...PRO Resolved: On balance, the Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is undemocratic. We affirm. To better the round, we clarify the following: First, the definition of “election process” ELECTIONS are based on three organizing concepts: equal respect, free choice, and popular sovereignty are the building blocks of fair and just elections. The democratic process should treat all citizens as free and equal persons. As applied to the electoral process this requires that each citizen equal opportunity to have his or her vote equally counted. Contention 1: Super PACs decrease voter turnout Subpoint A: Voter turnout is a pre-requisite to the election process A flourishing democracy presupposes citizens who care, who are willing to take part, and who are capable of helping to shape the common agenda of a society. Participation through the act of voting, is always seen as an essential prerequisite of stable democracy. Subpoint B: Super PACs decrease voter turnout by 25% “Unlimited spending by supposedly independent super PACs is creating widespread perceptions of corruption and undermining public confidence that elected officials serve in the public interest, The perception that super PACs are corrupting government is making Americans disillusioned, and an alarming number say they are less likely to vote this year. Americans say they are less likely to vote because big donors to super PACs have so much more influence over elected officials...
Words: 1247 - Pages: 5
...Running head: EVERYONE’S CHOICE Group Polarization and Its Affect On Decision-Making Claudia Alexander Lee University PSY/SOCI 330.01 Instructor: Bryan Poole November 12, 2014 Introduction Group polarization is the phenomenon observed when groups of people are tasked with making a collective decision. The tendency is for the groups’ discussion to strengthen the average inclination of its group members (Myers, 2012). This basically means that whenever a group gathers and talks over an issue or situation where an opinion can be formed or decision can be made, the group as a whole will have a unanimous decision or thought and it will be more extreme than any one individual’s. This is because of a person’s deep need to be accepted in a group. People stereotype others upon first meeting them, and immediately place them in their mind where they ‘belong’ in society. This is referred to as social categorization. In this way, social categorization depersonalizes our perception of people—they are not viewed as unique individuals but as embodiments of the attributes of their group (Hogg and Reid, 2006). People want to be categorized in an acceptable light, so they will follow group norms to achieve this goal. Review of Current Literature Article Number One Elshinnawy and Vinze conducted an experiment in the fall of 2006 on the effects of group polarization on satisfaction with the process and outcome of decision-making in a...
Words: 3277 - Pages: 14
...It is very apparent that over the years, the American Political system has become biased. Offending one’s political party is like offending their character it seems. Where does this polarization come from? There are agreements from credible sources stating that American politics are very biased, and other agreements are made claiming polarized minds are caused from biological influences. But when it comes to who is guilty for creating this separation, there are many disagreements. American people have come to the general consensus that political parties are very biased. This causes an extreme sense of partisanship in daily arguments and other political conversations because people tend to take their stances so seriously, even if they do...
Words: 826 - Pages: 4
...In class, we discussed how media impacts the perception of polarization which supports today’s reading, going further into depth about the causes of polarization and how the media impacts people’s views on red and blue states. Chapter three in Culture War? says the political difference between red and blue states in 2000 and 2004 is smaller than assumed because the ideological difference between Democrats and Republicans differs by only 10-20%. (page 34). This is partly due to the media’s influence. Figure 3.9 on page 47 shows that people’s disposition did not change much from 2000 to 2004, where Democrats are common in both red and blue states. Only 1 out of 5 people wished for a unicameral government in the 2000 presidential election, meaning that the people may have similar interests regardless of whether or not a state is considered red or blue....
Words: 413 - Pages: 2
...dipole moment when the when the dielectric substance is removed form electric field after a long time application of the electric field so that the dielectric substance is fully polarized. When the dielectric substance is place in the Electric Filed the material gets polarized so that their electric field of all the dipoles will be in the same direction now if we remove the electric field then the arrangement of the molecules, their electric field direction, and the dipole moment of the molecules starts changing because of the collision and the random motion of the molecules and this disorientation occurs exponentially which depend on the properties of the material Dipolar polarization fails to follow the external electric field frequency starting for the micro wave frequencies (〖10〗^11). Ionic polarization fails to compete the external electric field frequency form far...
Words: 1029 - Pages: 5
...extent as due to the opposing ideological views. To polarization of the twin states starts with the soviets increasing the eastern states sphere of control with a series of violent uprisings, coups and in most cases legitimate gaining power such as in Hungary where power was taken via democratic means however still installing a single party government. this was Stalin creating a polarized bloc that would only back Stalin's views on how to deal with the western capitalist views, this then furthers the extent to which the two polarized blocs emerged by 1955 as the views were now pro communist in the soviet spheres of influence however in countries like Hungary it wasn’t as polarized as they were still having free elections free press in 1947 parliament were allowed to debate and the borders in the west open and most medium sized business still were in private hands which is then showing that the polarized division was not Inevitable but was slow with major co operation in the border countries like Hungary. Another cause of the polarization was the Western rearmament. this was another source of polarization as it had tensed up the already harsh relations that the two blocs had. As in April 1949 the US had formed North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) which was a coalition of western countries to work together if a member felt threatened the rest would go to war to assist the needing member causing the polarization as now there was an actual threat to Stalin and the Soviet’s...
