...Geologic Paradigms: Uniformitarianism vs Catastrophism Charlotte R. Jones PHSC 210, Elements of Earth Science David Gilhousen Liberty University Geologic Paradigms: Uniformitarianism vs Catastrophism Introduction When discussing the geologic paradigms of Uniformitarianism and catastrophism the real question at the heart is twofold. First how the landscape of the Earth we now see came to be and then when it all happened. The debate can go deeper into whom or what began the process, however, the primary question asked by uniformitarianism and catastrophism is the how and when. Old Earth View Proponents of “old Earth view” believe the Bible is the inspired Word of God and believe the Genesis creation account is a historical narrative and not poetic expression. While Young Earth supporters believe a “plain reading” of the English translation of Genesis 1 necessitates belief that God created the world in six, 24-hour days some six to ten thousand years ago, old-Earth view supporters believe that textual and syntactic distinctions of the original Hebrew advocate six long epochs of time. Old-Earth view supporters oppose that a verbatim reading of the Biblical creation accounts in Hebrew provide evidences supporting a prolonged creation “day”. This view sates that the “biblical Hebrew has a very limited vocabulary (approximately 3,100 words) compared to the English vocabulary (estimated to be 1,000,000 words). Hebrew words often have several literal meanings. Linguistic scholars acknowledge...
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...Young Earth –vs- Old Earth Here is my take on the young earth- vs- old earth debate. I am extremely confident that the Universe and everything that lives on the Earth was created by God. This miraculous process took place as stated in Genesis chapter one. “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth” (Holy Bible). The oppositions to old earth is young earth. For me, it is just like the life of a Christian. If you live for God then you oppose the way of the devil. Old earth perspective can be added up to two main issues. Issue number one is the meaning of the word Yom. Young-earth followers will say with no hesitation, that Yom equals a 24-hour day in the creation account. “God called the light “day,” and the darkness he called “night.” “And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day” (Holy Bible). Old earth counter this argument because the definition in the Hebrew, “gives Yom more than one meaning”. “It can be 24 hour period, or an unspecified longer period of time” (Along with other meanings). The second issue, says that life on earth developed “over a process of time” (Morris, 1994). My perspective has not nor will it ever change. As I always say, “if you can explain your God, then He is too little”. This definitely takes faith to believe the creation and the account of the flood. Proverbs 3:5 says, “Trust in the LORD with all your heart and do not lean on your own understanding“(Holy Bible). Let us take the big bang theory. “This theory...
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...In my paper I will be talking about article The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for life in the 21st century by Terry Mortenson. I will discussing the main points of the article along with the strengths and weaknesses. This article is a breakdown of a huge debate that has been going on for years. As I mention before this article is based on a debate that has been occurring for years. It is just another argument between the theories of the young- earth and Old-earth. A lot of the information within the article is a based on the creation of earth. Mortenson, uses scientists of religious and non-religious backgrounds which had different philosophies. It is also includes the views of uniformitarianism and catastrophism events and how it was believed to impact the creation of earth. Article strengths in this article are large in number. The author gave us a good outline by the way he broke every paragraph down. Terry used several different scientists that had several different perspectives. These are just a few of the things that I feel were done right. Next I will talk about the points he had clear and if they were writing precisely. We started the article with a section pointing out the new theories on the history of creation. Terry beginning by using the Christian view that has been teach from thousands of years. Let us know that in the 4000 BC God created the world and everything in it within six 24-hour days. The same world he created was the same one he destroyed...
