relative depending on magnitude and severity. In the case of absolute poverty, one cannot meet basic needs like shelter and food. The poverty results from broad issues such as inequality, unemployment and high population density (Raphael, & Tolman, R.1997). Crime, refers to act that is harmful to individual and community or state at large by the individual. Crime exists almost everywhere in the United States, in both rural and urban areas. For this topic, the research proved that poverty indicates a high likelihood of crime activities. Other factors such as unemployment, high population density and low-income family background play an important role in the increasing crime in our society today (Raphael, & Tolman, 1997). In the United States, poverty is a big issue amid areas that have high poverty levels. Factors that determine the poverty levels such minority population, high population density and unemployment increase the case of crime in the areas (Drake, & Pandey, 1996). The crime can be explained using some theories such high stress among the poor, which increase the likelihood of committing robbery, rape among other violent acts. The inferior education acquired by poor youth reduces chances of getting a good job, role model and increasing the possibility of spending...
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...force using non-lethal weapons, 4) force using impact weapons, 5) deadly force (AIUSAPolice Brutality 1999:2). They also have many tools at their disposal when the need for using force arises. These include the police baton, mace, tasers, handcuffs, police dogs, and firearms. An officer of the law can be properly trained to administer the law in an unbiased way that will not violate a citizen’s rights, however, this is not happening across the United States. According to a recent Amnesty International study, there are thousands of reports each year of assault and ill treatment against officers who use excessive force and violate the human rights of their victims (AIUSA Rights 1999:1). Police officers are injuring and even killing people through the use of excessive force and brutal treatment. A significant problem in this area is that police behavior is abusive of civilian rights, but it is also considered necessary and appropriate police procedure (Geller, 1996:7). In many cases police go too far when they excessively punch, kick, beat, and shoot people who pose no threat. Injuries and sometimes death result from the...
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...saying as time change so does people change. And when they do so does all that was brought with them from the past making what we recently see and understand a blueprint for our future. This is done with all people, places and things. In the age of information which we recently live in there are many technologies that many would have thought would be impossible in this day, time and age. Especially when it comes to the way our criminal justice system has the ability to solve crimes much faster than it did in the past through the most powerful tool used today DNA. This is what gave the criminal justice a big break at even the hardest cases that was unsolved for years. Modern technology has given the criminal justice system as well as our society a bonded connection by producing technology that keeps our neighborhoods safe from murders, rapist, thieves etc. Not only has technology given our society security as assurance of safety it also seems like nowadays it has opened up a better level of communication between communities and law enforcement. This does not mean that technology and the police are 100% better than they were before technology it simply means that there are better ways to approach any and every situation to make sure our citizens are treated fairly as well as our law enforcement. To name a few we can start from our past when officers only had radios, walkie-talkies, night sticks, walked the beat etc. up to now where there are cameras rolling in their car each...
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...even if the evidence is empirically valid, it may not necessarily be used effectively. Historically, science has enquired as to what makes one person commit a series of criminal acts, whilst others with seemingly similar backgrounds, chose to live their lives within the bounds of legality. McGuire asserts that the psychologist is the best placed to delve into the individual behaviours of criminals and to understand the underlying reasoning to their behaviour, “criminal psychology is the study of behaviours, by analysing it, understanding and sometimes controlling it.” (McGuire 2004) The study of forensic and investigative psychology are devoted to an individual’s behaviour and to the effects that crime and individual criminals have upon the community, not that which involves the law and it’s process. (Popper 1968) James Cattell (1895) chose to experiment on the validity of giving, and the accuracy of testimony, which gave arguably the first empirical data. From this initial study others followed and discovered that witnesses could be greatly influenced by the conditions and suggestibility of the interrogators who took their statements. Both Binet (1900) and Stern (1910) demonstrated that eye witness reports were not infallible and could be influenced. (Gisili and Gudjonsson 1991) Criminal psychologists are significant in eyewitness testimony;...