Words: 1435 - Pages: 6
...Proton R&D Plan Storage Ring EDM Collaboration, 18 Nov. 2009 7. Spin Coherence Time (C.J.G. Onderwater) Overview The sensitivity with which an EDM can be sought for is to a good approximation given by sd ∝ 1 PE N T tot A Here P is the (transverse) polarization of the beam at the time of injection, E the effective electric field, N the number of particles stored per fill, Ttot the total running time of the experiment, τ a characteristic time scale and A the analyzing power of the polarimeter. The characteristic timescale depends on the lifetime of the beam in the storage ring, tbeam, which is predominantly determined by the extraction towards the polarimeter, and the polarization lifetime tpol. Given a polarization lifetime the former can be tuned to yield optimal sensitivity, typically tbeam≈2tpol. In this case τ is proportional to tpol. The sensitivity is thus inversely proportional to (the square-root of) the polarization lifetime. Maximization of tpol thus optimizes the sensitivity of the experiment. The proposed experimental sensitivity is based on a projected polarization lifetime of 1000 seconds, i.e. 108−109 particle revolutions. Such lifetimes are routinely achieved for the polarization component perpendicular to the beam orbit plane, i.e. parallel to the invariant spin field. This relies on the use of snakes, spin rotators, etc. Little experience is available with transversely polarized beams. Notable examples are the muon g-2 experiment at BNL...
Words: 2923 - Pages: 12
...Electrical Properties Electrical Conduction R Ohm’s law V = IR I Area, A l V where I is current (Ampere), V is voltage (Volts) and R is the resistance (Ohms or ) of the conductor Resistivity Resistivity, = RA/l ( -m), where A is the area and l is the length of the conductor. Electrical conductivity Conductivity, = 1/ = l/RA ( -m)-1 Band Theory Electrons occupy energy states in atomic orbitals When several atoms are brought close to each other in a solid these energy states split in to a series of energy states (molecular orbitals). The spacing between these states are so small that they overlap to form an energy band. Band Theory The furthest band from the nucleus is filled with valence electrons and is called the valence band. The empty band is called the conduction band. The energy of the highest filled state is called Fermi energy. There is a certain energy gap, called band gap, between valence and conduction bands. Primarily four types of band structure exist in solids. Band Theory In metals the valence band is either partially filled (Cu) or the valence and conduction bands overlap (Mg). Insulators and semiconductors have completely filled valence band and empty conduction band. It is the magnitude of band gap which separates metals, semiconductors and insulators in terms of their electrical conductivity. The band gap is relatively smaller in semiconductors while it is very large in insulators...
Words: 2132 - Pages: 9
...In 2003, the space shuttle named Columbia exploded upon reentry into the atmosphere, and the tragedy is that there was no crew that came back safely to Earth. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) which had responsibility for investigating this crisis, found that the main factor which made the shuttle blow up was the bad decision made by the Mission Management Team (MMT). Even though the MMT had many pieces of information and evidence from the Debris Assessment Team (DAT) showing that the large foam might have caused damage to the Columbia and how much the DAT worried about the mission, they did not pay much attention. Moreover, the leader of the MMT decided for everyone on the team that the shuttle was safe and the foam strike was inconsequential. In fact, the performance of the MMT is a powerful demonstration of the way in which a small group can bring about critical failure. Small groups, today, is ubiquitous and becoming a substantial part of people’s work lives. Many organizations have made every effort to find how to make groups run successfully and how to make group interactions more productive. Sometimes, group dynamics can contribute to the failure and poor judgments. Surowiecki (2010) said that “instead of making people wiser, being in a group can actually make them dumber” (p. 441). So as to make every member think smarter and work together effectively, avoiding important pitfalls is the best way to reach those goals. [What a successful rethinking and...
Words: 1433 - Pages: 6
...to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent” (Mohandas Gandhi). If only our world leaders knew this sooner. Genocide is the act of killing a large mass of people for no valid reason. The Holocaust was a genocide where the Nazi Germans tried to eliminate the Jews from Germany from 1939-1945. The Nazi Germans believed that the Jews were the reason Germany lost World War 1 and wanted them to pay for what they did. The Armenian genocide was where the Turkish people in the Ottoman Empire desired a homogenous Turkish state and wanted to get rid of the Armenians from 1915-1918. Although the Holocaust and the Armenian genocide are similar in their horrible dehumanization and unjust polarization stages, each genocide exterminated its people differently....
