...Abstract preview Global Sourcing Development at IKEA – a Case Study Paper prepared for the 25th IMP conference Jens Hultman1, Susanne Hertz1, Rhona Johnsen2, Thomas Johnsen2 1: Jönköping International Business School, P.O Box 1026, SE-551 11 SWEDEN E-mail: jens.hultman@ihh.hj.se, susanne.hertz@ihh.hj.se Tel: +46 0(36) 10 10 00 2: Audencia Nantes School of Management, 8 Route de la Joneliere, BP 31222 – 44312 Nantes Cedex 3, France. E-mail: tjohnsen@audencia.com; rjohnsen@audencia.com Tel: + 33 (0)240 37 46 25 Abstract This study explores the dynamic process of global sourcing development through a case study of the Swedish home furnishing giant IKEA and its supply network concerning the PAX wardrobe system. The paper provides a synthesis of the existing global sourcing literature by dividing this growing body of research into three major themes: globalization processes and stages, motives/drivers, and organizational design and management. Moreover, the paper integrates the global sourcing literature with the established literature on the internationalization process of firms. Comparing the existing research on global sourcing and internationalization, we propose two research questions focused on: (1) the ways in which the IKEA global sourcing and supply chain development process resembles a linear stages process, and (2) the principal drivers of the development of global sourcing within IKEA. Relating the findings of the global sourcing process in the case of IKEA, the paper...
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...Voluntary Group Report – 01 Case Study: The Global Sourcing Wire Harness Decision Critically analyze and review a case. The report should discuss the purchasing and supply management activities of the case. Summarize your findings into a report of 1,500-2,000 words (6-8 pages). There will be three cases provided for you to choose from. Additional cases can be used subject to approval. The report should demonstrate understanding of the tradeoffs in the relationships between money, information, goods and services in the context of supply networks as systems. It is important to check the learning objectives provided in this document and align your report with these learning objectives: 1. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the major elements, concepts, principles and legal, ethical, sustainability and social responsibility issues in purchasing and supply management. 2. Demonstrate, through class discussion and case analysis, the ability to appraise and critique various means used for the obtaining of contracts, supplier performance monitoring and measurement, supplier relationship management, contract renewal and termination. 3. Demonstrate, in writing, the ability to choose and assess the purchasing and supply management strategies and processes in the public and private sectors, and propose potential improvement strategies and implement actions. Guangdong (pack in container --> ship via inland transportation)--> Port of Shanghai --> Transfer shipment to...
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...Module III: Financial Analysis Cost of Project, Means of Finance, Estimates of Sales and Production, Cost of Production, Working Capital Requirements and its Financing, Profitability Projections, Break Even Point, Projected Balance Sheets, Muti Year Projections, Basic Principles for Measuring Project Cash Flows, Components of the Cash Flow Stream, Biases in Cash Flow Estimation Module IV: Project Risk Types and Measures of Project Risk, Sensitivity Analysis, Scenario Analysis, Optimal Timing, Social Cost Benefit Anaysis, Net Benefit in terms of Economic Prices, Measurement of the Impact on Distribution, Savings Impact and its value, Income Distribution Impact, Little-Mirrlees Approach, Shadow Prices Examination Scheme Components CPA TP Q/S A ME EE Weightage (%) 5 5 5 5 10 70 References • Chandra P.(2002), Projects: Planning, Analysis, Financing, Implementation & Review, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing. • Meredith J.R. & Mantel S.J., Jr.( 2000), Project Management: A Managerial Approach, Ed. John Wiley & Sons. • Machiraju H.R.(2001), Introduction to Project Finance: An Analytical Perspective, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. • Patel B.M.(2000),Project Management: Strategic Financial Planning Examination & Control, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. • Finnerty J. D.(1996), Project Financing: Asset-Based Financial Engineering, Wiley • Newbold C.R.,(1998), Project Management in the Fast Lane: Applying Theory & Constraints, St. Lucie Press • Anthony R.N. & Govindrajan...