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...Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics Computer Addiction and Cyber Crime Nick Nykodym The University of Toledo Sonny Ariss The University of Toledo Katarina Kurtz The University of Toledo This research explores the relationship between computer addiction and cyber crime. There is evidence of computer addiction in medical settings, scholarly journals and legal proceedings. Reviewing the history of computer addiction has shown that computer addiction can be related to cyber crime. This paper will define computer addiction, show how various cyber crimes, especially those against businesses and organizations, can be motivated by computer addiction and propose further research on how managers can deal with cyber crime in a business, by recognizing addictive behaviors and computer addiction in their employees. HISTORY OF COMPUTER ADDICTION Computer addiction is an idea that has been in existence for years. Since the 1970s, avid computer programmers and hackers have been called “addicts” by both psychologists and the general public (Reed, 2002, p. 135). In 1976, Weizenbaum wrote about computer programmers who could sit and work at their computer terminals for twenty or thirty hours at a time. This behavior however, was viewed at the time as useful to technology and society. Computers, once seen as huge government machines that only very knowledgeable people could use, transformed into user-friendly tools that could be used by the everyday person. It became more common...
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... 1 Cyber Crime A Study of Online Predators Amber Ellis Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 David De La Cruz December 4, 2012 Running Head: Cyber Crime- Online Predators 2 I have chosen to my term paper on Cyber Crime. I chose this topic because I myself have been a victim of this malicious crime in the past. With knowledge I can warn others. Cybercrime can only be described as illegal activity committed on the Internet. I thought it would be good for me to make myself aware of all the research behind this topic so that I will not be a victim again. Cybercrime is a very serious offense and a lot of people do not even realize they have been a victim of it. Cybercrime is no laughing matter. Criminal activities in cyberspace are on the rise. (National Research Council, (NRC), 1991) Computers today are being misused for illegal activities like e-mail espionage, credit card fraud, spams, and software piracy and so on, which invade our privacy and offend our senses. The internet, along with its advantages, has also exposed us to security risks that come with connecting to a large network. Cybercrimes can basically be divided into three categories: Cybercrimes against persons, cybercrimes against property and cybercrimes against the government. As cases of cybercrimes grow, there is a growing need...
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...ring Information Systems –Study Guide Systems must be more secure when processing transactions and maintaining data. These two issues are the biggest issues facing those wanting to do business on or expand their operations to the Internet. System Vulnerability and Abuse Why Systems Are Vulnerable Information systems are vulnerable to technical, organizational, and environmental threats from internal and external sources. The weakest link in the chain is poor system management. If managers at all levels don’t make security and reliability their number one priority, then the threats to an information system can easily become real. The figure below gives you an idea of some of the threats to each component of a typical network. Contemporary Security Challenges and Vulnerabilities. Businesses that partner with outside companies are more vulnerable because at least some data may be less controlled. Partnering companies may not protect information as stringently. Hardware and software safeguards may not be as important to outsiders. Employees of the partnering firm may not view security as diligently as the primary business. Mobile computing devices like smartphones, cell phones, netbooks, and laptops, add to the vulnerability of information systems Internet Vulnerabilities Poor diligence Information broker ChoicePoint sold the personal information of 145,000 people to inadequately vetted bogus businesses. As a consequence, many people later became...
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...SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR RUSH THEO 330 – B02 CHRIS PORTER 29 Jun 2014 The abuse of alcohol is a problem in our society; a social disorder that causes physical and emotional injuries to people and family life. Alcohol is the oldest drug around. It is also the most widely-used and almost 50 percent of people aged 12 and over have consumed alcohol in the United States. Most people are able to consume alcohol responsibly. However, for one reason or another, some people abuse alcohol and develop addictions. Alcohol can destroy persons who depend on its effects to solve their problems. Not only does the use of alcohol create serious health disorders for those who drink heavily during their lifetime, but also causes serious health disorders in children whose mothers drank while pregnant. Individuals who drink alcohol are often responsible for injuring other innocent people. Each year in the United States, nearly 85,000 people die from alcohol-related causes, making it the third leading preventable cause of death in our country. (NIAAA) Many automobile accidents involve drunk drivers. People who drink endanger themselves and everyone around them. In addition, business and industry suffer financial loss because their employees drink. What might begin as casual drinking can become heavy drinking and alcoholism. Because the abuse of alcohol has a negative effect on men, women, and children, that same abuse on alcohol is a threat in our society. Although society cannot force...