Words: 704 - Pages: 3
...The development of urban motorization in big cities has caused some negative effects to their population. Social issues and ecological issues are the main problems that occur in those cities. There are some reasons that lead to the motorization era in the cities. One of them is urban sprawl. Urban sprawl is the enlargement of city’s development that spread far away from the centre to the outskirt of that city. Urban sprawl is the result of the increasing urbanization. Although urban sprawl is the main aspect that can develop capitalism, it still has some negative impacts on the city. Motorization as one of the impacts of urban sprawl relates very closely to the transportation system. Motorization happens when people mostly use cars for traveling in the city and it relates closely with the development of an automobile industry in that city. The rise of the automobile industry supports the spread of urban sprawl even more. People can travel longer distances in shorter time. That is why the growth of the automobile industry is related to urban sprawl. There are some solutions to determine the urban sprawl issues called ecological modernization. According to AEP 9 lecture one, ecological modernization is a scientific research to find the answer to how the world can be sustain economically and socially at the same time without damaging the environment. Some business groups are trying to find a solution for the urban sprawl issues based on ecological modernization. According to...
Words: 1110 - Pages: 5
...The purpose of this essay is to explain the geographic patterns of the 2004 presidential election vote in Ukraine. These patterns display very significant information to a scholar in search of the reasons behind how the voting went. The east side of Ukraine was largely in favor of Viktor Yanukovych, with his support dwindling as the pattern moves westward. (Figure 1) The west side of Ukraine was largely in favor of Viktor Yushchenko, with his support lessening as the pattern moves eastward. (Figure 2) Both patterns are particularly conspicuous, revealing geographical cultural differences across the nation. Over against some false explanations, these patterns can be properly explained by analyzing the ultimate and proximate causes of why people voted the way they did....
Words: 657 - Pages: 3
...separation technology has become widely used in the food processing industry. The final filtration stage sets for a balance between allowing the passage of dissolved macromolecules that give the beer its flavor and functional properties while removing yeast cells and turbidity colloids and reducing the components that cause turbidity of the bottled beer. Moreover the potential of cross-flow microfiltration as a separation method for brewing is a subject of intensive...
Words: 1695 - Pages: 7
...Outline and assess the view that teacher labelling causes social class differences in educational achievement The labelling theory suggests that teachers judge pupils by their characteristics that relate to class, gender and ethnicity. For example teachers are likely to label middle class pupils as bright and more able to achieve in education, whereas, teachers would see working class as less able pupils. The attachment of labels has important consequences for how others see a person and how he/ she comes to view themselves. Because the teacher judges pupils by their characteristics, the functionalist theory argues that the working class lack culture, which includes values, norms and language. Once labelled a deviant the label can attach to the whole identity of the student, not just the deviant act. Teachers perceive the ‘ideal pupil’ to be one who conforms to middle class standards of behaviour, which, according to Dune and Gazeley note that teachers tend to perceive the ‘ideal pupil’ as middle class. However there are other school factors which cause social class differences in educational achievement, such as, the self-fulfilling prophecy, streaming and pupil subculture. Interactionist sociologists have carried out studies on the effects of labelling. Interactionist sociologist’s study-small case, face-to-face, interactions between individuals, such as the classroom or the playground. Interactionist theories of education focus towards looking at what goes on inside education...
Words: 1037 - Pages: 5
...Managing the Work of Teams and Individuals Thomas Wingham 8th December 2011 Contents * Introduction * Groupthink * Causes * Remedies * General Group Problem Solving (GGPS) Model * Risky Shift Phenomenon * Causes * Remedies * Conclusion * Recommendations * Reference List * Appendices Introduction In this report there will be an evaluation of Groupthink. Janis eight causes of Groupthink and what the remedies are. Aldag and Fuller’s model of groupthink and how it is different from Janis’s model. There will also be an evaluation of Risky Shift Phenomenon, this will include the causes and the remedies of Risky Shift Phenomenon. Groupthink Irving Janis says Groupthink occurs when “a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”” (Janis, pg 9.) Groupthink - Causes According to Janis there are eight causes of Groupthink. Illusion of invulnerability; creates too much confidence that encourages extreme risks. Collective rationalization; members warned about something but do not take any notice. Belief in inherent morality; members believe in their goal and ignore all moral consequences. Stereotyped views of out-groups; negative views of enemy make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary. Direct pressure on dissenters; members cannot argue with group views without being under pressure. Self-censorship; deviations...
Words: 1761 - Pages: 8