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...Global Dual Sourcing: Tailored Base Surge Allocation to Near and Offshore Production Gad Allon and Jan A. Van Mieghem Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 September 25, 2008; Revised Oct 8, 2008 When designing a sourcing strategy in practice, a key task is to determine the average order rates placed to each source because that affects costs and supplier management. We consider a firm that has access to a responsive near-shore source (e.g., Mexico) and a low-cost offshore source (e.g., China). The firm must determine an inventory sourcing policy to satisfy random demand over time. Unfortunately, the optimal policy is too complex to allow a direct answer to our key question. Therefore, we analyze a tailored basesurge (TBS) sourcing policy that is simple, used in practice, and captures the classic tradeoff between cost and responsiveness. The TBS policy replenishes at a constant rate from the offshore source and produces at the near shore plant only when inventory is below a target. The constant base allocation allows the offshore facility to focus on cost efficiency while the nearshore’s quick response capability is utilized only dynamically to guarantee high service. The research goals are to i) determine the allocation of random demand into base and surge capacity, ii) estimate corresponding working capital requirements, and iii) identify and value the key drivers of dual sourcing. Given that even this simple TBS policy is not amenable to exact...
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...GLOBAL SOURCING Strategic Soucing at Whirpool China Finding the ideal supplier CASE ANALYSIS Assignment 1 STRATEGIC SOURCING AT WHIRLPOOL CHINA FINDING THE IDEAL SUPPLIER CASE ANALYSIS 1. What are the key problem areas for Whirlpool? Finding the right supplier. 2. What is the importance of strategic sourcing? Sourcing the right components is the first step in launching the new product. 3. What are the pros and cons of Whirlpool’s global sourcing strategies? Cons: Payment terms. Pros: To avoid delays in launching the new product. 4. How are suppliers identified, evaluated and selected? It was necessary to define the commodity and allocate responsibilities and resources through co-ordination of global and regional activities. Using the Sourcing Strategy Development (SSD) process in 4 steps: Step 1: internal analysis, identified and prioritized the process –partner requirements, then evaluated the performance of the existing supply base and reviewed the existing supply base, it also identify the switching costs. Step 2: external analysis, which includes analysing the supplier industry and competitors and evaluating competitor performance and strategies. The evaluation process makes use of SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threat). Step 3: strategy development, is to analyse the competitiveness and their financial impact. Preliminary negotiations could be carried out, a suitable strategy and suppliers should be selected and...
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...Date: April 27, 2014 Professor Dahan Individual Case Study International Business Practicum Strategic Sourcing at Whirlpool China Q1. Whirlpool’s Global Sourcing Strategy (GSS) in China had many advantages as well as disadvantages. As the case explains, China had become one of the world’s largest household appliance makers, and relocation of Whirlpool’s Asian HQ to Shanghai helped the company’s products gain acceptance within the market. Furthermore, setting up an international procurement office in Shanghai helped to eliminate various factors that could make global sourcing a difficult process. Whirlpools Shanghai HQ decreased transportation delays and cultural and language differences and supported the company’s own manufacturing operations in Asia. Other advantages to global sourcing in China include: reducing capital investments, gaining market share, focusing on core competencies, and increasing flexibility in production. Although China may provide a cost advantage in regards to raw materials, disadvantages occurred in areas such as quality, reliability, a lack of capable service providers, and inadequacies in transportation and IT infrastructures. Q2. When it came to potential suppliers, Whirlpool set their standards high. In order to be considered a supplier of Whirlpool, quality requirements set forth by the Whirlpool Supplier Quality System had to be met. Most suppliers in China, however, found difficulty in reaching the minimum required score of 60/100...
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...knowledge however one cannot help but notice a persistent disunion between the “value chain” view that considers aspects of value creation and appropriation, and the operational “supply chain” view that considers strategies and tools for designing and operating efficient inter-firm networks. Commonly these views do not interact: value creation has the aim of capturing the maximum value-added in financial terms, the supply chain view aims for designing operationally efficient supply chains. In contrast to their treatise within the academic literature, from a practical point of view these two aspects are both necessary (and thus in their own right insufficient) components to a firm's supply chain strategy. In this paper we thus turn to an exploratory case study to identify what such a combined view of the value and supply chain would entail. We refer to this purposeful creation as the “value chain architecture” and propose five fundamental decisions that define the latter: (1) the nature of value provision (driven by the core competence of the firm), (2)...
