...Protestant churches and many other institutions, bringing new practices in which displays Henry’s ideology and practicality that was also crucial to highlight Cromwell’s performance which is stated as “personal influence of the King”. This suggest that the King Henry strongly supported and valued Cromwell. This great respect from Henry came from his ability to carry out his responsibilities and duties in which Cardinal Wolsey had failed to achieve such as the divorce with Catherine of Aragon. Servini’s view shows his view is from the reference to the appeals such as 1533, Acts of Restraint in which Henry VIII’s ideas began to flourish and a more practical approach leading from his royal supremacy, allowing the Break With Rome. However, this source also suggests there was an influence of other officials progressing with the Break with Rome, which is stated in Source 8 that even though Cromwell organised the ‘Acts of Annates’ which allowed the transportation of money to Rome and organising a major attack on the ‘Commons of the Church’ which laid the first real leap to the Break of Rome. In source 8 it states ‘’the most significant event during the reformation was the pregnancy of Anne Boleyn’’ in 1532 which also provided an important aspect to the Break of Rome. Anne Boleyn’s influence and pregnancy had driven Henry to passionately fulfil his authority, but also Anne’s belief of Protectionism. Anne had influenced Henry to the supreme sovereign and head of the Church and the ties with Rome...
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...on the cards. The sack of Rome contributed greatly to the decisions of the papacy as well as the significance of Catherine’s nephew Charles in Europe at the time. However, whereas Source 2 infers that the Cardinal “wasted time” to try and bring the business to “nought”, Source 3 doesn’t actually imply that Campeggio had no intention of giving the divorce. Scarisbrick accused Campeggio of “manufacturing delays” to the divorce which is supported by the fact that in two years very little had been achieved in terms of liberating Henry from his late brother’s bride. His refusal to take “decisive” action may not have been to deny the divorce but simply to postpone it until the relations within Europe were more stable. The influence of Charles over the Pope was great, and, as a representative of the Clement, Campeggio’s aims were the same. He was told by Clément to not annul the marriage and the fact that Charles was so dominating of Europe, and increasingly Italy, made the painstaking “delays” such as “sending full reports to Rome” necessary. Supporting Henry’s...
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...Emily Bronte English novelist, poet and author is well known and feted for her classic Wuthering Heights, a story of love and hate. A story read and reread by many, talked about and still written about today, what is this all consuming attraction to this novel of a by gone era? Callum White explores this question in his thought provoking article, as he delves into Bronte’s novel unravelling the weave of symbols of cultural conflict within her tale. Journeying back to the height of the Victorian bourgeois capitalistic imperialistic society a time when great change was afoot and the emergence of socialism was alluring to many. Victorian literature for the most part has been the product of the middle class or as commonly put by Karl Marx the petit bourgeois. The bourgeois was comprised of small-scale capitalists such as shop-keepers and government employees and in the case of Wuthering Heights it is no different. Written in 1846, Emily Bronte’s novel contains a turbulent ideological storm, demonstrating an apparent crisis of the Victorian era petit bourgeois class to which Bronte was born. Throughout the novel the various crises surrounding the estate and the family are all explored, but more importantly, Wuthering Heights examines the crisis of individuality versus custom, since the contradiction between the social expectations of class privilege and the selfhood advocated by the materialistic pursuit of the capitalist system is the very essence of Victorian consciousness...
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...by Henry’s thirst for European influence, other factors could be ofcourse contributed to the opposition of Catherine of Aragon who was continually persistent that her marriage to Henry was valid and the other main argument against the annulment was from the Catholic church. These combined factors essentially caused the break with Rome however one was predominantly more significant than the others. Source 4 makes reference to one of the reasons Henry’s claims were so flawed, “Wolsey worried about Henrys' reliance on biblical arguments.” This shows that Henry clearly had little other evidence to support his reasons for an annulment due to his “reliance” which rightly worried Wolsey as they were constantly being questioned by the Catholic Church. In 1527 Henry presented the case that his marriage to Catherine of Aragon was void due to the fact she had previously been married to his brother who had died. Leviticus claims that “Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother’s wife.” Henry claimed that the dispensation that he had fought for was infact invalid afterall as it went against divine law. A dispensation that had gone against clerical teachings yet granted none the less by the pope, supporting the claims in Source 5 that the “pope would have been happy to please someone as important as Henry.” However it was not the dispensation that caused concern, it was a text from Deuteronomy that claimed Henry was infact right in marrying Catherine as Deuteronomy claimed that if...
