...effect that increasing temperature has on the enzyme catalase and its reactivity to the substrate, hydrogen peroxide. Enzymes are biological catalysts, which allow chemical reactions to occur under cellular conditions (PennState University, 2017). Cells contain thousands of different enzymes, and their activities determine which chemical reactions actually take place within the cell. Cooper G.M. (2000) stated that without enzymatic catalysts, most chemical reactions are so slow that they would not occur, as enzymes accelerate the rates of such reactions by over a million-fold. Freeman, S. (2006) illustrated that chemical reactions require an input of energy to begin called the activation energy....
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...3.2.4 Investigating Enzyme Action The effect of catalase concentration on reaction rate with Hydrogen Peroxide 3 March 2016 Nazka Nurbyek Abstract The purpose for this reaction was to study the effect of catalase concentration on reaction rate with Hydrogen Peroxide. Baker’s yeast in the amounts of 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g, and 0.5 g were used as a source of catalase. Yeast was suspended in 1.5% Hydrogen Peroxide solution (H2O2) and reaction rate with catalase was measured using a gas pressure sensor to monitor oxygen gas produced in kPa/sec. Data was collected using Vernier Logger Pro® software. Results showed that a clear correlation between the concentration of catalase and rate of reaction was not demonstrated. Data from experimentation...
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...Enzymes are fundamental proteins which act as effective catalysts for biochemical reactions within an organism. Enzymes are distinct from one another; they attach themselves to specific slots on substrates called active sites to lower the activation energy to start the chemical reaction. This is represented by the lock and key model, where the shape of the enzyme directly corresponds to the substrate to carry out a specific job. An enzyme is able to be used until it becomes denatured, or when the active spot of the enzyme changes shape due to high temperatures, or pH and salinity changes. In this lab, an important enzyme in animals called catalase, which is essential to catalyze the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), was tested. Hydrogen...
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...Data: See attached sheet Discussion: The catalase enzyme does not work at high temperatures around or above 50 degrees celsius. We proved this in our lab when the slope changed from 0.021 kPa/sec at 34 degrees celsius to negative 0.009 kPa/sec at 54 degrees celsius. With just a change in 20 degrees the slope, or how well the enzyme is working went from really good to really bad. The catalase enzyme works best around a pH of 10. At a pH of 4 and 7 the slopes were 0.007 and 0.009 kPa/sec. At the pH of 10 it went way up to 0.028 kPa/sec. We can tell the enzyme needs a fairly basic pH for it to work, and not a neutral or acidic one. The more catalase enzyme there is, the better it will work. The rate and slope increased greatly from 0.002 kPa/sec...
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...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...Ensure that all experimenters are wearing goggles. Acquire 5 test tubes, a test tube stopper per test tube, and one test tube rack. Place all five of the test tubes in the test tube rack. Cut out circles from the 2 filter papers using a 6mm hole puncher. Obtain a 500mL bottle of 30% hydrogen peroxide, and measure 25.0 mL [±0.5mL] of Bos Taurus Liver Catalase Enzyme Solution (4.0 mol/L), with the use of a 50.0 mL graduated cylinder. Pour the 25.0 mL enzyme solution into a 250 mL beaker. Using the (cleaned) 50.0 mL graduated cylinder, measure 10.0 mL [±0.5mL] of hydrogen peroxide. Pour 10.0 mL of H2O2 into one of the 5 test tubes, with the use of a funnel. To control the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide, pour 300 mL (as measured by a 1000...
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...Lab Report #2 Name: Lab: #9 Enzymes – Experiment #4 Due date: Purpose The purpose of the experiment is to compare and examine the effect of substrate concentration on catalase activity. Introduction All chemical reactions require a catalyst. A type of catalyst that exists is an enzyme, which acts to bring out a specific biochemical reaction. At all times, all work inside a cell is being performed by enzymes (Brian, 2000). The purpose of an enzyme is to help the cell carry out reactions very quickly. An interaction must be made for a reaction to become catalyzed. The active site is where this interaction between the enzyme and the reactant and/or reactants takes place. In order for the enzyme to work efficiently and properly, the reactant (or substrate) must position itself perfectly within the active site. Most enzymes usually only can catalyze a single chemical reaction, which is called specificity (Introduction To Enzymes, n.d.). Enzymes can also operate to an optimal extent where chemical reactions can occur rapidly and with the upmost efficiency, under certain conditions known as the enzyme’s optimum activity (Boli, 2012). The many different conditions include environmental, such as pH and temperature, or concentrations of the substrates and enzymes. In this experiment, we examined a substance called catalase. Catalase is the isolated cells from potatoes and beef liver. As the substrate for the experiment, hydrogen peroxide was used at various different amounts...