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...now. The co-founder is actually Michael Marks and later joined by Thomas Spencer in 1894 to create Marks & Spencer. The main product which produced by Marks & Spencer is clothing line and then expand to food industries. Marks & Spencer are successful because of they know how to apply the sourcing strategies within their supplier around the world. There are two types of strategies implemented by Marks & Spencer, combination of in-house and third party manufacturing for food s line and third party contracting or sourcing for clothing section. Tesco is the choice from us to compete with Marks &Spencer; Tesco had their own sourcing strategy to compete with their rival within the same industries line such as group food sourcing (GSF) and regional supply base making the right product at affordable pricing. Tesco do developed its own brand which is cheaper in price and better qualities control. The last sourcing Strategies is Sourcing global, which they have contract with the supplier around the world. The sourcing strategy for Marks and Spencer has disadvantages and advantages which affect the company performance. Lastly, we recommended enhancement in their sourcing strategy by comply with China supplier in Clothing line or green field investment in China. Company Background (Mark & Spencer) The years of Marks & Spencer established was in 1958, and it has since become an icon of quality and style. At the beginning, Marks & Spencer were trading under...
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...GLOBAL SOURCING MANAGEMENT AASM04-J LONG QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS STUDY UNIT 1 1. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF BUSINESS The last two decades have seen rapid changes in the global economy. National economies are becoming more integrated. A single, interdependent, global economic network has gradually developed and is still in the process of unfolding. Global megatrends which continue to influence the international business world include technological innovation; the shift in emphasis from manufacturing through services to the Information Age; the development of regional trading blocs; and changing demographic patterns. The main driving forces for globalisation are: reduced trade and investment barriers that enable the free flow of goods, services and capital on a global scale unprecedented technological change and progress, especially with regard to communication, information and transportation technologies competition International trade blocs multinational corporations Because of the globalisation of markets and production, over the last two decades, world trade has grown faster than world output. Foreign direct investment flows have increased substantially. Imports have penetrated more deeply into the world’s industrialised economies and competitive pressures have increased continuously in one industry after the other. These factors have collectively added to the complexity of international management and of international purchasing...
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...Running he WHIRL ead: LPOOL’s GL LOBAL STR RATEGY CA ANAL ASE LYSIS Whirlpool Co W orporation’s Global Str s rategy Case Analysis International Man nagement – Assignmen 2 nt Candidate: Emad Abou uElgheit ISM - International School of Manageme f ent Doctor of Philosophy ( P (Ph.D.) Presented to: Professor Peter Horn t P 26 July 201119 July 2011 1 Word Coun 3,706 nt: 1 WHIRLPOOL’s GLOBAL STRATEGY CASE ANALYSIS 2 Abstract The paper analyses Whirlpool Corporation’s Global Strategy case study conducted in the year 2001. The paper aims to spot key reasons behind the declining performance the company experienced in the late 1990s a few years after the start of its globalization plan in the year 1987. The plan initiated under the new leadership of David Whitwam encountered many problems in its early stages illustrated in a declining profitability in its home market, losses in the European market and failure in some of its joint ventures in the Asian market.1 With such poor performance and failure in achieving competitive edges in global markets, Whirlpool was at a great risk of losing huge investments made in foreign markets, and losing highly-potential market shares in emerging international markets to aggressive competitors. The paper illustrates core strategic mistakes around three main strategies; sourcing and operations, entry, and marketing strategies adopted. The goal is to address lessons learned from Whirlpool’s experience ...
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...When Manufacturing Moves Back: Concepts and Questions Luciano Fratocchi1, Carmela Di Mauro2, Paolo Barbieri3, Guido Nassimbeni4, Andrea Zanoni5 1 Department of Industrial & Information Engineering & Economics, University of L’Aquila Via G. Gronchi 18, Nucleo Industriale Pile, L’AQUILA AQ ITALY luciano.fratocchi@univaq.it +39-0862-434356 CORRESPONDING AUTHOR 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Catania Via A. Doria 5, 95131 CATANIA CT ITALY cdimauro@unict.it 3 Department of Management, University of Bologna Via U. Terracini 28, 40131 BOLOGNA BO ITALY p.barbieri@unibo.it 4 Department of Electric, Managerial and Mechanical Engineering, Via Delle Scienze, 206, 33100 UDINE UD ITALY nassimbeni@uniud.it 5 Department of Management, University of Bologna Via U. Terracini 28, 40131 BOLOGNA BO ITALY andrea.zanoni@unibo.it ABSTRACT Interest in back-reshoring strategies – intended as companies’ decisions to reverse previous off-shoring by bringing manufacturing back home – has gained momentum recently. However, little is known so far about the magnitude of this phenomenon, about its geographical boundaries, and about the underlying motivations. In this paper a characterization of back-shoring as part of the dynamics of firms’ internationalization strategies is offered. Next, building on emerging empirical evidence, open questions are identified and an agenda for research is proposed. KEYWORDS Reshoring Back-reshoring Near-reshoring Off-shoring Internationalization...