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...In chapters five through eight, we see how various individuals altered the study of language and use of rhetoric in influential ways. Whether by altering gender roles, or challenging systems of thought, individuals such as Catherine of Sienna, Margaret Cavendish, Petrarch, and Peter Ramus played a role in the way rhetoric is employed today. In a patriarchal system, Catherine of Sienna was ahead of her time. During the medieval era, letter writing was prominent. Letters were written by professional male secretaries and scribes in traditional, masculine, rhetorical style. When women began writing letters, they donned the masculine form, in efforts to be taken seriously. Although Catherine of Sienna lacked formal education, she was able to make a profound contribution to rhetoric that influenced her time, as well as rhetoric to come. By combining the secular and ecclesiastical policies that were prevalent in her time through writing, Catherine cast an influence on persuasion that evolved the style of writing used during her time. Her letters altered approaches to poetry, and paved the way for female...
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...Catherine The Great was a German princess who became Empress of Russia. Catherine was born on May 2, 1729, in Poland. She was born into the family of Christian August and Joanna Elisabeth. Her most significant achievement was her role as an absolute monarch. In 1762, Catherine claimed the Russian throne, which would become the longest reign of any female leader of Russia. During this time, she made many contributions to the economic, political, social, and religious structure of Russia. Although she experienced some problems throughout her journey, she maintained relatively strong control as a ruler, for 34 years. A major downfall that was a result of her decisions was the treatment of her subjects. The majority of the Russian people...
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...Historical Leader Paper Catherine the Great Catherine II was originally born Sophie Augusta Fredericka in 1729. She was born to a noble family in and raised in Germany then call Prussia. She was born a princes and was raised as such. Sophie was considered as an immensely beautiful princes. However her family was considered as minor and as poor by royal family standards. What they did have was an important connection to the Russian Empire. Sophie left for Russia in 1744 to meet Empress Elisabeth at the age of 15. As with most princesses of the time she was married off to increase political and family ties. In Sophie’s case this was to Peter III. Grand Duke Peter was the nephew to the Empress and heir to the throne of Russia. Other than meeting Empress Elisabeth and Peter III her childhood was relatively dull. The first time Sophie met Peter she was not fond of him. She described him as being “small and infantile and talked about nothing but soldiers and toys”. He was far too childish for her. In addition Peter would drink in excess at the mere age of 16. Although she disliked him, Sophie’s marriage to Peter was her first step in becoming Catherine the Great. She unlike Peter immediately immersed herself in the Russian culture. She also converted from German Lutheran to Eastern Orthodoxy and thus she was reborn and renamed Catherine. Catherine was an intellect who learned the Russian language swiftly. The newlyweds were nothing alike. Even on their wedding night Peter stayed...
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...and change for the United States, especially for cotton plantations and their owners, but despite the economic boom, the great debate over slavery still hung over the United States. The institution of slavery that would haunt the US for the next century was about to be put to the test by an unexpected person, Harriet Beecher Stowe. One account...
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...The State Hermitage (Russian: Госуда́рственный Эрмита́ж; IPA: [gəsʊˈdarstvʲɪnɨj ɪrmʲɪˈtaʂ], Gosudarstvenny Ermitazh) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. One of the largest[2][3] and oldest museums in the world, it was founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and has been open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items,[4] including the largest collection of paintings in the world. The collections occupy a large complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace, a former residence of Russian emperors. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya and the eastern wing of the General Staff Building are also part of the museum. The museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a federal state property. Since 1990, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky. Of six buildings of the main museum complex, five, named the Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage and Hermitage Theatre, are open to the public. The entrance ticket for foreign tourists costs more than the fee paid by citizens of Russia and Belarus. However, entrance is free of charge the first Thursday of every month for all visitors, and free daily for students and children. The museum is closed on Mondays. The entrance for individual visitors is located in the Winter Palace, accessible...
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...Later this son became pope, as Leo X (1513–1521), and gained fame as one of the most liberal popes in the patronage of the fine arts. The religious revolt of Martin Luther in Germany took place during Leo's tenure as pope. Leo's cousin Giulio also became pope, serving from 1523 through 1534 as Clement VII. After 1531, the later Medici abandoned the forms of a republic in Florence and assumed the title of duke of Florence. In 1537, Cosimo the Great succeeded to the duchy, annexed Siena to his domains, and received from Pope Pius V the title of grand duke of Tuscany. The Medici continued to rule under this title until 1737, when the family became extinct. Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589), spelled Médicis in French, was the great-granddaughter of Lorenzo. She became the wife of one French king, Henry II, and the mother of three others—Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Catherine was ambitious to keep undiminished for her sons the power of the French monarchy. France was torn by religious wars. Catherine intrigued with the Catholic party as well as with the Huguenots, and therefore was chiefly responsible for the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day on August 23–24,...