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...and openings to great opportunities that are set in their future. Without education, many will struggle throughout their lives trying to adapt to the world today. In 21st century, most people living in the western hemisphere have access to learn, but take it for granted. Some attend school, but never graduate, and they struggle to live a decent life. Nevertheless, those that graduate from college have a better chance to survive and adapt the harsh world. In contrast, people who graduate from college have a better job and live in a greater society than those that did not graduate. The importance of education is undeniable for every single person. It goes without saying that education has a positve effect on human life. All people need to study. Only with the advent of education can people gain knowledge and enlarge their view over the world. For example, learning by watching TV or reading books gives people a huge amount of information about anything they are interested in such as mathematics, current news, exchange rates, other countries' cultures and so on. Apparently, people may become more useful and civilzed if bettereducated. In areas where residents are not able to receive an appropriate education, life cannot be as thriving and properous as locations where there is a high standard for education. Secondly, education plays such a rudimentary role on our society that we cannot even imagine a life without it. It is a determined element for the...
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...ACC571: FORENCIS ACCOUNTING | Case Study 1: And the Fraud Continues | SOLIAT KOSOKO | | Professor: Dr. Timothy Franklin Deleanor Brown | 1/20/2013 | Introduction This case demonstrates organized crime, occupational fraud and abuse. This crime is commonly seen among individuals and organizations that are in a lot of social and financial pressures. Some of the crimes involve organize crime are money laundering, mail and wire fraud, conspiracy and racketeering. Any organization that has weak or no internal control gives employees the opportunities to commit fraud or use company assets without permission. In this case there were multiple internal control weaknesses that allowed Pavlo to carry out the fraud and the different tricks he used to cover the whole scam. In this paper I would be discussing the internal control weaknesses that existed at MCI and contributed to the commission of this fraud, identifying and justifying the approach I would take if I suspected fraudulent activity within an organization, the ethical nature of Pavlo’s actions in this case and the theory related to crime causation to this case. Discuss the internal control weaknesses that existed at MCI that contributed to the commission of this fraud. Internal Controls is an integral part of any organization's financial and business policies and procedures. Internal controls consists of all the measures taken by the organization for the purpose of protecting its resources against waste, fraud, and inefficiency;...
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...more self-directed approach to reach their audience the way in which they want at the volume that they choose. The two case studies featured in this essay are Frankie Boyle’s twitter activity and television shows in relation to son of Katie Price, Harvey. Twitter is increasingly widespread and debatably the most interactive form of social media available. Twitter’s main significance comes through user’s ability to communicate freely with each other and the retweet system allows for content to spread on a much larger, faster scale than social media sites like Facebook. These retweets basically have the likely ability to snowball if found popular enough to the public and celebrity side of Twitter, and from this comes the chance interaction between both members of the public as well as some of the most world renown celebrities. However as I am going to explore Twitter can often act as a dangerous tool and because of the nature of social networking it can be difficult to maintain efficiently and at an effective enough speed. The potential for pervasive offence to be spread via television seems much less likely due to the non-live nature and ambience that it possesses. Ofcom regulators are expected to cut anything from television shows that is deemed too offensive and unwatchable for general audiences prior to the show being aired. However this is not always the case. TV During Frankie Boyle’s Channel 4 show Tramadol Nights Boyle made a violent sexual slur targeting Katie Price’s...
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...A Case Study on How to Manage the Theft of Information Robert M Polstra III Kennesaw State University 2004 Westwood Rd Smyrna, GA 30080 404-641-8937 rpolstra@hotmail.com ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION This paper shows the importance that management plays in the protection of information and in the planning to handle a security breach when a theft of information happens. Recent thefts of information that have hit major companies have caused concern. These thefts were caused by companies’ inability to determine risks associated with the protection of their data and these companies lack of planning to properly manage a security breach when it occurs. It is becoming necessary, if not mandatory, for organizations to perform ongoing risk analysis to protect their systems. Organizations need to realize that the theft of information is a management issue as well as a technology one, and that these recent security breaches were mainly caused by business decisions by management and not a lack of technology. After counter-terrorism and counter-intelligence, cyber crime is the third highest priority for the U.S. Federal Bureau [4]. With the rise of the theft of information and the lure of big profits for this stolen information, it is necessary for information systems to have the ability to protect this valuable asset. It is estimated that a credit card number unsupported by any other documentation is worth $10, and a credit history report retails for $60 [2]...
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