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...Running he WHIRL ead: LPOOL’s GL LOBAL STR RATEGY CA ANAL ASE LYSIS 1 Whirlpool Co W orporation’s Global Str s rategy Case Analysis International Man nagement – Assignmen 2 nt Candidate: Emad Abou uElgheit ISM - International School of Manageme f ent Doctor of Philosophy ( P (Ph.D.) Presented to: Professor Peter Horn t P 26 July 201119 July 2011 1 Word Coun 3,706 nt: WHIRLPOOL’s GLOBAL STRATEGY CASE ANALYSIS 2 Abstract The paper analyses Whirlpool Corporation’s Global Strategy case study conducted in the year 2001. The paper aims to spot key reasons behind the declining performance the company experienced in the late 1990s a few years after the start of its globalization plan in the year 1987. The plan initiated under the new leadership of David Whitwam encountered many problems in its early stages illustrated in a declining profitability in its home market, losses in the European market and failure in some of its joint ventures in the Asian market.1 With such poor performance and failure in achieving competitive edges in global markets, Whirlpool was at a great risk of losing huge investments made in foreign markets, and losing highly-potential market shares in emerging international markets to aggressive competitors. The paper illustrates core strategic mistakes around three main strategies; sourcing and operations, entry, and marketing strategies adopted. The goal is to address lessons learned from Whirlpool’s experience in globalization in order to shed...
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...Note: Attempt all the Question, All the questions carry equal marks, CASE 1 The Santek Images Business Unit Consolidated Products is a $21 billion company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The company’s five business units, which offer a wide array of products and services, are the result of an aggressive strategy of mergers and acquisitions starting in the late 1980s. The corporate staff is surprisingly small, comprised of general management, legal staff, and human resources. Part of the reason for this small staff is due to the eclectic array of businesses housed within one corporate entity. A Business Week editor recently commented that “Consolidated Products could easily be broken up into five separate companies, since at one time it was five separate companies.” The editor also said that if the company “ever learned how to leverage its size in the marketplace, Consolidated Products could be a Wall Street powerhouse!” While Consolidated Products is a global corporation with facilities around the world, it operates each business unit as a highly independent and decentralized company. The corporate culture is best described as entrepreneurial, with each business unit being headed by an executive vice president who has complete profit and loss accountability. One of the business units, Santek Images, is the focus of this case. Santek Images Santek Images produces instant film and the imaging products that use that film for...
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...OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY www.ijest-ng.com www.ajol.info/index.php/ijest 2014 MultiCraft Limited. All rights reserved When ETO companies design the supply chain during new product development process R. Cigolini1, M. Pero1*, A. Sianesi1 1 * Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, ITALY Corresponding Author: E-mail: margherita.pero@polimi.it Phone: +39.02.2399.2819; Fax: .2700 Abstract This paper outlines the interface between product development process and supply chain configuration. It highlights the relevance of product features on the time the sourcing decisions are taken with respect to the product development phases. Multiple case studies in Engineer-To-Order (ETO) industries have been performed to investigate how companies configure the product development process and choose the timing of sourcing decisions along the process. Results suggest that the time companies take supply chain configuration decisions varies according to product features: high techno-logical complexity pushes companies to re-think their supply chain in the early phases of product development process, e.g. in terms of make-or-buy decisions and suppliers selection. The proposed framework helps decisions makers arrange the product development process by defining when supply chain configuration should take place. Keywords: Supply Chain, New Product Development, Engineer To Order, Supply Chain Design.. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest...
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...531–550 www.elsevier.com/locate/tre Global supply chain design: A literature review and critique Mary J. Meixell a a,* , Vidyaranya B. Gargeya b,1 School of Management, Enterprise Hall, MSN 5F4, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, United States b Information Systems and Operations Management Department, 479, Bryan Building, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States Abstract In this paper, we review decision support models for the design of global supply chains, and assess the fit between the research literature in this area and the practical issues of global supply chain design. The classification scheme for this review is based on ongoing and emerging issues in global supply chain management and includes review dimensions for (1) decisions addressed in the model, (2) performance metrics, (3) the degree to which the model supports integrated decision processes, and (4) globalization considerations. We conclude that although most models resolve a difficult feature associated with globalization, few models address the practical global supply chain design problem in its entirety. We close the paper with recommendations for future research in global supply chain modeling that is both forward-looking and practically oriented. Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Supply chain design; Globalization; Outsourcing; Supply chain integration; International sourcing 1. Introduction The last decades of...
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