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...documents that formalised England's religious and political break with Rome during the 1530’s. It can be argued that he was the driving force behind the break from Rome. However it could be other reasons such as Henrys desire for a divorce or for his desire for a male heir.! Source 7 and 8 both support the theory that Cromwell was the driving force in the break with Rome. Source 7 says that Cromwell’s importance lay “in his personal influence on the king”, this shows that Cromwell would have worked through the king giving him enough power to drive the break from Rome. Also Source 7 says, “although Cromwell may not have originated the ideas behind Henry’s policy, he took the ideas and made them practicable”, therefore it can be inferred from this source that he was the driving force as it was Cromwell who made the ideas happen. Source 8 also agrees with the statement, it tells us that the “major attack on the Commons on the Church” was “well organised by Cromwell, which Henry supported”, this is important as this source confirms again that Cromwell has an influence over the king and can act through him. Also the source tells us that Cromwell organised an attack on the Commons on the Church, the commons on the Church would have been linked to the Pope and Rome, this shows Cromwell was the driving force in the break from Rome. Finally Source 8 tell us that “under Cromwell’s...
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...aspect of Arms and the Man was its use of a woman as the central character. Set during the four-month-long Serbo-Bulgarian War that occurred between November 1885 and March 1886, this play is a satire on the foolishness of glorifying something so terrible as war, as well as a satire on the foolishness of basing your affections on idealistic notions of love. These themes brought reality and a timeless lesson to the comic stage. Consequently, once Shaw’s genius was recognized, Arms and the Man became one of Shaw’s most popular plays and has remained a classic ever since. Arms and the Man Summary Act 1 It is November 1885, during the Serbo-Bulgarian War. Raina Petkoff, a young Bulgarian woman, is in her bedchamber when her mother, Catherine, enters and announces there has been a battle close...
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...Macbeth's influence, and his own long time desire to be king. Macbeth's tragic flaws were his ambition and the way he was easily manipulated. The prophecies of the witches bring out Macbeth's ambitious nature. Macbeth was first established as being of great stature, the captain says “For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name-/Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel”( I.ii. lines16-17). However, after hearing of the prophecy his honorable nature fades. The witches prophecies give Macbeth a sense of security and confidence but prove to be harmful for Macbeth and his interpretation of the truths. In the article “Shakespeare's Macbeth” by Mitchell Kalpakgian she states, “the witches on the heath foretell what Macbeth will gain but never disclose what he will lose or the price he will pay for acting on the insinuations of the witches who only speak half truths.”(Kalpakgian, 2013). Although it is true that Macbeth will become king it is never explained how he will obtain kingship and what kind of life he will lead as King. The witches plant the seed of murdering Duncan in Macbeth's head, but if it were only the witches prophecies that influenced him he would have not committed the murder. Lady Macbeth influences and manipulates Macbeth. She is the driving force that encourages him to overcome his strong sense of guilt and take action on the prophecies. In the article “(Un)sexing Lady Macbeth: Gender, Power, and Visual Rhetoric in Her Graphic Afterlives” by Catherine E.Thomas...
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...our educational system today was built. Horace Mann Horace Mann is credited with creating the first state board of education in 1837, whereby schools were managed by a state system. He was a leader in the Common School Movement and believed that teaching standards were in great need of improvement and that teachers should be paid better. He brought a great deal of focus onto current school conditions and prompted discussions on ways to improve them. Because of him, school conditions were improved and better equipped. Mr. Mann was fundamental in helping to instigate teacher training institutions (known as normal schools) and considerably successful in raising the standards of not just schools, but colleges as well. He has been referred to as “The Father of American Education”, (gcumedia.com, 2012). His philosophy was that it was contingent upon the state to make sure all children were provided the opportunity to receive an education. (www.ait.net) Catherine Beecher Catherine Beecher greatest contributions to education were made in her dedicated efforts of extending education...
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...managing their family’s finances. Although Peter III abolished compulsory state service in 1762, noblemen continued to serve the state and noblewomen continued to care for estate finances. This continuation enabled noblewomen to maintain their status as estate managers throughout the eighteenth century. Since women’s role as estate manager lasted beyond one generation, it became a naturalized part of noblewomen’s gender roles. Charles Masson, a French diplomat during the reign of Catherine II, noted Russian women’s financial involvement: “women find themselves in a situation…in which they must take on the management of their estates, whose inhabitants are their property…They then engage in business by no means suitable to their sex”. His account demonstrates how visible and universal Russian noblewomen’s role as businesswomen was. This visibility indicates that Russian society accepted financial management as an extension of women’s duty to manage the household. Women’s newfound economic influence increased their power in the public sphere even if this power was not transparent. Women’s economic power allowed them to impact the public sphere by influencing Russia’s economy whether the realized it or not. The naturalization of noblewomen’s role as financial manager enabled women to maintain the role into the nineteenth century and made expanding this role...
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