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...Biology: Midterm 1 (Friday, October 2, 2015) Outcomes for Exam In multiple choice format questions, identify the following: 1. Characteristics of viruses and why they are not generally considered to be “alive”. * virus= infectious biological particles; 1+ nucleic acid molecules surrounded by protein capsid or envelope * nucleic acid: DNA or RNA, composed of single/double strand (genes encode coat proteins, proteins of regulation of transcription) * capsid: protein coat of virus, viral genome packaging * envelope: lipid bilayer that contains proteins * enveloped viruses: genomes contain genes for synthesis of envelope proteins * viral genomes= virus-specific enzymes (nucleic acid replication) * non-living organism/not “alive” - lack that properties of life (no independent reproduction, no metabolic system= no energy, dependent on host cells 2. Why viral infections are usually difficult to treat with drugs, and exceptions to this general principle. * viruses= hidden in host cells, use host cell machinery to replicate (no obvious viral product to be targeted by drugs/antibiotics - not like bacteria) * symptoms can only be relieved not treated - natural immune function treats — some viruses deadly symptoms= prevention w/ vaccinations (e.g. measles, polio) * Viruses using own polymerases (e.g. RNA viruses - influenza)= more obvious targets - antiviral drugs to treat 3. Whether viruses...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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...Study Guide: Midterm Exam Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for the Midterm Exam will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Minerals (Chapter 1) * Know the definition of a mineral. a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence * Know the basic definition of a rock. the solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans * Know how atoms of the same element are related. Atoms of the same element must have the same number of protons which is the atomic number. What do they have in common? They all have protons * Know definitions for the following terms: valence electrons, an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another atom. An electron in one of the outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms nucleus, the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth. atom, the basic unit of a chemical element element, ion, and chemical compound. * Know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic compounds contain a metal cation bonded to a nonmetal anion. This means that the first element in the compound's name and formula is to the left of the zig-zag line on the periodic table above. Covalent compounds contain NO...
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...07年新托福阅读机经 1月13日 第一篇：进化论/自然选择 |1. |生物学的文章，关于进化的一些最新发现。首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间，因此不可能会被人类观察到。但是最近的一| | |些发现却说明某些物种进化时间很短，可以被科学家所观察。然后，提出了一个关于环境与物种生存周期的假说，还说某个科学家研究一| | |种鱼类证明了这个假说的合理性。这种鱼在高处和低处都有，在低处的鱼捕食者较多，生存环境较为恶劣。科学家把低处的鱼放到高处，| | |大概十几年后，这些鱼体型变大了，生长周期变慢了，产的卵更大了，等等。然后说了另一个科学家的研究。这个科学家研究鸟类，其中| | |一种鸟的喙比另一种的大。某年，这些鸟类生存的地区气候变迁，某种坚果的产量下降；喙小的鸟只能吃较小的坚果，而喙大的鸟既能吃| | |小的坚果，也能吃大的更硬的坚果；于是更多的喙大的鸟存活了下来。而且，这些存活的鸟的后代的喙都增大了4%。后来的内容记不清了| | |，文章主要就是这样了。 | | | | |2. |生命起源也是生物学的文章，关于巴斯德（曲颈瓶的发明者，反对生命自然发生说）以及米勒的实验（将碳氢化合物分子，如甲烷、氨和| | |氢等与水混合，一起灌入到一个特殊的玻璃装置中，给瓶内混合物加热，使之不断沸腾，产生气体。气体经过一个装有两个电极的小室，| | |室内连续产生火花，犹如大自然的闪电和火山爆发，然后经过冷却又变成液体回到原处。最后产生了组成现代生命的蛋白质结构中的几种| | |氨基酸成分）。文章首先说人们认为微生物是自然发生的，巴斯德却认为微生物本来就存在于空气中，像尘埃一样到处飘。为了验证他的| | |观点，就做了一个实验：把一锅汤煮沸然后密封，多天之后汤没有变质，说明没有产生微生物。反对者又说必须要与大气接触才会有化学| | |反应从而出现微生物，于是巴斯德设计了一种曲颈瓶，瓶内的液体可以接触外界空气，但是空气中微生物无法进入瓶中。巴斯特将汤盛入| | |这种曲颈瓶中，多天以后，也没有变质，从而证明了他自己的观点。尔后，文章又说，虽然巴斯德是正确的，但是地球起初并没有任何生| | |命，所以肯定至少有一次，生命是自然发生的。于是就说了米勒的那个实验。证明了生命始有可能自然发生的。 | | | | |3. |新英格兰农业发展文章讲了美国北部地区新英格兰的农业。首先说了殖民者来到新英格兰时，遇到了很多发展农业的问题，对比了新英格| | |兰地区和英格兰的自然环境、地理状况。由于特殊的气候和地理条件，很多原本英格兰的各种农作物都不适宜耕种。后来，这些殖民者发| ...
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