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...IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN BACTERIA It is virtually impossible to identify bacteria based on physical characteristics alone. This is due to the fact that there are only a few basic shapes and physical features commonly seen in the prokaryotic world. Instead, biochemical testing has been used to make bacterial identification down to the “species” level. These schemes are based on creating and matching biochemical profiles of the production of enzymes, acids and gases by isolated pure cultures of a given microorganism. Identification schemes and flow charts can be found in reference texts such as “Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology” or “The Prokaryotes”. Each group of students will receive a TSA slant or broth containing a pure culture of an unknown bacterium belonging to the Family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the responsibility of the group to maintain stock cultures of the organism provided. Working stock cultures will be used to inoculate the various biochemical test media over the next several weeks and should be fresh and free from contaminants. A reserve stock culture should be made and after incubation and comparison with the original slant, kept with the original slant in the refrigerator. It is critically important that aseptic techniques are used during transfers and inoculations to prevent contamination of your cultures. If contamination is suspected, you will be able to fall back to your reserve stock. If you fail to maintain a reserve stock...
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...or without it and some are actually killed by oxygen. Bacteria are generally classified into three main groups with respect to oxygen: 1. Obligate aerobes: Like humans, these organisms have an absolute requirement for oxygen. Because aerobic metabolism generates the toxic byproduct hydrogen peroxide, obligate aerobes must produce the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. 2. Obligate anaerobes: Not only do these organisms not require oxygen, they are often killed in its presence. Because anaerobic metabolism does not generate hydrogen peroxide, obligate anaerobes generally do not produce catalase. The causative agent of botulism, Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. Since the canning process removes the air, Clostridium botulinum can grow in inadequately sterilized canned foods. This isn't normally a problem in fresh foods since they are exposed to air. 3. Facultative anaerobes: These organisms will use oxygen in their metabolism if it is available, but can also grow without oxygen. Again, since aerobic metabolism generates hydrogen peroxide, they produce catalase. E. coli, which is normal flora of the intestine, is an example of a facultative anaerobe. In addition to these three basic categories of oxygen requirements, bacteria may also be classified as microaerophillic (requires oxygen, but can only tolerate limited amounts), aerotolerant anaerobe (grows in the presence of oxygen, but never uses aerobic...
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...The purpose of the enzyme lab conducted was to observe the chemical composition of cells. In order to do so we tested for the presence of organic molecules. Molecules are what forms when atoms bond together. Organic molecules of cells include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which are composed of smaller molecules known as monomers and polymers. Polymers are joined monomers. A chemical reaction links monomers together occurs and releases a water molecule, this is called dehydration synthesis. Hydrolysis separates polymers into monomers by using water to break bonds. Organic catalysts called enzymes are proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction. In the lab we used Biuret reagent to test for proteins, iodine solution to test for starch, paper to test for lipids. In the first lab, we tested for the presence of proteins in samples by using blue solution called Biuret reagent, which changes to purple when a protein is present and pinkish-purple for peptides. First test tubes were marked at 1cm and then filled to the mark with water, albumin, pepsin, and starch. Next, five drops of Biuret reagent was added to the sample, covered with Parafilm, and swirled to mix. The water remained clear, indicating the sample lacked the presence of proteins, and thus was our negative control. The albumin sample observed changed to an orange-purple color, indicating the presence of protein. The peptin sample changed to a pink-purple hue, testing positive for presence of peptides...
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...What is the function of enzymes in a living system? Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions necessary for life. Without them certain vital processes would not take place and the body would be unable to function. Difference enzymes work better under different conditions. Where in a human body might it be beneficial to have enzymes work in very acidic environments? In areas, like the stomach, that have a pH of two would benefit by having enzymes that function well in acidic environments. An example of such an enzyme is pepsin. There is a large amount of catalase found in a human liver. Does the liver break down more hydrogen peroxide in the summer or winter? Explain your answer. More hydrogen peroxide will be broken down in the summer compared to the winter because higher body temperatures equals more enzyme activity. Many enzymes end with “ase”. Come up with your own enzyme, then name and explain what this enzyme does. Draw the enzyme and the substrate in the space provided below along with the enzyme-substrate complex. My enzyme would be olestrase. It would break down the lipid olestra and make it usable for the human body. Recent advances have allowed humans to mass-produce certain enzymes. Research one such enzyme and explain how this enzyme has been used to benefit society. Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring substance which has properties potentially beneficial for preventing cellular damage during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. It plays...
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...4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Print Lab 2 Biological Molecules and pH Introduction: Connecting Your Learning Biological organisms, like all things, are made up of elements. These elements combine to form organic molecules that create the basis for life. The main elements found in biological organisms include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). This lab describes how these elements form some of the most important molecules in life: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Resources and Assignments Multimedia Resources Required Assignments None Lesson 2 Lab 2 From the Lab Kit 7 test tubes Benedict's solution Biuret solution 15 micropipettes 10 pipettes Forceps pH test strips 4 unknown samples https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v9/labs/lab02.shtml?print 1/21 4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Measuring spoons (teaspoon and tablespoon) 50 mL beaker Mortar and pestle Glass stirring rod 100 mL graduated cylinder Microscope slide Plastic funnel Test tube tongs Test tube rack 5 plastic cups Goggles Plastic gloves 1 tablespoon baking soda 1 tablespoon chicken soup 4 tablespoons sugar Required Materials 1 tablespoon cornstarch 2 tablespoons unflavored gelatin Student Provided Small saucepan Paper towel Oven glove or mitt Baking tray or aluminum foil (about an 18-inch sheet) Scissors Pencil Dime Microwave (optional) or Stove Permanent marker https://www.riolearn...
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...Enzyme Post Lab Report Type of Fruit Prediction Result Apple None None Orange None None Pineapple Take longer to dissolve into the Jello Broke through the Jello quicker than the heated pineapple Heated Apple None None Heated Orange None None Heated Pineapple Breakdown through the Jell-O fast Broke through the Jell-O slower than the regular pineapple Q.1.) The piece of pineapple is the fruit that contains the enzyme Bromelain Q.2.) It is possible to make Jello with canned pineapple chunks but not fresh pineapple chunks because the canned pineapple is the heated pineapple which will break through the jello, while the fresh pineapple will not. Q.3.) Heat speeds up the process, which affects enzymes, but too much heat destroys the enzymes. Cup...
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... |Liow Yi Sheng | | |Foo Yong Hao | |Practical Group |P13 | |Date of lab class |13/7/2015 | |Program |Foundation in Science | |Unit code |FHSB1214 | |Unit description |Biology I | |Year and trimester of study |2015, Trimester 1 | |Title of lab report |Investigation of the effects of different catalytic conditions on hydrogen peroxide | | |decomposition | |Lecturer’s name |Ms.Ting Jen Ching...
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...Unknown Lab Report The mixed unknowns were gram stained and looked under the microscope. There were gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. The unknowns were inoculated in blood agar and Mac-conkey. Three types of colonies were seen in the blood agar. All the three organisms showed different hemolysis, as there were alpha, beta and gamma hemolysis present. In the mac-conkey, there was colorless colony that denotes lactose non-fermenter. Each colonies were then inoculated into different blood agar to do further testing. Organism A I. Microscope- Gram positive cocci II. Blood Agar – Beta hemolysis Complete hemolysis. III. Catalase test– Positive Presence of bubbles when catalase was added to the slide with the organism in it as it can convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. 2H2O2---- 2H2O + O2 The organism falls in the genus Staphylococcus or Micrococcus. IV. Coagulase test, Staphylococcus Latex test – Positive Clumping of the latex reagent seen within 20 seconds. The organism makes coagulase. These tests suggest that the organism is Staphylococcus aureus. So for confirmatory test, the organism was inoculated in mannitol salt agar and incubated. The result was yellow color colony (mannitol fermenter), which means it is S. aureus. Organism B I. Microscope- Gram negative bacilli II. Blood agar- Gamma hemolysis No hemolysis. III. Mac. Conkey- Colorless colony The organism does not ferment lactose. IV. Oxidase test- Negative The organism...
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